CHAPTER 6: TYPES OF COMMUNICATION - Gaps: takes place between close

STRATEGY friends and other social settings where

long pauses
 1960s, Los Angeles had suicide hotline  Eye Contact
 Harvey Sacks: asked for permission to - One important tool
study the tapes  Cultural Variation
 Conversational Analysis (CA): he and  Gender and Turn-Taking
his colleagues developed  Technology
 Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, Jefferson – o Food trip
dyad: they found to be the most efficient o Food allergy
model o Game overlap
o Date night
Lesson 1: Nomination
NOMINATION Lesson 3: Control
- The way a topic is chosen CONTROL
- Two people who know each other well - The influence a person can exert on the
can easily do this conversation
- Metacommunication: “talking about - Forbes Magazine: the highly-regarded
talking” business magazine; conversation can be
- Graham Button, Neil Casey used as an extension of a speaker’s
o Barkada Night influence
o Acquaintance Party
o Exchange Papers Nick Morgan
o Subject Matter for the Day - Influence comes from four sources:
1. Position – have the easiest time
Lesson 2: Turn-Taking controlling the conversation
TURN-TAKING 2. Expertise – their knowledge and
- A way to give every participant a change skills are valuable to the organization
to speak and influential
- A part of the systematic organization of 3. Passion – feels strongly about
a structured conversation something that he/she manages to
- Viable-turn: natural pauses where one influence the conversation
person will stop talking to prompt the 4. Mastery of Human Interaction –
other person to start talking Forbes: “dance of human
- Self-Selection: other people may interaction”; nonverbal aspect
decide on their own when to start - Eloquence: brush that paints language
talking, usually once a person has with the colors of passion, beauty, and
paused poetry.
- Indicators: verbal cues  “that’s it” - Ronald Wilson Reagan: combined
- Harvey Sacks, Emmanuel Schegloff, passion with position to communicate his
Gail Jefferson leadership excellence
 Timing
 Overlaps Lesson 4: Topic-Shifting
- If someone speaks while someone TOPIC-SHIFTING
else has the floor - Changing the topic without stopping the
- Having the Floor: an implied discussion;
recognition that it is that person’s turn - Three strategies:
to speak o Topic-shifting
- Cooperative overlap: this is when the o Repair
listener talks while the speaker is o Termination
talking
 - Happiness Weekly: changing the
conversation to our advantage can help
us achieve our goals; techniques:
o Linking
o Word Association
o Pivot
o Commercial
o Adding a participant in the
discussion
Lesson 5: Repair
REPAIR
- Overcoming problems with the
discussion and getting back on topic;
techniques:
o Segue
o Deflect – used by politicians
o Connect – useful method for
teachers
o Appeal
Lesson 6: Termination
TERMINATION
- Ending the conversation while keeping
the lines of communication open
o Play the Pause
o Recap
o Start a New Topic
o Bow Out
CHAPTER 7: TYPES OF SPEECHES
Things to consider before making a speech:
1. Purpose
2. Audience
3. Delivery of the speech
Lesson 1: Expository/Informative Speech
INFORMATIVE/EXPOSITORY SPEECH
- Communication is a transmission of
ideas
- Infinite variety of information that a
speaker can give to an audience
- Imparts knowledge, clarifies
misinformation, and secures the
audience’s understanding
- Accurate and specific facts, figures, and
statistics
Lesson 2: Persuasive Speech
PERSUASIVE SPEECH
- One of the functions of communication is
to persuade
- Targets the audience in an effort to get
them to change their mind about
something
- Speech Tips:
1. Write like the way you talk
2. Tell a story
3. Structure matters
4. Be concise
5. Be authentic, sincere
6. Do not just speak, say something
Lesson 3: Entertainment Speech
ENTERTAINMENT SPEECHES
- Give the audience enjoyment, make
them laugh, and let them remember the
occasion
- Crowd pleaser; meant to promote the
host, the sponsor, honoree, or the
organization
- Ex.: stand-up comedy routines
- Eulogies: given at funerals,
commencement speeches are ment to
inspire, farewell speeches can be
bittersweet for those involved
Lesson 4: Reading from a Manuscript
MANUSCRIPT
- Written or typed text of a speech
prepared ahead of time
- Toastmasters: international organization
developed to public speaking 
recommend recording your speeches
before actual, and then type a script
The Four Ps of Planning
1. Plan
2. Prepare
3. Practice
4. Present
Lesson 5: Memorized Speech
MEMORIZED SPEECH
- Often used in formal events
- Written and then memorized word for
word as it is intended to be read
Lesson 6: Impromptu Speech
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
- Some speeches are delivered with little
or no preparation
- Not formal
Lesson 7: Extemporaneous Speech
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
- Impromptu topic to talk about
- Given time to prepare, only uses notes or
index
Lesson 3: Sourcing the Information
Reliable – should provide correct and factual
information in a timely manner
Authoritative – it should be widely recognized
as trustworthy, unbiased

CHAPTER 8: PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH Proper Citation of Sources

WRITING - Prove that information stated in the
written text is supported and proven
Lesson 1: Choosing the Topic credible by other authors and experts
Four Elements of Public Speaking  Direct Quotation
- Toastmaster John Zimmer gave a  Books
speech  2008 Humorous Speaking  Periodicals
Contest  Scholarly Journals
1. Sincerity  Websites
2. Enthusiasm  Interviews, Personal Correspondence,
3. Confidence Conference Proceedings, Lecture Notes
4. Simplicity
Lesson 4: Outlining and Organizing the
 Andrew Dlugan – Canadian; topics can Speech Contents
fall under a number of zones  Outline – a good speech has a skeleton
1. Perfect Speech Topics
2. Content-rich, but Passion-free CHAPTER 9: PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH
3. Great Speech topics for a Different DELIVERY
Audience Glossophobia – phobos: “fear”; glossa:
4. Fascinating Topics You Know Little “tongue”; fear of public speaking
About William Henry Harrison – credited with giving
5. Topics Someone else Should Speak On the longest inaugural address for an American
6. Uninteresting Topics president at 8,445 words
7. Personal Hobbies
8. The Dead Zone Lesson 1: Articulation
ARTICULATION
Lesson 2: Analyzing the Audience - The movement of the parts of the mouth
On Rhetoric – by Aristotle 2400 years ago, but like the tongue, teeth, and lips to make
still a touchstone for every work clear sounds
 Audience Analysis Articulation Sins
 Demographics  Sin of Omission – speaker leaves out or
 Age omits a sound or syllable
 Gender  Sin of Substitution – when the speaker
 Culture substitutes an incorrect sound for a correct
 Socio-Economic Status one
 Religion  Sin of Addition – adding unnecessary
 Education sounds to words
 Occupation
 Memberships Enunciation – being able to state something
 Psychology clearly
 Preconceived Notions on the Topic
 Preconceived Notions on the Speaker Regional dialect – can add color and
 Situational Awareness distinctiveness in the bushes
Lesson 2: Modulation
 Projection
Volume – loudness or softness of voice
Voice projection – more important than
merely speaking
 Rate – how fast the words of the speech
are delivered; music: tempo
 Inflection – tone: how high or low a
sound is on the frequency scale – a very
important concept in music

Lesson 3: Stage Presence

STAGE PRESENCE
- The foundation of stage presence is
confidence which comes from a strong
motivation

Before the Speech

 Motivation – the first step to building
confidence and stage presence
 Preparation

During the Speech

 Confidence

After the Speech

 Watch the other’s perf

Lesson 4: Facial Expression, Gestures, and

Movements
 Facial Expression
- Can shine one’s self-confidence or
expose a lack of it
 Gestures
- Good way to emphasize important points
and keep the audience’s attention.
 Movements
- Has the advantage of more audience
participation

Lesson 5: Rapport with the Audience

Rapport – a warm, but still professional,
relationship between the business person and
the customers