08 - PF Functions - 1

Objectives
In this week/classes, you will:

 Learn about standard (predefined) functions
and discover how to use them in a program
 Learn about user-defined functions
 Examine value-returning functions, including
actual and formal parameters
 Explore how to construct and use a value-
returning, user-defined function in a program
Modular Programming
• Modular programming: breaking a program up into
smaller, manageable functions or modules
• Function: a collection of statements to perform a task
• Motivation for modular programming
 Improves maintainability of programs
 Simplifies the process of writing programs
Introduction
 Boss to worker analogy

 A boss (the calling function or caller) asks a worker (the
called function) to perform a task and return (i.e., report
back) the results when the task is done.
Introduction
 Functions are like building blocks
 They allow complicated programs to be
divided into manageable pieces
 Some advantages of functions:
 A programmer can focus on just that part of the
program and construct it, debug it, and perfect it
 Different people can work on different
functions simultaneously
 Can be re-used (even in different programs)
 Enhance program readability
Introduction (cont'd.)
 Functions
 Called modules
 Like miniature programs
 Can be put together to form a larger program
Predefined Functions
 In algebra, a function is defined as a rule or
correspondence between values, called the function’s
arguments, and the unique value of the function
associated with the arguments
 If f(x) = 2x + 5, then f(1) = 7, f(2) = 9,
and f(3) = 11
 1, 2, and 3 are arguments
 7, 9, and 11 are the corresponding values
Predefined Functions (cont'd.)
 Some of the predefined mathematical functions
are:
 sqrt(x)
 sqrt( 4 );
 sqrt( 3 - 6x );
 pow(x, y)
 floor(x)
 Predefined functions are organized into separate
libraries
 I/O functions are in iostream header
 Math functions are in cmath/math header
 pow(x,y) calculates xy
 pow(2, 3) = 8.0
 Returns a value of type double
 x and y are the parameters (or arguments)
 The function has two parameters
 sqrt(x) calculates the nonnegative square root of x,
for x >= 0.0
 sqrt(2.25) is 1.5
 Type double
 The floor function floor(x) calculates largest
whole number not greater than x
 floor(48.79) is 48.0
 Type double
 Has only one parameter
 Example 6-1 sample run:

User-Defined Functions
 Value-returning functions: have a return type
 Return a value of a specific data type using the
return statement
 Void functions: do not have a return type
 Do not use a return statement to return a value
Function Return Type
• If a function returns a value, the type of the value
must be indicated
int main()
• If a function does not return a value, its return type is
void
void printHeading()
{
cout << "\tMonthly Sales\n";
}
Defining and Calling Functions
• Function call: statement that causes a function to

execute
• Function definition: statements that make up a
function
Function Definition
 Definition includes
return type: data type of the value the function returns
to the part of the program that called it
name: name of the function. Function names follow
same rules as variable names
parameter list: variables that hold the values passed to
the function
body: statements that perform the function’s task
Function Header
• The function header consists of
 the function return type
 the function name
 the function parameter list
• Example:
 int main()
Calling a Function
• To call a function, use the function name followed
by () and ;
printHeading();
• When a function is called, the program executes
the body of the function
• After the function terminates, execution resumes in
the calling function at the point of call
• main is automatically called when the program starts

• main can call any number of functions
• Functions can call other functions
Function Call
Function Call Notes
• Value of argument is copied into parameter when the
function is called
• Function can have > 1 parameter
• There must be a data type listed in the prototype ()
and an argument declaration in the function heading ()
for each parameter
• Arguments will be promoted/demoted as necessary to
match parameters
Calling Functions with Multiple Arguments
 When calling a function with multiple arguments:

 the number of arguments in the call must match the
function prototype and definition
 the first argument will be copied into the first
parameter, the second argument into the second
parameter, etc.
Calling Functions with Multiple Arguments –
an Illustration
 displayData(height, weight); // call
 void displayData(int h, int w)//heading

{
 cout << "Height = " << h << endl;
 cout << "Weight = " << w << endl;
}
Value-Returning Functions -- Example
return Statement
 Once a value-returning function computes the value,
the function returns this value via the return
statement
 It passes this value outside the function via the return
statement
Syntax: return Statement
 The return statement has the following syntax:
 In C++, return is a reserved word

 When a return statement executes
 Function immediately terminates
 Control goes back to the caller
 When a return statement executes in the
function main, the program terminates
Returning a Value From a Function
• return statement can be used to return a value from

the function to the module that made the function
call
• Prototype and definition must indicate data type of
return value (not void)
• Calling function should use return value
 assign it to a variable
 send it to cout
 use it in an arithmetic computation
 use it in a relational expression
Syntax: return Statement (cont’d.)
Returning a Boolean Value
• Function can return true or false

• Declare return type in function prototype and heading
as bool
• Function body must contain return statement(s)
that return true or false
• Calling function can use return value in a relational
expression
Boolean return Example
 bool isValid(int); //
prototype
 bool isValid(int val) // heading
 { int min = 0, max = 100;
 if (val >= min && val <= max)
 return true;
 else
 return false;
}
 if (isValid(score)) // call
 …
Value-Returning Functions: Some Peculiarity
Value-Returning Functions: Some Peculiarity
(cont'd.)
Value-Returning Functions: Some Peculiarity (cont'd.)
Flow of Execution
 Execution always begins at the first statement in

the function main
 Other functions are executed only when they are
called
 Function prototypes appear before any function
definition
 The compiler translates these first
 The compiler can then correctly translate a
function call
Conti…
C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition 36

Flow of Execution (cont'd.)
 A function call results in transfer of control
to the first statement in the body of the
called function
 After the last statement of a function is
executed, control is passed back to the point
immediately following the function call
 A value-returning function returns a value
 After executing the function the returned value
replaces the function call statement
Function Prototypes
 The compiler must know the following about a

function before it is called
 name
 return type
 number of parameters
 data type of each parameter
Function Prototype
 Function prototype: function heading without the
body of the function
 Syntax:
 It is not necessary to specify the variable name in

the parameter list
 The data type of each parameter must be specified
Prototype Notes
• Place prototypes near top of program
• Program must include either prototype or full function
definition before any call to the function, otherwise a
compiler error occurs
• When using prototypes, function definitions can be
placed in any order in the source file. Traditionally,
main is placed first.
 Use a function prototype (similar to the heading of the
function
 Heading: void printHeading()
 Prototype: void printHeading();
Function Prototype (Illustration)
Function Prototype (Illustration cont'd.)
C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition 43
Example Program I
1 // C++ Program
2 // Creating and using a programmer-defined function.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout; Function prototype: specifies data
6 using std::endl; types of arguments and return
values. square expects and int,
7 and returns an int.
8 int square( int ); // function prototype
9
10 int main()
11 {
12 // loop 10 times and calculate and output
Parentheses () cause
13 // square of x each time function to be called. When
14 for ( int x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) done, it returns the result.
15 cout << square( x ) << " "; // function call
 16
 17 cout << endl;
 18
 19 return 0; // indicates successful termination
 20
 21 } // end main
 22
 23 // square function definition returns square of an integer
 24 int square( int y ) // y is a copy of argument to function
 25 {
 26 return y * y; // returns square of y as an int
 27
 28 } // end function square Definition of square. y is a
copy of the argument passed.
Returns y * y, or y squared.
 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
Example Program II
 1 // C ++ Program
 2 // Finding the maximum of three floating-point numbers.
 3 #include <iostream>
 4
 5 using std::cout;
 6 using std::cin;
 7 using std::endl;
 8
 9 double maximum( double, double, double ); // function prototype
 10
 11 int main()
 12 { Function maximum takes 3
 13 double number1; arguments (all double) and
 14 double number2; returns a double.
 15 double number3;
 16
17 cout << "Enter three floating-point numbers: ";
18 cin >> number1 >> number2 >> number3;
19
20 // number1, number2 and number3 are arguments to
21 // the maximum function call
22 cout << "Maximum is: "
23 << maximum( number1, number2, number3 ) << endl;
24
25 return 0; // indicates successful termination
26
27 } // end main
28
Comma separated list for
 29 // function maximum definition; multiple parameters.
 30 // x, y and z are parameters
 31 double maximum( double x, double y, double z )
 32 {
 33 double max = x; // assume x is largest
 34
 35 if ( y > max ) // if y is larger,
 36 max = y; // assign y to max
 37
 38 if ( z > max ) // if z is larger,
 39 max = z; // assign z to max
 40
 41 return max; // max is largest value
 42
 43 } // end function maximum
Enter three floating-point numbers: 99.32
37.3 27.1928
Maximum is: 99.32

3.333 2.22
Maximum is: 3.333

14.31 88.99
Maximum is: 88.99
Void Functions
 Void functions and value-returning functions have
similar structures
 Both have a heading part and a statement part
 User-defined void functions can be placed either
before or after the function main
 If user-defined void functions are placed after the
function main
 The function prototype must be placed before the
function main
C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures,
Data Structures, FifthFifth Edition
Edition 51
51
Void Functions (cont'd.)
 A void function does not have a return type
 return statement without any value is typically used to
exit the function early
 Formal parameters are optional
 A call to a void function is a stand-alone statement

Edition 52
52
 Function definition syntax:
 Formal parameter list syntax:

Edition 53
53
 Function call syntax:
 Actual parameter list syntax:

Edition 54
54

Edition 55
55
 Value parameter: a formal parameter that receives a
copy of the content of corresponding actual parameter
 Reference parameter: a formal parameter that receives
the location (memory address) of the corresponding
actual parameter

Edition 56
56

Edition 57
57
Value Parameters
 If a formal parameter is a value parameter
 The value of the corresponding actual parameter is
copied into it
 The value parameter has its own copy of the data
 During program execution
 The value parameter manipulates the data stored in its
own memory space

Edition 58
58
Reference Variables as Parameters
 If a formal parameter is a reference parameter
 It receives the memory address of the
corresponding actual parameter
 A reference parameter stores the address of the
 During program execution to manipulate data
 The address stored in the reference parameter directs
it to the memory space of the corresponding actual
parameter

Edition 59
59
(cont'd.)
 Reference parameters can:
 Pass one or more values from a function
 Change the value of the actual parameter
 Reference parameters are useful in three situations:
 Returning more than one value
 Changing the actual parameter
 When passing the address would save memory space
and time

Edition 60
60
 If a formal parameter is a reference parameter
 It receives the memory address of the corresponding
actual parameter
 A reference parameter stores the address of the
 During program execution to manipulate data
 The address stored in the reference parameter directs
it to the memory space of the corresponding actual
parameter

Edition 61
61
(cont'd.)
 Reference parameters can:
 Pass one or more values from a function
 Change the value of the actual parameter
 Reference parameters are useful in three situations:
 Returning more than one value
 Changing the actual parameter
 When passing the address would save memory space
and time

Edition 62
62
Example 7-5: Calculate Grade

Edition 63
63
Example 7-5: Calculate Grade
(cont'd.)

Edition 64
64
Example 7-5: Calculate Grade (cont'd.)

Edition 65
65
Value and Reference Parameters
and Memory Allocation
 When a function is called
 Memory for its formal parameters and variables declared
in the body of the function (called local variables) is
allocated in the function data area
 In the case of a value parameter
 The value of the actual parameter is copied into the
memory cell of its corresponding formal parameter

Edition 66
66
and Memory Allocation (cont'd.)
 In the case of a reference parameter
 The address of the actual parameter passes to the formal
parameter
 Content of formal parameter is an address
 During execution, changes made by the formal
parameter permanently change the value of the
actual parameter
 Stream variables (e.g., ifstream) should be passed
by reference to a function

Edition 67
67

Edition 68
68

Edition 69
69

Edition 70
70

Edition 71
71

Edition 72
72

Edition 73
73

Edition 74
74

Edition 75
75
Reference Parameters and Value-
Returning Functions
 You can also use reference parameters in a value-
returning function
 Not recommended
 By definition, a value-returning function returns a
single value
 This value is returned via the return statement
 If a function needs to return more than one value, you
should change it to a void function and use the
appropriate reference parameters to return the values

Edition 76
76
Using Functions in a Menu-Driven Program
 Functions can be used:

• to implement user choices from menu
• to implement general-purpose tasks
- Higher-level functions can call general-purpose
functions
- This minimizes the total number of functions and
speeds program development time
Local and Global Variables
• local variable: defined within a function or block;
accessible only within the function or block
• Other functions and blocks can define variables with
the same name
• When a function is called, local variables in the calling
function are not accessible from within the called
function
Local and Global Variables
• global variable: a variable defined outside all
functions; it is accessible to all functions within its
scope
• Easy way to share large amounts of data between
functions
• Scope of a global variable is from its point of
definition to the program end
• Use sparingly
Local Variable Lifetime
• A local variable only exists while its defining
function is executing
• Local variables are destroyed when the function
terminates
• Data cannot be retained in local variables defined
in a function between calls to the function
Initializing Local and Global Variables
• Local variables must be initialized by the programmer
• Global variables are initialized to 0 (numeric) or NULL
(character) when the variable is defined
Local and Global Variable Names
• Local variables can have same names as global variables
• When a function contains a local variable that has the

same name as a global variable, the global variable is
unavailable from within the function. The local
definition "hides" or "shadows" the global definition.
Static Local Variables
• Local variables
 Only exist while the function is executing
 Are redefined each time function is called
 Lose their contents when function terminates
• static local variables
 Are defined with key word static
static int counter;
 Are defined and initialized only the first time the function
is executed
 Retain their contents between function calls
Default Arguments
• Values passed automatically if arguments are missing
from the function call
• Must be a constant declared in prototype
void evenOrOdd(int = 0);
• Multi-parameter functions may have default
arguments for some or all of them
int getSum(int, int=0, int=0);
Default Arguments
• If not all parameters to a function have default values, the
ones without defaults must be declared first in the
parameter list
 int getSum(int, int=0, int=0);// OK
 int getSum(int, int=0, int); // wrong!
• When an argument is omitted from a function call, all
arguments after it must also be omitted
 sum = getSum(num1, num2); // OK
 sum = getSum(num1, , num3); // wrong!
Overloading Functions
• Overloaded functions are two or more functions
that have the same name, but different parameter
lists
• Can be used to create functions that perform the
same task, but take different parameter types or
different number of parameters
• Compiler will determine which version of function
to call by argument and parameter list
Overloaded Functions - Examples
 If a program has these overloaded functions:
void getDimensions(int); // 1
void getDimensions(int, int); // 2
void getDimensions(int, float); // 3
void getDimensions(double, double);// 4
 the compiler will use them as follows:

int length, width;
double base, height;
getDimensions(length); // 1
getDimensions(length, width); // 2
getDimensions(length, height); // 3
getDimensions(height, base); // 4
The exit() Function
• Terminates execution of a program
• Can be called from any function
• Can pass a value to operating system to indicate status
of program execution
• Usually used for abnormal termination of program
• Requires cstdlib header file
Largest Number & Palindrome
Programming Example: Largest Number
 The function larger is used to determine the largest

number from a set of numbers
 Program determines the largest number from a set of
10 numbers
 Input: a set of 10 numbers
 Output: the largest of 10 numbers
Palindrome Number
 A nonnegative integer is a palindrome if it reads

forward and backward in the same way
 Examples: 5, 44, 789656987
Palindrome Number (cont’d.)
Programming Example – Max of List of Numbers:
Program Analysis
 Suppose that the input data is:

15 20 7 8 28 21 43 12 35 3
 Read the first number of the data set
 Because this is the only number read to this point, you
may assume that it is the largest number so far and call it
max
 Read the second number and call it num
 Compare max and num, and store the larger number into
max
Programming Example: Program Analysis (cont'd.)
 Now max contains the larger of the first two

numbers
 Read the third number and compare it with
max and store the larger number into max
 max contains the largest of the first three numbers
 Read the next number, compare it with max,
and store the larger into max
 Repeat this process for each remaining
number in the data set
Programming Example: Algorithm Design
 Read the first number
 Because this is the only number that you have read, it is
the largest number so far
 Save it in a variable called max
 For each remaining number in the list
 Read the next number
 Store it in a variable called num
 Compare num and max
Programming Example: Algorithm Design (cont'd.)
 For each remaining number in the list (cont'd.)

 If max < num
 num is the new largest number
 update the value of max by copying num into max
 If max >= num, discard num; that is, do nothing
 Because max now contains the largest number, print it
Summary
 Functions (modules) are miniature programs
 Divide a program into manageable tasks
 C++ provides the standard functions
 Two types of user-defined functions: value-
returning functions and void functions
 Variables defined in a function heading are
called formal parameters
 Expressions, variables, or constant values in a
function call are called actual parameters
Summary (cont'd.)
 In a function call, the number of actual
parameters and their types must match with
the formal parameters in the order given
 To call a function, use its name together with
the actual parameter list
 Function heading and the body of the function
are called the definition of the function
 A value-returning function returns its value via
the return statement
Summary (cont'd.)
 A prototype is the function heading without the body
of the function; prototypes end with the semicolon
 Prototypes are placed before every function definition,
including main
 User-defined functions execute only when they are
called
 In a call statement, specify only the actual parameters,
not their data types

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Objectives

In this week/classes, you will:

 Boss to worker analogy

 Example 6-1 sample run:

• Function call: statement that causes a function to

• main is automatically called when the program starts

 When calling a function with multiple arguments:

 displayData(height, weight); // call

 void displayData(int h, int w)//heading

 In C++, return is a reserved word

• return statement can be used to return a value from

• Function can return true or false

 Execution always begins at the first statement in

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition 36

 The compiler must know the following about a

 It is not necessary to specify the variable name in

Enter three floating-point numbers: 1.1

Enter three floating-point numbers: 27.9

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

 Formal parameter list syntax:

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

 Actual parameter list syntax:

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

C++ Programming: Program Design Including

 Functions can be used:

• When a function contains a local variable that has the

 the compiler will use them as follows:

 The function larger is used to determine the largest

 A nonnegative integer is a palindrome if it reads

 Suppose that the input data is:

 Now max contains the larger of the first two

 For each remaining number in the list (cont'd.)

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