ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА
АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ-МЕДИКОВ
ENGLISH
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS
ОМСК – 2011
УДК 61+413+415=111]:378.18(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1я7
У-912
Рецензенты:
Составитель:
© Ходаков Р.В.
2
© ГОУ ВПО «Омская государственная медицинская академия Росздрава»,
2011.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
(CONTENTS)
Введение (INTRODUCTION)
ЧАСТЬ I. ГРАММАТИКА (PART I. GRAMMAR)
Имя существительное (THE NOUN)
Глаголы TO BE/TO HAVE
Конструкция THERE + TO BE
Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, возвратные (PRONOUNS:
PERSONAL, POSSESSIVE, REFLEXIVE)
Неопределенные местоимения (INDEFINITE PRONOUNS)
Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий (THE DEGREES OF
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS)
Глагол. Действительный залог (THE VERB. THE ACTIVE VOICE)
Времена группы Indefinite (THE INDEFINITE TENSES)
Времена группы Continuous (THE CONTINUOUS TENSES)
Времена группы Perfect (THE PERFECT TENSES)
Времена группы Perfect Continuous (THE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES)
Глагол. Страдательный залог (THE VERB. THE PASSIVE VOICE)
Придаточные предложения (SUBORDINATE CLAUSES)
Согласование времен (THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES)
Инфинитив (THE INFINITIVE)
Модальные глаголы (MODAL VERBS)
Причастие прошедшего времени (PAST PARTICIPLE)
Причастие настоящего времени (PRESENT PARTICIPLE)
Самостоятельный причастный оборот (THE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPLE
CONSTRUCTION)
Сложное подлежащее (THE COMPLEX SUBJECT)
Сложное дополнение (THE COMPLEX OBJECT)
Герундий (THE GERUND)
Условные предложения. Сослагательное наклонение (CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES / THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD)
Функции и значения глаголов TO BE и TO HAVE (FUNCTIONS AND
MEANINGS OF THE VERBS TO BE AND TO HAVE)
Парные союзы BOTH…AND, EITHER…OR, NEITHER…NOR
IT – формальное подлежащее
Неопределенно-личные обороты
Усилительная конструкция IT IS … THAT
Слово ONE
Слово AS
Слово SINCE
Конструкция USED TO
Дифференцировочный грамматический тренинг
Итоговый тест (FINAL TEST)
3
ЧАСТЬ II. ЛЕКСИКА (PART II. VOCABULARY)
РАЗДЕЛ I. СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ (SECTION I. WORD FORMATION)
Словосложение (COMPOUNDING)
Аффиксация (AFFIXATION)
Конверсия (CONVERSION)
Полисемия (POLYSEMANTICISM)
Интернациональная лексика (INTERNATIONAL WORDS)
CHECK YOURSELF
РАЗДЕЛ II. АНАТОМИЧЕСКАЯ ЛЕКСИКА (SECTION II.
ANATOMICAL VOCABULARY)
Скелет (THE SKELETAL SYSTEM)
Пищеварительная система (THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM)
Мочевая система(THE URINARY SYSTEM)
Сердечно-сосудистая система (THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM)
Дыхательная система (THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM)
CHECK YOURSELF
РАЗДЕЛ III. КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ЛЕКСИКА (SECTION III. CLINICAL
VOCABULARY)
Части речи (PARTS OF SPEECH)
Синонимы (SYNONYMS)
Антонимы (ANTONYMS)
Медицинские инструменты и оборудование (MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS AND
EQUIPMENT)
Медицинские специальности (MEDICAL SPECIALITIES)
Повседневная работа врача (A DOCTOR’S DAILY ROUTINE)
Заболевания (DISEASES)
Симптомы (SYMPTOMS)
Официальные и неофициальные названия (FORMAL AND INFORMAL
NAMES)
Методы диагностики и лечения (DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT TECHNIQUES)
Инструкция к медицинскому препарату (INSTRUCTION FOR MEDICAL
PREPARATION)
CHECK YOURSELF
Неправильные глаголы (IRREGULAR VERBS)
Англо-русский словарь (ENGLISH-RUSSIAN DICTIONARY)
4
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
(INTRODUCTION)
5
ЧАСТЬ I
PART I
ГРАММАТИКА
GRAMMAR
6
ИМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ
(THE NOUN)
–s, -sh, –ch, -x → –es: bus – buses church – churches box - boxes
согласная+y → –ies: country – countries party - parties
–f, -ife, -lf → –ves: leaf – leaves wife – wives wolf - wolves
Исключения:
Science, substance, city, box, nurse, training, wife, knife, leaf, hospital, patient, lady, man,
woman, child, tooth, match, year, class, method, process, mouse, doctor, teacher.
Thesis, crisis, datum, formula, nucleus, basis, focus, phenomenon, stratum, serum,
analysis, bacterium, locus, chorda, cortex, atrium, coccus, criterion, spectrum,
fibula, fungus, varix, larva, fossa, humerus.
7
ПАДЕЖ
8
СОЧЕТАНИЕ ДВУХ СУЩУСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
Air passage, blood cell, blood vessel, body temperature, brain death, disease
germ, heart attack, milk teeth, mortality rates, nerve node, nerve tissue, study
project, case history, risk factor, cell membrane, drug addiction, eye drops, muscle
fibers, kidney transplantation, laboratory method.
АРТИКЛЬ
9
Определенный артикль всегда употребляется с названиями рек (The
Thames), морей (The Black Sea), океанов (The Pacific Ocean), групп островов
(the Canaries), горных цепей (the Alps).
Без артикля употребляются названия городов (London), стран (France),
континентов (Africa), озер (Lake Baikal), отдельных островов (Elba) или гор
(Everest).
Артикль может отсутствовать перед научными и техническими
терминами, названиями учебных дисциплин, перед существительными,
обозначающими вещество или массу, а также существительными во
множественном числе. В современной научной литературе намечается
тенденция обходиться без артикля.
10
ГЛАГОЛЫ TO BE/TO HAVE
TO BE (БЫТЬ)
Present Past Future
I am
I/he/she/it was I/we shall be
We/you/they are
We/you/they were You/he/she/it we/they will be
He/she/it is
TO HAVE (ИМЕТЬ)
Present Past Future
1
Здесь и далее отмеченные звездочкой упражнения могут использоваться в качестве контрольных по
разделам.
12
КОНСТРУКЦИЯ THERE + TO BE
13
11. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию
there+ to be.
1. There are also more admissions to the mental hospitals during summer.
2. Sunshine makes people feel good as long as there is not too much of it.
3. We hope that there will be men who will continue to advance medicine.
4. There is a limiting factor in the growth of tissue.
5. There was no change in biopsies compared.
6. There are more than 300,000 Americans who are treated for the loss of
eyesight as a result of diabetes.
7. There is an increasing number of research workers in medicine.
8. There are plenty of theories of cancer nature.
9. In some hospitals there appeared a new way for the treatment cancer
tumours.
10. There are two further important indications for laser beams.
11. There are to date no published studies in this newly developing area of
research.
12.There are many guides to lasers in medicine written for the non-specialists.
14
11. There are the newest models of apparatus for blood circulation, artificial
heart valves.
12. There is a special reagent which coagulates blood and the results of the
analysis are displayed on a screen.
15
МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ: ЛИЧНЫЕ, ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЕ, ВОЗВРАТНЫЕ
(PRONOUNS: PERSONAL, POSSESSIVE, REFLEXIVE)
Обратите внимание!
This is my computer.
Это мой компьютер.
That man is his doctor.
Тот человек - его врач.
16
Я могу перевести этот текст сам.
He cut himself when he was performing an operation.
Он порезался, когда делал операцию.
1. Take the textbooks from the shelf and put them into … bag.
2. … classes on Biology start at 10.30 and end at 12.50.
3. … father is a dentist. He is always busy. He starts … work early in the
morning.
4. The article was translated from Russian into English by … teacher.
5. Helen has 3 children. I know … names: Alan, Sam and Ann.
6. … classrooms are big and bright.
7. They know me and … sister.
8. Her mother is a chemist. He works at the drug store and devotes … whole life
to it.
9. Last term we worked hard for … examinations.
10.What is … favourite subject?
11.He is a surgeon like many of … relatives.
12. … group is the best at the faculty.
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НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
(INDEFINITE PRONOUNS)
Somebody/thing/where/how кто-то/что-то/где-то/как-то
Anybody/thing/where/how кто-нибудь/что-нибудь/где-нибудь/как-нибудь
Nobody/thing/where/how никто/ничто/нигде/никак (никоим образом)
Everybody/thing/where каждый(все)/всё/везде (повсюду)
19
7. I suffered no diseases in my childhood.
8. Are there any certificates of health on the nurse's table?
9. Anyone may catch a respiratory disease here.
10. Everyone knows the earliest symptoms of bronchitis.
11. Anything he does is very important for us.
12. Somehow he got over the disease.
Обратите внимание!
1. Let me have a look at your throat. Oh, I see there is ... inflammation. I ' l l
prescribe to you ... medicine for it.
2. As my fellow student had fallen ill with ... serious disease he was
admitted to the hospital to undergo a course of treatment and arrest...
possible complications.
3. Has he ever had... complication after quinsy?
4. Must the students of your group arrange ... conference next term?
5. At the chemist's department you may buy... drugs right away.
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6. Don't confuse these remedies because ... of them are poisonous and
may cause death.
7. The doctor has prescribed to me... antiseptic mouth-wash with which
I have to gargle my sore throat.
8. We have ... cod-liver oil at home, but we can buy it at . . . chemist's.
9. Has the doctor in charge determined... dull heart sounds?
10. It's quite clear this patient has ... serious impairment of his inner
organs.
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3. No complications have been noted.
4. When the hospital was opened it was visited by some American doctors.
5. Their patients had no haemorrhage.
6. Dr M. had no permission to examine some patients.
7. I have seen many patients in the hospital. Some of them are children.
8. Some agents are harmful. Don't take any.
9. We know no other laboratory in which so much work was done.
10. No alterations in hemodynamics were noted in a majority of these patients.
11. You know some doctors in the hospital. Speak to any of them.
12. Take any paper and read it. Everything is interesting.
13. None of these drugs has yet been tested for their effects on man.
14. None of the hybrid viruses were temperature sensitive.
15. Nobody had myocardial infarction or died during follow-up study.
22
СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ И НАРЕЧИЙ
(THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS)
Исключения:
as…as Now the patient is as weak as he was yesterday. такой же слабый, как
not so … as I’m not so tall as he is. Я не такой высокий, как он.
than She is taller than me. Она выше, чем я.
the … the … The sooner the better. Чем скорее, тем лучше
23
1. Everyone must be responsible for his work.
2. The cavity above the diaphragm is larger than the cavity below the
diaphragm.
3. The cell is the smallest biological unit.
4. Colds and respiratory diseases are more common in spring months.
5. The heat is the most important factor in the increase of emotional problems.
6. He decided to achieve better results in the second term.
7. Hippocrates was an excellent practitioner.
8. He knows Latin worse than other students in the group.
9. Many infectious diseases are dangerous because it is difficult to treat them.
10.People are sleepier when barometric pressure is below normal.
11.The abdomen is the largest cavity in the body.
12.Barometric pressure tends to have more effect on joints.
13.The effect on growth of viruses is less easy to predict.
14.The heart has to pump harder to keep the body warm.
15.The more people are physically trained, the more oxygen they have in their
blood.
16.We finished our experiment earlier than usual.
25
ГЛАГОЛ. ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
(THE VERB. THE ACTIVE VOICE)
Present Indefinite
Глаголы в Present Indefinite называют действие или состояние, которое
свойственно подлежащему и происходит обычно, всегда, регулярно,
периодически.
Past Indefinite
Глаголы в Past Indefinite называют действие или состояние, которое имело
место в прошлом.
Future Indefinite
Глаголы в форме Future Indefinite называют действие или состояние, которое
произойдет в будущем.
27
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ НАСТОЯЩЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ В ПРИДАТОЧНЫХ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯХ ВРЕМЕНИ И УСЛОВИЯ
1. If the doctor's history and clinical examination are not restricted to one
symptom, he will be able to detect other disorders.
2. The doctor will obtain important data if his approach to clinical problems is
not restricted by a narrow training.
3. The doctor will make good use of his knowledge if he deliberately tries to be
comprehensive (всесторонний).
4. Ophthalmologists and nonophthalmologists will profit enormously from the
up-to-date information on immunology and radio therapy as soon as they
read the book.
5. The book will be of particular value for the oncologist when he treats breast
cancer and other breast diseases.
6. When the person follows medical advice his chance of survive increases.
7. We recommend such transfusions until the patient’s state improves.
8. I will treat this patient keeping her in bed until all the sensitivity of the joint
disappears.
1. The researchers will publish the data. The researchers will consider it
reasonable. (when) (if)
2. The stones will be shattered. The doctors will have a new laser device.
(when) (if)
3. The diet will be changed. The doctor will recommend it. (when) (if)
4. She will detect your biological rhythms. You will ask her to do that.
(when) (if)
5. The OPG system will detect carotid occlusive disease. You will use it
correctly. (if)
6. The technique will cut the likelihood of irregular heartbeat. You will carry
out the recommendation. (if)
1. If the red blood cell count decreases the patient will require additional treatment.
2. The development of cortical inhibition will begin after the experimental animal
is given the proper drug.
3. The infant will be fed artificially until the mother’s health is restored.
4. If you come to me we shall study Anatomy.
5. As soon as the patient is admitted to the hospital the doctor will examine him.
6. Before the surgeon performs the operation he will have to observe the patient’s
condition for some days.
7. When dehydration occurs from excessive vomiting, parenteral feeding
will be used.
8. If the diagnosis is correct, the patient will be properly treated.
9. If coma develops, the patient will be transferred to hospital as soon as
possible.
10. If some infectious fever is diagnosed, the patient will be moved to the
hospital in an ambulance.
29
11. If you hold your breath, carbon dioxide will immediately begin to
accumulate in the blood.
12. If there is any dysfunction of the kidney, it will affect the process of urine
formation.
13. When the renal blood vessels are dilated, the inflow of blood will increase.
14. If the renal blood vessels are constricted, less urine will be formed.
Present Continuous
Professor Connor is writing an article now.
Профессор Коннор пишет статью сейчас.
Past Continuous
Professor Connor was writing an article at 5 o’clock yesterday.
Профессор Коннор писал статью вчера в 5 часов.
Future Continuous
Professor Connor will be writing an article at 5 o’clock tomorrow.
Профессор Коннор будет писать статью завтра в 5 часов.
30
Present Continuous Past Future Continuous
Continuo
us
31
5. Survival rates for many cancer patients are gradually improving.
6. Doctors are sometimes increasing the dose of the drugs.
7. In the laboratory researchers are looking for new ways to diagnose and treat
the country's most feared disease.
8. Bombardment using high-energy particles from an accelerator is proving
effective for patients with eye tumours.
9. The chapters in the paper are dealing with the laboratory work.
10. Aggressive therapy is also improving the outlook for patients with the most
acute form of lymphoma.
11. The combination of light beams and drugs is showing success in the
treatment of patients with lung or bladder cancer.
12. Medical scientists are developing fresh techniques to increase the
effectiveness of anticancer agents.
13. The doctors are using agents not to kill cancer cells but to convert them into
benign form.
14. In-patient care is expanding.
15. The chapter in the paper is dealing with cancer research.
16. An increasing number of research workers is taking part in some fields of
medicine.
17. Many experiments are now beginning to throw more light on human
illnesses.
18. Clinicians are dealing with the basic mechanisms of oncological diseases.
19. Alcoholism is reaching epidemic proportions in some parts of the world.
20.The new technique is becoming increasingly useful in clinical diagnosis.
Конструкция to be going to
32
40. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию
to be going to.
33
ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PERFECT
(THE PERFECT TENSES)
подчеркивают завершенность действия к определенному моменту
в настоящем, прошлом или будущем.
Present Perfect
Выражает действие, завершенное к настоящему моменту, т.е. результат на
данный момент.
Переводится глаголом в прошедшем времени (!!!) совершенного вида.
Past Perfect
Выражает действие, закончившееся до начала другого действия (a) или
указанного момента в прошлом (b). Переводится глаголом в прошедшем
времени совершенного вида.
(a) The doctor had examined the patient when you came.
Доктор (уже) осмотрел пациента, когда вы пришли.
(b) The doctor had examined the patient by 12 o’clock yesterday.
Доктор осмотрел пациента вчера к 12 часам.
Future Perfect
Выражает действие, которое закончится до начала другого действия или до
указанного момента в будущем. Переводится глаголом в будущем времени
совершенного вида.
34
The doctor will have examined the patients by two o’clock.
Доктор осмотрит этих пациентов к двум часам.
1. Some scientists had worked in the laboratory before they started their work at
the University.
2. Prof L. gave lectures at the Institute of Medical Sciences after she had visited
Strangeways Laboratory.
3. The aim of the report has been to give a review of the scientific work.
4. Dr N. studied in detail some enzymes that he had isolated.
5. They discovered some effect of pH that other workers had missed.
6. The use of this procedure has resulted in the discovery of some previously
unknown enzymes.
7. Researchers have described numerous trends in heart disease mortality and
morbidity and in the use of cardiac diagnostic and surgical services since
1968.
8. Pacemaker insertion rates have increased since 1970.
9. It is interesting to note that scientists have examined both heart and kidney.
10.Control studies that the scientists had used before didn't show the same
results.
11.It is necessary to mention the work of technical staff, some of them had
worked at the laboratory all their lives.
12.The growth of coronary angiography over the past two decades has increased
information on anatomic anomalies of coronary circulation.
13.A group of scienticts have examined the possible disadvantages of the
approaches in a large series of liver transplantations.
14.Dr N. examined some 100 patients whose cases he had followed.
15.Objective measurements have convincingly proved the hypothesis.
16.This hypothesis has attracted many followers.
17.We have concentrated our interest on the study of angina at rest.
18.The surgeon has always been an integral part of medical science.
19.The great advances in surgery have been dependent on medical discoveries
in other fields.
36
20.The use of blood transfusion, the control of fluid in the body and the use of
drugs for various symptoms have also aided success in surgery.
Dr Jones had been treating this patient for 2 months when his health began to
improve.
Доктор Джонс лечил этого пациента (уже) 2 месяца, когда его состояние
начало улучшаться.
Dr Jones will have been treating this patient for 4 months by the 27 th of
September.
Доктор Джонс будет лечить этого пациента (уже) 4 месяца к двадцать
седьмому сентября.
37
I am waiting for the findings of my blood analysis.
I have been waiting for the findings of my blood analysis for an hour.
1. Doctors have been trying to transplant ‘living skin’ since it was invented.
2. Doctors have been using lidocaine to prevent irregular heartbeat since the
discovery was unveiled.
3. Dr. Hull has been obtaining positive results for a month.
4. How long has the patient been complaining of nausea?
5. My friend will have been living in Moscow for a month when I come there.
6. My mother had been suffering from a severe stomachache for an hour
before we made a call to the First Aid Station.
7. Sensors have been transmitting electrical impulses for ten minutes.
8. The doctors have been arresting profuse arterial bleeding for five minutes
but the male patient is still bleeding.
9. The laboratory has been developing this device for years.
10.The signs of heart impairment had been developing for a week before the
woman was examined by a cardiologist.
11.The victim of a street accident had been moaning since he was run over
by a car.
12. This patient has been wearing a splint for several months.
38
a chemistry
Sam studying experiment for 20 minutes
They operating a foreign language for 2 hours
Scientists preparing a new article since 3 o’clock
Susan explaining for a vaccine for 50 minutes by 3
have
He working against AIDS o’clock tomorrow
has
We taking a patient for half an hour when
had been
This patient translating anatomy you come
will have
Prof. Jones looking exams for 10 minutes when we
My sister performing for a seminar met him (her)
Dr Harrison living in a private clinic for some time
The student learning new words for an hour when we
The teacher examining new grammar arrived
in a student hostel
39
ГЛАГОЛ. СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
(THE VERB. THE PASSIVE VOICE)
употребляется в предложении, подлежащим которого является предмет, на
который направлено действие, выраженное глаголом.
Формы
Время Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect
Continuous
Articles are Articles are Articles have _
Present
translated. being translated. been translated.
Articles were Articles were Articles had _
Past
translated. being translated. been translated.
Articles will _ Articles will have _
Future
be translated. been translated.
Статьи переведены.
Articles are translated. Статьи переводятся.
Статьи переводят.
40
PRESENT ACTIVE PASSIVE
Indefinite We translate articles. Articles are translated.
Continuous We are translating articles. Articles are being translated.
Perfect We have translated articles. Articles have been translated.
Modal Verbs We can translate articles. Articles can be translated.
41
Our plans taught in medical institutes
The paper spoken
42
Например: He is being examined - его обследуют (Present Continuous
Passive)
1. A new outer bandage has been put on the patient's wound by the nurse.
2. Dull heart sounds had been determined by the doctor before the
electrocardiogram was taken.
3. A profuse abdominal bleeding has been arrested by the surgeon on duty.
4. The operation for appendicitis has just been performed by the surgeon.
5. An unbearable pain in my back had been relieved by these tablets by 2
o'clock yesterday.
6. The scientist says that his research will have been accomplished by the end
of this week.
7. The patient will have been cured by the doctor by summer.
45
63. Замените Modal Verb+Active Infinitive на Modal Verb+Passive
Infinitive.
ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
(SUBORDINATE CLAUSES)
Придаточные Отвечают на
Вводятся союзами:
предложения: вопрос:
1. Дополнительные that, whether, if, when,
что?
why
2. Определительные какой/ая/ие? who, that, which
3. Обстоятельственные
when, while, after,
-времени когда? before, as soon as (как
только)
-места где? where
при каком if, in case (в случае), on
-условия
условии? condition (при условии)
because, since, as (так
-причины почему?
как)
so that, in order to (для
-цели зачем?
того, чтобы)
in spite of (не смотря
-уступки вопреки чему?
на), although (хотя)
46
5. The gauze drain which the doctor took out of the wound was soaked with
pus.
6. The investigators stressed that one of the routes of infection was breast-
feeding.
7. The new methods of immobilization of limbs which the young surgeon
advised were very effective.
8. The paper defined that urinary tract infection occurred in
approximately 1% (per cent) of all infants .
9. The paper is a good introduction to the subject as it has a large number of
figures.
10.The patient who complains of tenderness in his abdomen must be examined
right away.
11.The prescription which the doctor wrote out was for a cough mixture.
12.The young man who is taking the patient's temperature is my fellow student.
13.This new book must be revised since there are a lot of mistakes in it.
14.We believe that many major advances in the field of heart research will be
made in the near future .
15.When I do my morning exercises and have a cold rubdown I harden myself
against colds.
16.When we attend the lectures of this professor we acquire a lot of knowledge
of medicine.
Обратите внимание!
Союзы whether/if переводятся как «ли». Как правило, они вводят косвенный
вопрос, а также дополнительные придаточные предложения, выражающие
неуверенность или предполагающие выбор из нескольких альтернатив.
47
6. The study was designed to determine if apoliprotein A-l might be better
than HDL cholesterol.
1. The research could be carried out in a hospital where many patients were
treated.
2. The Academy of Medical Sciences was established in 1944 in order to create a
centre of medical science.
3. In spite of a great number of studies the work has not been finished yet.
4. This method of tissue culture is useful since it can differentiate the origin of
the tissue.
5.Normal function may sometimes be restored when it is disordered.
6. In the past the relief of postoperative pain did not play an important
part in the management of the patient after the operation had been
performed.
7. The book is to be recommended to medical students as it deals with some
useful data.
8. Since specific plans are suggested for the observation of affected
muscles, patients with such disorders can be treated.
I’m sure you are right. The surgeon the patients are speaking about is very
Я уверен, что ты experienced.
прав. Хирург, о котором говорят больные, очень
опытный.
49
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН
(THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES)
Косвенная речь:
Главное предложение Придаточное предложение
(стоит в прошедшем времени)
одновременность (Past Indefinite)
that he operated on patients.
что он оперирует (!!!) пациентов.
The doctor said
Доктор сказал, предшествование (Past Perfect)
(Past Indefinite) that he had operated on patients.
что он оперировал пациентов.
следование (Future-in-the-Past:
shall should/will would)
50
that he would operate on patients.
что он будет оперировать пациентов.
NB! She says: “He is a surgeon." She said that he was a surgeon.
I know they are studying Anatomy. I knew they were studying Anatomy.
1. An assistant said that the surgical instruments (are) not ready yet.
2. He informed that the laboratory (analyzed) the blood sample a week before.
3. The government convinced us that the clinic (will get) new equipment soon.
4. They assured us there (are) no spare beds in the hospital at the moment.
5. She thought the ointment (will help) me.
6. I did not know that he (worked) as a therapist all his life.
7. The physician noted that the patient (breathes) with difficulty.
8. He prescribed me the drug that (will relieve) an acute pain.
9. The case history reported she (suffered) constant pain and (controlled) it by
morphine.
10.It was noticed that those drugs (reduced) the risk of reinfection.
11.We found that the tissue (is) infected.
12.I diagnosed that the patient (have) pneumonia.
1. The ambulance doctor said the victim of the street accident was in a bad
state.
2. The doctor said she had already made an order for the X-ray
examination.
3. The patient said he had several injuries of the left lower extremity.
4. The surgeon said there were many bruises and abrasions on the patient's
body.
5. My mother said she felt rotten.
6. It turned out this patient's respiration was accelerated.
7. My father said he was suffering from indigestion.
8. It was well known that a tourniquet was applied in case of profuse
bleeding.
9. The nurse said my wound would be dressed after the doctor completed his
round.
10. The surgeon thought the fractured bone had been set properly.
11. The doctor in charge said that patient Dmitriev was quite alert.
12. The ambulance doctor said he had already given first aid to the injured
man.
13. The mother said her daughter had suffered from chicken-pox in her early
childhood.
14.They said this man had been run over by a car.
15.The surgeon was sure this operation would prevent the rupture of the
spleen.
52
ИНФИНИТИВ
(THE INFINITIVE)
неопределенная форма глагола, отвечающая на вопросы
«что делать?», «что сделать?».
Формы инфинитива
Active Passive
Indefinite to write to be written
Continuous to be writing
Perfect to have written to have been written
Perfect
to have been writing
Continuous
53
(=которую нужно прочитать)
Однородное I came to find the door locked.
сказуемое (=пришел и обнаружил)
54
75. В каждом из данных предложений пропущен инфинитив,
указанный в скобках. Найдите место, на котором он должен
стоять.
Модальный глагол и
возможные русские Значение
эквиваленты
can/could способность, физическая
(могут/могли) возможность
may/might возможность,
(могут/могли) допустимость
must
долг, обязанность
(должны, обязаны)
The should/ought to do this
students (следует, следовало work. совет
бы)
have to вынужденность по
(должны, придется) обстоятельствам
are to* действие согласно плану,
(должны, предстоит) расписанию
или договоренности
*форма настоящего времени модального глагола “to be to”.
56
78. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модальные
глаголы.
Might May
was allowed to be allowed shall be allowed to
to to will
were
Must
had to have to shall have to
will
1. The students may take all necessary textbooks from the Institute library.
2. He can help you with your translation.
3. You must repeat the material of the lectures before the examination.
4. They cannot translate these articles without a dictionary.
5. He may not write out prescriptions.
59
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ МОДАЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ
В ЗНАЧЕНИИ ПРЕДПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
1. The onset of the infection was after 3 months of age, and the delay may have
been related to the low infecting dose of the drug.
2. The doctor says that his patient could have lived without the muscle graft but
that it has improved her quality of life.
3. One such event may have been the development of methods for the safe surgical
removal of lung tissue.
4. The conflicting results might have resulted from the use of different enzymic
methods.
5. These infants develop brain damage which may have passed unnoticed within
the first months of life.
6. The substance found in the urine might have been derived from injured tissue.
7. It is a general principle that drugs should not be taken during pregnancy.
8. People with obesity could have been at risk from gallstones.
9. Changes in insulin receptors may have affected ageing.
10.Attention should have been given to the detection of growth regulators.
11.The recent publication could have been recommended to all students and
research workers in the biological sciences.
12.There is a new group of drugs which might have affected the immune
processes.
62
ПРИЧАСТИЯ
(PARTICIPLES)
PAST PARTICIPLE
Синтаксические функции
причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle)
64
demonstrated elected detected
presented organized treated
included summarized directed
translated discussed tested
89. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Past
Participle в различных функциях:
The healing ointment shown by people for are derived from natural
6 f vitamins m substances.
67
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Indefinite Perfect
asking having asked
Active
спрашивающий, спрашивая спросив
being asked having been asked
Passive будучи спрошен, будучи спрошен
спрашиваемый
Синтаксические функции
причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle)
68
93. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление
причастия (Present Participle) в различных формах и функциях.
1. The doctor examining the patient revealed moist rales in the lungs.
2. Examining the patient the doctor listened to his heart.
3. Being dangerous to life suppurative appendicitis must be treated in time.
4. The changing condition of the patient became worse yesterday.
5. Having attended all classes in Surgery the students of our group got
acquainted with the ways of treating compound fractures.
6. The recovering patient N. will be discharged in a week.
7. Having been put a fresh dressing the patient was wheeled on a stretcher cart
from the dressing room.
8. When being set a fractured bone the patient felt an unbearable pain.
9. Being on a sick-leave the patient was following a strict bed regime.
10. Having been operated on for acute appendicitis a month before my
sister still complained of tenderness on physical exertion.
11.Having examined the patient the surgeon noted swelling of the right
lower extremity.
12. Being questioned on his post-operative condition the patient said he had
no complaints.
1 All the people a helping the professor in his experiments f are students.
2 The experiment b living in this hostel g is quite new.
3 The apparatus c being carried out now in the laboratory h studies at our faculty.
4 The young man d taking books from the library i is absolutely secret.
5 Students e standing on the table in the corner j must return them in time.
of the laboratory
Обратите внимание!
1. The prescription writing out/written out by the doctor was for a cough mixture.
2. The ointment rubbing in/rubbed in relieved the skin irritation in three days.
3. The young man taking/taken the patient's temperature is my fellow student.
4. The experiment carrying on/carried on yesterday was very useful.
5. The discussion organizing/organized by our group was very interesting.
6. The new methods of immobilization of limbs advising/advised by the young
surgeon were very effective.
7. The surgeon performing/performed the operation now is the assistant doctor of our
group.
8. The analyses making/made in the laboratory confirmed the diagnosis of the
disease.
9. The patient complaining/complained of pain in his abdomen must be examined
right away.
(1) The lecture being very interesting, the students listened to it attentively.
Так как лекция была очень интересной, студенты слушали её
внимательно.
(2) The doctor palpated the patient’s abdomen, the pain becoming severe.
Врач пальпировал живот больного, при этом боль становилась сильнее.
The doctor having performed the operation, the patient’s condition began to
improve. После того как врач сделал операцию, состояние больного
начало улучшаться.
The operation having been performed, the patient’s condition began to
improve. После того как была сделана операция, стояние больного
начало улучшаться.
СЛОЖНОЕ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ
(THE COMPLEX SUBJECT)
А) в страдательном залоге:
to think, to believe, to suppose, to consider, to feel — думать, считать, полагать;
to expect — ожидать; to know — знать; to allow — разрешать; to see —
видеть; to say, to tell, to report — говорить, сообщать, утверждать; to find —
обнаруживать, to show, to demonstrate — показывать и др.
He is said to work in this hospital.
Говорят, что он работает в этой больнице.
В) в действительном залоге:
to seem - казаться; to appear, to chance, to turn out, to prove, to happen -
оказываться
The patient seems to have taken an overdose.
Кажется, что пациент принял слишком большую дозу лекарства.
С) сочетаниями:
to be sure, to be certain — несомненно, to be likely (unlikely) — вероятно
73
(маловероятно).
(После этих сочетаний инфинитив переводится будущим временем).
The patient is likely to recover soon.
Вероятно, пациент скоро поправится.
1. Spring and autumn are known to be those seasons when the patients with ulcer suffer
from the recurrence of the disease.
2. Constant fatigue, the lesions of the nervous system and past diseases are considered to
contribute to the onset of gastritis.
3. The characteristic clinical manifestations of the disease appeared to be haemorrhage,
vomiting and nausea.
4. Exacerbation of duodenal ulcers is known to occur in spring and autumn.
5. Renal and splenic infarctions are likely to occur in endocarditis.
6. Brain cortex stimuli are considered to send impulses to the stomach and duodenum.
7. Jaundice appears to be present in the diseases of liver as well as in the diseases of
intrahepatic and extra-hepatic ducts.
8. The characteristic clinical manifestations of gastric carcinoma are known to be
epigastric pains, loss of weight, nausea and vomiting of blood.
9. Too hot food is supposed to contribute to the development of gastritis.
10.These X-ray findings were reported to be diagnostic of gastro-intestinal
scleroderma.
11. The present report appears to be the first paper published on the clinical use of this
medicine in typhoid in the United States.
12.A 12-year-old boy was first seen in February 1998. He was known to have had
heart murmurs since he was 4 years of age.
13.The polypoid tumor proved to be a lipoma, with mucosal ulceration over the tumor.
74
14.Brucellosis is known to involve the lungs in varied forms.
15.The patient was known to have had hypertension for fifteen years and had suffered
a slight cerebrovascular accident in November 2004.
16.The wound was found to be healing nicely, the entire cavity was filled with clean
and healthy granulations and there was only a little discharge about the edges of
the wound.
1. The patient was known ... stool retention accompanied by nausea a month before his
present admission to the hospital.
a) to have
b) to have had
c) to be having
2. Sensitivity to antibiotics was reported ... not only in this patient but in all the other
members of the family as well since their early age.
a) to be present
b) to have been present
3. Prophylactic vaccination was found ... since no cases of hepatitis were diagnosed after
its administration.
a) to be effective
b) to have been effective
4. Skin irritation was revealed ... after each parenteral administration of this preparation.
a) to occur
b) to have occurred
c) to be occurring
103. Составьте предложения, подбирая их части в разных колонках.
Our teacher is/are said to have only excellent marks
Some students is/are known to get up early every day
Professor Brown is/was reported to attend all lectures
Medical students is believed to be on time for classes
He is likely to learn two foreign languages
Jane seem(s) to know how to use computers
Tom appear(s) to miss practical classes
They to be traveling around the world now
We to be taking examinations at the moment
to have received the results of the test
to have bought a new mobile phone
75
104. Трансформируйте следующие предложения, используя The
Complex Subject.
1. It seems that the patient has become rather alert after these procedures.
2. It appears that the initial diagnosis will be confirmed by laboratory analyses.
3. It is likely that dull heart sounds will not be heard.
4. It is expected that the patient's family history will supply all the data regarding
his health.
5. It was reported that the onset of the last attack of substernal pain had been
associated with vomiting.
6. It was known that the patient had not been operated on before.
7. It was considered that the urinalysis confirmed a serious kidney trouble.
8. It is certain that the doctor examines the inner organs carefully to be sure of his
diagnosis.
9. It is likely that the patient will calm down after the injection of a sedative.
10. It is well known that cod liver oil is an effective remedy in the treatment of
rickets (рахит).
11. It proved that cold rubdowns had produced a marked effect on his health.
СЛОЖНОЕ ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ
(THE COMPLEX OBJECT)
78
I know(s) to write a report
We expect(s) to look for a new job
They want(s) to study English
Scientists would like to prepare for classes every day
He to work hard
We him to stay at the Academy after classes
Professor Jones her to work during the vacation
My sister us to take notes of all lectures
Dr Harrison saw Sam watch(ing) television
The student watched Susan work(ing) on computer
The teacher noticed Joe clean(ing) the lecture rooms
heard walk(ing) in the park
work(ing) in the laboratory
prepar(ing) for the seminar
talk(ing) on the phone
1. The therapeutist did not think that chills would recur after this course treatment.
2. At the follow-up examination the surgeon noticed that the patient had become better
nourished.
3. Everybody believed that the initial diagnosis would be confirmed by X-ray and
laboratory examinations.
4. The X-ray examination confirmed that the patient had organic change in the mitral,
aortic and tricuspid valves.
5. The physician determined that the primary focus of infection had been eliminated due
to antibiotic therapy.
6. Physicians consider that the loss of weight is one of the typical signs of pulmonary
tuberculosis.
7. At the Institute of Cardiology in Moscow the researchers have found that mental
overstrain is the factor causing the infarction in 35% of patients.
8. They have observed that the direct association between infarctions and the nerves
occurs only in the age-group of patients over 40.
9. At the Institute of Experimental Medicine in St. Petersburg the scientists have found that
cholesterol is produced in the body itself in the amounts sufficient to cause
atherosclerosis.
79
10.Cardiologists have observed that children with congenital heart defects have no clinical
manifestations of the disease until years after birth, when it may be too late to operate.
80
ГЕРУНДИЙ
(THE GERUND)
Reading is useful.
Чтение (читать) полезно.
а) п о д л е ж а щ е е:
Reading is useful. Чтение полезно. (Читать полезно.)
б) д о п о л н е н и е :
I like reading. Я люблю читать (чтение).
в) и м е н н а я ч а с т ь
сказуемого:
His favourite occupation is reading. Его любимое занятие — чтение.
г) о п р е д е л е н и е (несогласованное):
I like your idea of reading Мне нравится ваше намерение
this book. прочесть эту книгу.
81
д) о б с т о я т е л ь с т в о в р е м е н и :
After reading I began to После чтения я начал писать
write a letter. письмо.
е) о б с т о я т е л ь с т в о о б р а з а д е й с т в и я :
We cannot live without reading. Мы не можем жить без чтения (не
читая).
Формы герундия
On having examined the patient the doctor made the diagnosis оf bronchitis.
1. Before making his daily round of visits the doctor went to the polyclinic.
2. Stripping to the waist is necessary when the therapeutist listens to the heart and
lungs.
3. After gargling his throat with this mouth-wash the patient felt an instant relief.
4. Before starting to examine the patient the doctor put on his white gown.
5. On swallowing heavy food the patient felt a bad pain in his esophagus.
6. On having been operated on the patient was gradually recovering.
7. The patient could not fall asleep without being given an injection of a pain-
killer.
8. His having been treated properly and attentively enabled him to be discharged
from the hospital so soon.
9. Would you mind my closing the window? I am afraid of catching a cold.
10.On having taken the patient's electrocardiogram the cardiologist noted some
abnormalities in its readings.
11. My father did not mind being operated on by this surgeon.
12. This convalescent cannot be discharged without being completely cured.
82
13. The doctor’s having diagnosed suppurative appendicitis in time helped him to
save the patient's life.
83
becoming going smoking
being having been assisted sneezing
being examined having seen talking
doubling looking walking
driving reading
1. He never thought of becoming a surgeon.
2. Try to avoid … in a bad light.
3. She gave up … a car after the accident.
4. He is busy … for the books for his report.
5. I can’t help …; I caught a cold yesterday.
6. The doctor insisted on … the dose.
7. I don’t remember … Professor N. there.
8. He denies … in the job.
9. We recognize the importance of … by a specialist regularly.
10.He still walks five miles a day in spite of … seventy years old.
11.… fast is a good exercise.
12.… so much is bad for your health.
13.It’s no use …. We have to act.
14.You should clean your teeth before … to bed.
Обратите внимание на различные значения ing-форм:
Условные предложения
Изъявительное наклонение
Реальное условие Настоящее If he is not in hospital, he is at a sanatorium.
время
Прошедшее If he was not in hospital, he was at a
время sanatorium.
Будущее If he was not in hospital, he will come.
время Should you see him, tell him to come.
Сослагательное наклонение
Маловероятное Настоящее и If the patient were better now (next week),
условие будущее время we should discharge him.
Were the patient better now, we should
discharge him.
Should the patient be better, we should
discharge him.
Нереальное Прошедшее If the patient had been better last week, we
условие время should have discharged him.
Had the patient been better, we should have
discharged him.
1. If the results of experiments confirm the finding, the new method is applied.
2. If the results of the experiments confirm the finding, the new method will be
applied.
3. Should the results of the experiments confirm the finding, the new method will be
applied.
4. Provided the results of the experiments confirmed the finding, the new method was
applied.
5. Providing the results of the experiments confirmed the finding, the new method
would be applied.
6. Should the results of the experiments confirm the finding, the new method would
be applied.
7. If the result were confirmed, the method would be applied.
8. Were the results confirmed, we should apply the method.
9. Unless the results of experiments had confirmed the finding, the new method
would not have been applied.
10. Had the results of the experiments confirmed the finding, the new method
would have been applied.
11. If some results had been confirmed, we should apply the method.
12. We applied the method as if the results had been confirmed.
1. If cardiac pacemakers had been implanted to help people with slow heartbeats,
they could have led normal lives.
2. Provided medical researchers implanted electronic generator, it would be a life
saving aid to patients.
3. If additional studies had been carried on, they might have determined the
precise role of the protein.
4. Provided all the factors had been known, it could have been possible to reveal
a risk group of patients.
5. If doctors could prevent sensitization to foreign proteins, the problem of many
allergic problems would be solved.
6. If every effort of organ transplants could be made, patients might be able to
survive.
7. Had a human population developed immunity to the viruses, the latter would all
be killed off.
1. Реальное условие
2. Маловероятное условие
-What would you do if you were in Washington?
- If I were in Washington, I would visit the White House.
3. Нереальное условие
-What would have happened if you had come to that shop yesterday?
- If I had come to that shop yesterday, I would have bought the book.
If I had translated the article yesterday I would have found out all about this discovery
I wish I had met you yesterday told you something
read this new book told you about it
seen your brother yesterday asked him to come to our place
bought a dictionary translated the text
learned my lesson got a good mark
rung him up yesterday found out all about his illness
gone to the library got that book
had more practice in football won the game yesterday
joined you in fishing caught much fish
had a ticket yesterday gone to the theatre with you
asked you to help me done the work well
called on my friend yesterday met interesting people
won the championship been sent abroad
heard about it yesterday been pleased
Употребление
глагола Функция/Значение Примеры
to be
1. to be + смысловой глагол находиться The surgeon is in the clinic.
существительное с
предлогом;
в конструкции There are many patients in
there + to be this clinic today.
2. to be + глагол-связка являться
существительное
без предлога, My friend is a surgeon.
прилагательное, The book is interesting.
местоимение, It is me.
числительное They are five.
3. to be + ing-form вспомогательный глагол для The surgeon is performing
образования времен группы an operation.
Continuous (на русский язык
самостоятельно не
переводится)
4. to be + Past вспомогательный глагол для The patient is operated on.
Participle образования страдательного
залога (на русский язык
самостоятельно не
переводится)
5. to be + модальное значение: действие The surgeon is to operate on
инфинитив по заранее намеченному плану this patient.
или доженствование
Употребление
глагола Функция/Значение Примеры
to have
1. to have + смысловое иметь My friend has an atlas.
существительное
2. to have + вспомогательный глагол для He has proved his
Past Participle образования времен группы hypothesis.
Perfect (на русский язык
самостоятельно не
переводится)
3. to have + модальное: необходимость в We have to examine him.
инфинитив силу определенных
глагола обстоятельств
NB! Глагол to have может также выступать как часть устойчивого
словосочетания. В сочетании с рядом существительных глагол to have означает
совершение единичного акта, связанного со значением существительного,
например:
1. The book includes both new data and interpretations of experimental results.
2. The paper covers both clinical and basic research in the field of internal
medicine.
3. The theory clarifies both the aim and the scope of that method.
4. Both this paper and that review present a broad range of new techniques.
5. The paper covers data both on children and adults.
6. The study includes both men and women.
7. The scientist uses either this method or that technique.
8. Neither the paper nor the review covers the results of the investigation.
9. The patient complained both of a high temperature and of the pain in the chest.
10.Both the therapeutist and the surgeon have come to the conclusion to treat the patient
at home.
124. Заполните пропуски в предложениях парными союзами
both...and, neither...nor или either...or.
1. You must investigate … the blood gases … the corpuscular elements of the blood.
2. The therapeutist did not administer him … a bed regimen … a diet.
3. The physician revealed … the increased respiratory rate … the increased pulse rate.
4. … experienced therapeutists … neurologists work at this polyclinic.
5. At the polyclinic consulting hours may be … in the morning … in the
evening.
6. The nurse … fills in temperature charts … gives injections.
7. The patient was in such a poor condition that he could … sit up … move.
8. This patient with pneumonia will be administered … streptomycin …
penicillin injections.
9. The growth was revealed … in the lungs … in the mediastinum.
10.You may take this medicine … before … after meals.
IT – ФОРМАЛЬНОЕ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ
Усилительная конструкция
It is (was) … that (who, where)
СЛОВО ONE
The left pupil is larger than the right one. (= the right pupil)
Левый зрачок шире, чем правый.
СЛОВО AS
СЛОВО SINCE
Значения слова SINCE:
ЧАСТЬ РЕЧИ ПЕРЕВОД
Наречие с тех пор
Предлог с (после)
Союз поскольку (так как)/с тех пор как
Конструкция used to
1. High-fat low carbohydrate diet used to be the treatment of diabetes before the
days of insulin.
2. The higher incidence of infection in patients with calculous obstruction has
been attributed to incomplete bile duct obstruction and used to support this
hypothesis.
3. Scientists used to believe that rats respond like automations.
4. Can animals think reason and remember like humans? It used to be thought
that they cannot. The results, reported at Columbia University during the first
American conference on animal cognition, indicate that “the human mind is not
unique.”
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВОЧНЫЙ ТРЕНИНГ
ПЕРВЫЙ КУРС
1. is 2. was 3. were 4. are 5. am 6. will be 7. have 8. has 9. had 10. will have 11.
some/any/no/every 12. shorter 13. more sociable 14. the longest 15. the most
important 16. contains 17. demonstrated 18. will present 19. include 20 is reading
21. was suffering 22. will be undergoing 23. has confirmed 24. had determined 25.
will have produced 26. is translated 27. was examined 28. will be reflected 29. is
being asked 30. was being prescribed 31. has been established 32. had been used
33. will have been accomplished 34. can 35. must 36. should 37. may 38. h a v e to
39. be allowed to 40. be able to 41. to prevent 42. the doctor examining the patient
43. having been operated 44. the surrounding world 45. the analyses being made
now 46. having discussed 47. to maintain 48. the translated paper 49. a broken bone
50. There was no evidence that the disease would spread. 51. This is a difficult
problem but a useful one. 52. to be described 53. One should know these facts. 54. the
nurse giving injection. 55. a written test
ВТОРОЙ КУРС
ИТОГОВЫЙ ТЕСТ
(FINAL TEST)
Например: VII/1 When the hospital was opened it was visited by some American
doctors.
Когда больница была открыта, ее посетили некоторые американские врачи
(was opened – Past Indefinite (Passive)).
I.
1. The paper is a review on basic research in medicine.
2. The research was up-to-date.
3. I will be a doctor in 6 years.
II.
1. Some students of Group 10 will take an active part in research work.
2. Did you take any medicine when you had a sore throat?
3. I suffered no diseases in my childhood.
III.
1. Sunshine makes you more sociable.
2. The days are shorter in winter.
3. The most difficult chapter on biochemistry is written by a very experienced
worker.
IV.
1. The book contains a number of new theories.
2. The scientist demonstrated new technique.
3. The paper will clarify the question.
V.
1. Doctors are designing new techniques to treat many diseases.
2. Last night I slept badly because I was suffering from a bad pain in my back.
3. My mother will be undergoing an X-ray therapy at 3 o’clock tomorrow.
VI.
1. Dr N. studied in detail some enzymes that he had isolated.
2. It is interesting to note that scientists have examined both heart and kidney.
3. The doctor in charge thinks that by tomorrow morning this patient's temperature
will have fallen to normal.
VII.
1. The doctor must have your blood analysis to be sure of your diagnosis.
2. You can see patients in this consulting room.
3. What may cause serious complications after the grippe?
VIII.
1. The medium is influenced by the temperature.
2. This paper was followed by another one.
3. The results were influenced by the presence of toxins.
XI.
1. Our district doctor will be able to go out to the calls in the afternoon.
2. Some first-year students are allowed to attend scientific circles.
3. Everybody has to keep the thermometer in the armpit for 10 minutes.
XIII.
1. It is this study of the nervous system that requires a number of histological
techniques.
2. When the heart rate is increased, it is the diastolic phase in particular which is
shortened.
3. It is the laser beam which can be focused into an area of small dimension.
XVI.
1. The direction of the nerve fibers has already been established experimentally.
2. This finding suggested that some of the cells had been examined before.
3. It is interesting to note that both heart and kidney will have been examined.
XXI.
1. The levels were found to be unaltered.
2. Environmental factors are known to be of significance.
3. After vitamin injections some patients seem to have improved.
XXII.
1. I want you to explain the following phenomena.
2. Perlman found migratory polyarthritis to be present in approximately 69% of
the cases.
3. The scientists watched the levels change with the increase of temperature.
XXIII.
1. Different ways of grouping patients are suitable to different problems.
2. Healthy eating doesn't mean eating less of everything. Eating well means eating less
fat.
3. On examining the child they decided to apply chemotherapy.
XXIV.
1. My brother being operated on for appendicitis successfully, his post-operative
course was uneventful.
2. I felt an unbearable pain in the lower part of the abdomen, it increasing on the
slightest physical exertion.
3. 500 ml of antibiotics having been introduced into the abdominal cavity, the
patient was transfused preserved blood as well.
ЧАСТЬ II
PART II
ЛЕКСИКА
VOCABULARY
РАЗДЕЛ I
SECTION I
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
WORD FORMATION
СЛОВОСЛОЖЕНИЕ (COMPOUNDING)
образование новых слов путем сложения основ
АФФИКСАЦИЯ (AFFIXATION)
образование слов при помощи префиксов (приставок) и суффиксов
СУФФИКСЫ
Суффиксы существительных
Прочтите и переведите.
village, cartilage, haemorrhage, bandage, language, usage, damage
Суффиксы прилагательных
use польза —
-less useless
образует прилагательные от существительных,
бесполезный
указывает на отсутствие чего-либо или какого-
child дитя —
либо качества
childless
бездетный
1. Определите от каких слов образованы прилагательные и переведите их:
sleepless, careless, helpless, homeless, lifeless
2. Образуйте прилагательные с помощью суффикса -less:
pain (боль), hope (надежда), rest (отдых, покой), life (жизнь) frame (скелет, каркас)
Суффиксы наречий
Суффиксы глаголов
ПРЕФИКСЫ
КОНВЕРСИЯ
(CONVERSION)
способность одной и той же формы слова относиться к разным частям речи
1. Last month they had practical classes at the Chair of Therapy. These experiments
usually last for about two hours.
прошлый
длиться
последний
2.There are two terms in the academic year. The first-year students study many
anatomical terms.
термин
семестр
условие
3.In summer I usually rest in the village. My friend and I went to the theatre
and the rest of our group went to the cinema.
отдых
отдыхать
остаток
остальные
4.What kind of books do you like? We know that this doctor is a very kind and
intellectual person.
вид
сорт
добрый
5.The doctor is going to discharge this patient from the hospital because his
condition has become good. Why does the wound continue to discharge
much blood?
выписывать из больницы
выделять (гной, жидкость)
6. The patient does not require any preparation to be treated with Adonis
preparation.
подготовка
приготовление
препарат
7.At six sharp the patient felt a sharp pain in the heart area.
ровно
резкий
8. Here is a list of biological terms. List the symptoms.
список
перечислять
9. It is important to follow the doctor’s recommendations. The operated
children were followed to age 7 or 8.
следовать
следить
наблюдать за кем/чем-либо
10. For the first time influenza virus was isolated in 1934. It was time to operate.
время
раз
11. This problem requires further study. No further infections occurred.
новый
добавочный
12. The effects mean that concentration is high. The mean dosage of verapamil was 320
mg/day. What do you mean?
средний
обозначать
иметь в виду
подразумевать
13. He was then referred to the hospital. The information available refers to a very strict
definition of angina.
направлять
ссылаться на что-либо
упоминать
14. The two diseases have common etiologic background. The present study was aimed
to form a background for future studies with mutant animals. The director of the
laboratory would like to know about he new worker’s background.
фон, задний план
происхождение
квалификация, образование
основа, исходные данные
состав, аспект
ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ЛЕКСИКА
(INTERNATIONAL WORDS)
это слова, как правило, латинского или греческого происхождения, которые
почти одинаково пишутся и произносятся в разных языках
Сравните:
интернациональный (рус.)
international (англ.)
international(e) (франц.)
internacional (исп.)
internazionale (итал.)
Существительные (nouns)
anamnesis, anatomy, bacillus, biopsy, canal, caries, catarrh, chemotherapy, cirrhosis,
coma, component, contact, course, culture, defect, diagnosis, diet, discomfort, dose,
emotion, erosion, fermentation, function, furuncle, impulse, incubation, information,
injection, institution, instruction, invasion, manipulation, mechanism, membrane,
operation, patient, polyclinic, procedure, process, prognosis, reaction, reagent,
regimen, result, stimulus, tablet, toxemia, university, virus, vaccination, aetiology,
gangrene, anaemia, immunity, metastasis, pathogenesis, sepsis
Прилагательные (adjectives)
absolute, adequate, aerobic, alternative, alveolar, anaerobic, antibacterial,
atmospheric, chronic, clinical, effective, intensive, natural, ordinary, potential,
primitive, productive, progressive, rational, serious, typical, universal
Глаголы (verbs)
analyze, consult, isolate, neutralize, recommend, regulate, specialize
Существительные (nouns)
sinu сину пазуха
s с
a) general vocabulary
assistant, association, barrier, communication, condition, elasticity, experiment,
instruction, interval, patient, phenomenon, portion, service, status, structure,
substance, test, tolerance, version
b) clinical vocabulary
abscess, anomaly, asphyxia, auscultation, cancer, coagulation, collapse, constriction,
contusion, defect, deformation, diarrhea, herpes, intoxication, localization,
metabolism, mutation, necrosis, occlusion, palpation, paralysis, paresis, percussion,
perforation, pigmentation, prostration, regimen, rehabilitation, remission, resection,
sclerosis, spasm, stenosis, stupor, symptom, syndrome, therapy, toxicity,
transplantation, trauma
c) pharmaceutical vocabulary
absorption, alcohol, antidote, antitoxin, analgesia
Прилагательные (adjectives)
cranial, facial, cervical, sacral, vertebral, vascular, apical, costal, fibrous, pulmonary,
portal, lobular, lateral, visceral, membranous, cardiovascular, ordinary, special, total,
constant, preventive, natural, vital, local, selective, fatal, visual, local, organic,
diffuse, lethal, local, preventive, spastic, sensitive, infectious
Глаголы (verbs)
recommend рекомендовать советовать
Существительные (nouns)
1 accumulation a приступ
Ср. аккумулятор (в нем накапливается
электроэнергия)
2 area b карта (пациента)
Ср. ареал обитания
3 attack c углевод
Ср. атака, нападение
4 border d накопление
Ср. бордюр
5 carbohydrate e граница
Ср. лат. carbo (уголь) + hydro (вода)
6 chart f область
Ср. карта
7 circulation g человек
Ср. циркуляция (движение по кругу)
8 department h число
Ср. департамент
9 elevation i повышение
Ср. элеватор (температуры)
10 experience g случай
Ср. эксперимент
11 matter k растение
Ср. материя
12 number l отдел, отделение
Ср. номер
13 occasion m опыт
Ср. оказия
14 person n кровообращение
Ср. персона
Прилагательные (adjectives)
1 separate a первоначальный,
Ср. сепаратор, сепаратизм предварительный
2 initial b постоянный
Ср. инициалы (первые, начальные буквы)
3 constant c отдельный
Ср. константа, постоянная величина
Глаголы (verbs)
1 to accelerate a назначать
Ср. акселератор (у автомобиля – педаль «газ») (лекарство)
2 to accompany b останавливать
Ср. с компанией (группой людей) (кровотечение)
3 to administer (a drug) c ускорять
Ср. администратор (тот, кто назначает, распределяет
обязанности)
4 to arrest (bleeding) d сопровождать
Ср. арестовывать (задерживать, останавливать)
преступника
5 to combine e составлять
Ср. комбинировать
6 to consist f объединять
Ср. консистенция, состав
7 to contain g отмечать
Ср. контейнер
8 to indicate h содержать
Ср. индикатор, указатель
9 to mark i указывать
Ср. маркер (им что-то выделяют, помечают)
10 to multiply j наблюдать
Ср. мультипликация (большое количество картинок)
11 to observe k обучать
Ср. обсерватория
12 to report l сообщать
Ср. рапорт(овать)
13 to train m размножаться
Ср. тренер
Обратите внимание!
SUFFIXES PREFIXES
bas… основной …cellular внутриклеточный
brother… братство …dosage передозировка
cellul… клеточный …large увеличиваться
circul… циркулировать …nutrition недоедание
deep… углубляться …organic неорганический
difficult… трудность …appear исчезать
ecolog… эколог …divide подразделять
fam… знаменитый, известный …write переписать
friend… дружба …usual необычный
hope…надеющийся …action взаимодействие
insuffici… недостаточность …hale вдыхать
pass… проход, проток …clude исключать
person… личный …toxic противоядный
press… давление
rapid… быстро
signific… важный, существенный
summar… резюмировать
protect… охрана
classi… классифицировать
compar… сравнимый
connect… соединительный
excite… возбуждение, волнение
grow… рост
magnifi… увеличитель
up… вверх
use… бесполезный
weak… слабость
yellow… желтоватый
РАЗДЕЛ II
SECTION II
АНАТОМИЧЕСКАЯ ЛЕКСИКА
ANATOMICAL VOCABULARY
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
arch дуга
arm рука
backbone (spine) позвоночник
body тело
bone кость
breastbone грудина
cartilage хрящ
chest грудная клетка
coccyx копчик
collar-bone ключица
elbow локоть
extremity (limb) конечность
finger палец
foot стопа
forearm предплечье
hand кисть
head голова, головка
jaw челюсть
joint сустав
leg голень
ligament связка
neck шея, шейка
pelvis таз
rib ребро
shoulder girdle плечевой пояс
shoulder-blade лопатка
skeleton скелет
skull череп
thigh (hip) бедро Fig. 1. The Skeleton
thumb большой палец
руки
trunk туловище
upper arm предплечье
vertebra позвонок
Parts of the
head trunk upper extremity lower extremity
mandible limb
extremity lower jaw
maxilla collar-bone
clavicle upper jaw
dorsal chest
ventral back
sternum front
scapula shoulder-blade
thorax breastbone
The lower extremity consists of the upper arm, leg and hand. It is connected
with the trunk by the shoulder girdle. The upper extremity is formed by the
thigh, forearm and pelvis. It is connected with the trunk by the foot.
salivary intestine
dilated glands
large portion
alimentary intestine
small tract
adipose organs
bean-shaped capsule
perirenal products
fibrous fat
waste capsule
peristaltic tissue
connective movements
1. The connective tissue membrane which directly adheres to the kidney is called
the _______.
2. The fibrous capsule is surrounded by _______ and is called the _______.
3. The kidneys are two _______.
4. The kidneys contain one million small tubes, which excrete _______.
5. The wall of the bladder consists of three coatings — mucous, muscular and
_______.
6. As the muscular coat of the ureter contracts it performs _______.
From _____ urine passes to the _____ which serves as a reservoir. It is situated in
the cavity of the pelvis. It has three parts: the superior part or _____, the middle part or
body, and the inferior part or _____. The _____ of the bladder consists of three
_____ — mucous, muscular and connective tissue. The mucous membrane of the
bladder forms numerous _____. If the bladder fills, the folds of the mucous coat will
straighten out. The _____ of the bladder of an adult is about 350—500 ml.
apex верхушка
atrium предсердие
base основание
blood кровь
cardiovascular сердечно-
сосудистый
carry нести (кровь)
chamber камера
coat оболочка
contract сокращаться
dilate расширяться
entrance вход
exit выход
band пучок
heart сердце
hollow полый
inner внутренний
part часть
place размещать
separate отделять,
отдельный
septum перегородка
Fig. 4. The heart
simultaneously одновременно
thick толстый
tissue ткань
tricuspid трехстворчатый
valve клапан
vascular сосудистый
vein вена
ventricle желудочек
vessel сосуд
wall стенка
The right atrium is larger than the left (1) one, but the walls of the left
atrium are thicker than (2)those of the right (3)one. The right ventricle is triangular
in form and has thick walls. The right ventricle is in the anterior part of the
heart. The left ventricle is longer and more conical than the right (4)one. The
walls of the left ventricle are three times as thick as the walls of the right (5)one.
(1) – …….
(2) – …….
(3) – …….
(4) – …….
(5) – …….
7. Замените латинские анатомические термины английскими словами.
Обращайте внимание на число существительных. Переведите
предложения.
cavity полость
cilium ресница
coat оболочка
convex выпуклый
cover покрывать
dark темный
heavy тяжелый
laryngeal гортанные миндалины
tonsils
layer слой
line выстилать
lobe доля
lung легкое
mediastinum средостение
minute мельчайший
mucus слизь
nasopharynx носоглотка
nose нос
nostril ноздря
pale бледный
passage-way проход, воздухоносный
путь
respiratory дыхательный
shape форма
subserous подсерозный Fig. 5. The Respiratory System
surface поверхность
vital capacity жизненная емкость
voice box гортань
weight вес
windpipe дыхательное горло
alveolus (pl. alveoli), bronchus (pl. bronchi), bronchiole, cilium (pl. cilia),
diaphragm, trachea, parenchyma, pleura (pl. pleurae)
The Lungs
1. There are two lungs in the human body located in the (боковые полости) of
the chest.
2. The base of the lung is located in the (выпуклая поверхность) of the
diaphragm.
3. The (жизненная емкость) of the lungs is 3.5-4 liters in the male and it is
3-3.5 liters in the female.
4. In infants the lungs are of a (бледно-розовый цвет), but later they become
darker.
5. The structure of the lung consists of an external ( серозная оболочка) , the
(внутренний слой) of the pleura, elastic (подсерозная ткань) and the
parenchyma or proper substance of the lungs.
Air is breathed through either the mouth or (1)… into the oral cavity, or (2)… . It
then passes through the voice box, or (3)…, into the windpipe, or (4)… . The trachea
divides into two smaller tubes, (5)…, one is going to each (6)… . The bronchi divide
into (7)… passage-ways that are named (8)…, which lead directly to (9)…air sacs,
or (10)… . The exchange of life-giving gases is effected through the walls of the
alveoli.
The Skeleton
bones chest shoulder girdle
breastbone joints skull
hand ligaments trunk
thigh ribs vertebra
The skeleton is composed of (1). In the adult the skeleton has over 200 bones.
The bones of the (2) consist of cranial and facial parts. There are 26 bones in
the skull.
The bones of the (3) are the spinal column or the spine and the chest (ribs
and the breastbone). The spine consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and
sacral vertebrae and the coccyx.
The (4) is a small bone, which is formed by the body and the arch. All the
vertebrae compose the spinal column or the spine. There are 32 or 34
vertebrae in the spine of the adult. In the spinal column there are seven
cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar, five sacral vertebrae
and from one to five vertebrae which form the coccyx. The cervical part of the
spine is formed by seven cervical vertebrae. Twelve thoracic vertebrae have large
bodies. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column.
They have oval bodies.
The (5) (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the (6) and 12 pairs
(пap) of (7) . The breastbone is a long bone in the middle of the chest. I t is
composed of three main parts. The basic part of the chest is formed by the ribs.
On each side of the chest seven ribs are connected with the breastbone by
cartilages. The cartilages of three other ribs are connected with each other and with
the seventh rib. But the cartilages of these ribs are not connect ed with the
breastbone. The eleventh and the twelfth ribs are not connected with the
breastbone either. They are not connected with other ribs, they are free. Each
rib is composed of a head, neck and body.
The lower extremity consists of the (8), leg and foot. It is connected with the
trunk by the pelvis. The upper extremity is formed by the arm, forearm and (9).
It is connected with the trunk by the (10).
The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the (11) or by the
cartilages and (12). The bones consist of organic and inorganic substance.
The (1) are the main organs of the (2). There are two lungs in the human body
located in the lateral cavities of the chest. The lungs are separated from each
other by the (3). The lungs are covered with the (4). They are conical in shape.
Each lung has the base, apex, two borders and three surfaces.
The lung has the apex extending upward 3-4 centimetres (cm) above the
level of the first rib.
The base of the lung is located in the convex surface of the (5).
The posterior borders of the lungs are on each side of the spinal column. The
anterior border is thin and overlaps (частично покрывает) the pericardium.
The (6) of the lungs varies according to many conditions. In the adult male it
may be about 1,350 gr. The right lung is about 15% heavier than the left one.
The (7) of the lungs is 3.5-4 liters in the male and it is 3-3.5 liters in the
female.
The right lung consisting of three (8) is heavier than the left one because the
latter consists only of two lobes. The lower lobe of the left lung is larger than
the upper one.
In infants the lungs are of a pale rose colour, but later they become darker.
The structure of the lung consists of an external (9), the visceral layer of the
pleura, a subserous elastic tissue and the parenchyma or proper (10) of the lungs.
РАЗДЕЛ III
SECTION III
КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ЛЕКСИКА
CLINICAL VOCABULARY
ЧАСТИ РЕЧИ
(PARTS OF SPEECH)
NOUNS
VERBS
consult консультироваться
cure излечивать, исцелять
diagnose ставить диагноз
disinfect дезинфицировать
improve улучшать(ся)
increase увеличивать(ся)
mix смешивать
notice замечать
operate оперировать
precede предшествовать
prescribe выписывать (рецепт и т.п.)
prevent предотвращать
probe зондировать, исследовать, опробовать
recover выздоравливать
replace заменять, замещать
sneeze чихать
sterilize стерилизовать
suffer страдать, переносить (заболевание)
treat лечить
vaccinat делать прививку
e
analyze анализировать
beat бить(ся)
catch заражаться
control сдерживать (боль)
cough кашлять
counteract препятствовать, противодействовать
lack нахватать, недоставать ч.-л.
recommend рекомендовать
reduce сокращать(ся), уменьшать(ся)
regulate регулировать
release выделять, выпускать
relieve облегчать (боль)
sleep спать
suppress подавлять
ADJECTIVES
deaf глухой
delicate тонкий
exhausted истощенный, изнуренный
infirm немощный, больной, слабый
inoperable неоперабельный
invisible невидимый
lame хромой, увечный
lethal смертельный
poisonous ядовитый
predisposed предрасположенный
ADVERBS
When people have some problems like being (1) or having lost appetite, they
go to see the doctor in his (2). Every doctor has a (3) to help him. When the doctor
sees (4) in his surgery, first he listens to their problems, then he (5) them. He takes
the patient’s temperature, listens to his (6), looks in his ears, eyes, takes his (7). Then,
if the (8) isn’t so serious, he (9) some medicine. Later the patient will take the (10)
to the (11). If something is seriously wrong with the patient, the doctor sends him
to hospital for (12).
ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ
(DISEASES)
DISEASES INFLAMMATIONS
(Заболевания) (Воспаления)
SYMPTOMS
Cardiovascula Respirator Gastrointestina Central Nervous
Allergic Others
r y l System
DISEASE
SYMPTOMS INFECTIOUS
(ILLNESS)
Influenza fever, malaise, muscular aches
Allergic an inflammation in the nasal passage and
rhinitis eyes,
allergic reaction to flowers or dust
Influenza. An infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract, with fever, malaise
and muscular aches. It is transmitted by a virus and occurs in epidemics.
Rubella. A common infectious viral disease of children, with mild fever, swollen
lymph nodes and a rash. It can cause stillbirth or malformation of an unborn baby if
the mother catches the disease while pregnant.
Coryza. An illness, with inflammation of the nasal passages, in which the patient
sneezes and coughs and has a blocked and running nose.
Varicella. An infectious disease of children, caused by a herpes virus, and
characterized by fever and red spots which turn to itchy blisters.
Rubeola. An infectious disease of children where the body is covered with a red
rash. It can weaken the body's resistance to other disease, especially bronchitis and
ear infections. If caught by an adult it can be very serious.
Infectious parotitis. An infectious disease of children, with fever and swellings in
the salivary glands, caused by a paramyxovirus.
Pertussis. An infectious disease affecting the bronchial tubes. It is common in
children and sometimes very serious. The patient coughs very badly and makes a
characteristic 'whoop' when inhaling after a coughing fit.
Allergic rhinitis. An inflammation in the nasal passage and eyes. It is caused by an
allergic reaction to flowers, their pollen and scent, as well as to dust.
Epilepsy. A disorder of the nervous system in which there are convulsions and loss
of consciousness due to disordered discharge of cerebral neurons.
Parkinson's disease. A slow, progressive disorder of elderly people, it affects the
parts of the brain which control movement. The symptoms include trembling of
the limbs, a shuffling walk and difficulty in speaking.
Tuberculosis. An infectious disease in which infected lumps form in the tissue. Its
commonest form is infection of the lungs, causing patients to lose weight, cough
blood and have a fever. It is caught by breathing in germs or by eating
contaminated food, especially unpasteurized milk.
Cystic fibrosis. A hereditary disease of the pancreas or mucoviscidosis, in which
there is a malfunction of the exocrine glands. Symptoms include loss of weight,
abnormal faeces and bronchitis. If diagnosed early, it can be controlled with
vitamins, physiotherapy and pancreatic enzymes.
Cholera. Serious bacterial disease spread through food or water. The infected person
suffers from diarrhoea, cramp in the intestines and dehydration. The disease is often
fatal.
Diphtheria. A serious, infectious disease of children. Its first symptoms are a sore
throat, followed by a slight fever, rapid pulse and swelling of the glands in the neck.
A fibrous growth like a membrane forms in the throat and can close the air passages.
The disease is often fatal, either because the patient is asphyxiated or because the
heart becomes fatally weakened.
Cerebral palsy. A disorder of the brain, mainly due to brain damage occurring
before birth or due to lack of oxygen during birth. The patient may have bad
coordination of muscular movements, impaired speech, hearing and sight, and
sometimes mental retardation.
Gastroenteritis. Inflammation of the membrane lining the intestines and the
stomach, caused by a viral infection, and resulting in diarrhea and vomiting.
1. This disease is treated surgically. The operation is performed not under general but
under local anaesthesia. The operation must be performed immediately to prevent the
development of peritonitis.
2. This disease is most commonly observed in nervous persons. Such factors as mental
and emotional overstrain contribute considerably to its development. The incidence of this
disease is higher in men than in women. This disease is characterized by a chronic cyclic
course.
2. When the physician examines the patient with this disease he reveals severe
tenderness in the right upper part of the abdomen and in the umbilical area. The
physician also notes slight jaundice of sclerae. The patient complains of dryness in the
mouth, vomiting, nausea and constipation.
ОФИЦИАЛНЫЕ И НЕОФИЦИАЛЬНЫЕ НАЗВАНИЯ
(FORMAL AND INFORMAL NAMES)
FORMAL INFORMAL
(официальное (неофициальное
название) название)
Varicella ветряная оспа Chickenpox
Parotitis паротит (свинка) Mumps
Coryza насморк, простуда Cold
Influenza грипп Flu
Rubella краснуха German measles
аллергический
Allergic rhinitis ринит Hay fever
(сенная лихорадка)
Rubeola корь Measles
Pertussis коклюш Whooping cough
Представьте, что Вы практикующий врач. Постарайтесь поставить
правильный диагноз в каждой ситуации. Используйте
неофициальные названия.
PATIENT: My eyes and my nose are running all the time. I feel terrible. It began
at the end of June.
YOU: It’s probably just …
VISITOR: It's my son. He’s got a rash and swelling in his armpits. He also has
a fever.
YOU: He may have …
PATIENT: It’s my daughter. She’s got a fever and this swelling in her throat.
YOU: It could be …
PATIENT: I’ve got this terrible cough. And after I cough I make a noise when I
try to breathe.
PATIENT: I’m not very well. I’ve got a cough and a terrible cold. And I also
have a fever.
YOU: It’s probably a touch of …
VISITOR: It’s the twins. They are covered in these dreadful red spots. And they are
experiencing some itching.
YOU: It may be …
I.
questioning — опрос
visual examination — осмотр
auscultation — выслушивание
palpation — пальпация
percussion — выстукивание
manual examination — исследование руками
speculum examination — исследование при помощи зеркала
blood pressure measurement – измерение артериального давления
II.
blood analysis count — анализ крови
general blood analysis — общий анализ крови
protein test — проба на белок
bilirubin test — проба на билирубин
viscosity test — проба на вязкость
blood clotting test — проба на свертываемость крови
hemoglobin test — проба на гемоглобин
lipid test — проба на липиды
blood uric acid test — проба на мочевую кислоту крови
blood urea test — проба на мочевину крови
lymphocyte test — проба на лимфоциты
erythrocyte sedimentation test — СОЭ — скорость оседания эритроцитов
cholesterol test — проба на холестерин
prothrombin test — проба на протромбин
enzyme test — проба на ферменты
colour index — цветной показатель
electrolyte test — проба на электролиты
sugar test — проба на сахар
occult blood test — анализ на скрытую кровь
urine analysis — анализ мочи
faeces analysis — анализ кала
sputum examination — исследование мокроты
smear test — исследование мазка
bacteriologic test — бактериологические исследования
biochemical examination — биохимические исследования
blood/faecal/nasal culture — посев крови/испражнений/выделений из носа
gastric juice analysis — анализ желудочного сока
gastric juice acidity — кислотность желудочного сока
duodenal/gastric intubation — зондирование двенадцатиперстной кишки,
желудка examination of vomit — исследования рвотной массы
biopsy — биопсия
histological examination — гистологические исследования
allergic test — аллергическая проба
III.
roentgenography — рентгенография
roentgenophotography — флюорография
radioisotopic investigation — радиоизотопное исследование
angiography — ангиография
venography — венография
coronary arteriography — коронарная артериография
duodenography — дуоденография
cholecystography — холецистография
pyelography — пиелография
urethrography — уретрография
urography — урография
IV.
colonoscopy — колоноскопия
gastroscopy — гастроскопия
dermoscopy — дермоскопия
bronchoscopy — бронхоскопия
rhinoscopy — риноскопия
laryngoscopy — ларингоскопия
pharyngoscopy — фарингоскопия
V.
ultrasound examination — ультразвуковое исследование
tomography — томография
electrocardiography — электрокардиография
scanning —сканирование
VI.
medication — лечение лекарственными препаратами
operation — операция
surgery — хирургия
massage — массаж
diet — диета
therapy —терапия (нехирургическое лечение)
physiotherapy — физиотерапия
hydrotherapy — водолечение
thermotherapy — термолечение
light therapy — светолечение
electrotherapy — электротерапия
chemotherapy - химиотерапия
transfusion – переливание (крови)
laser treatment — лечение лазером
bed regime — постельный режим
DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
Acute bronchitis
Acute pyelonephritis
Allergic rhinitis
Angina pectoris
Bronchial asthma
Cholera
Chronic cholecystitis
Contact dermatitis
Coryza
Diphtheria
Gastric ulcer
Gastroenteritis
Hypertension
Influenza
Laryngitis
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
4. Распределите приведенные ниже слова и словосочетания по графам:
Acute pyelonephritis
Bronchial asthma
Chronic cholecystitis
Cirrhosis
Congestive heart failure
Gastric ulcer
Hypertension
Action действие
Adverse Reactions побочное действие
Contraindications противопоказания
Description описание
Dosage and Administration дозировка и применение
Indications показания
Precautions меры предосторожности
Cafergot
(1)ХХХХХХХ.
Ergotamine tartrate1 mg
Caffeine......... 100 mg
(2)XXXXXXX. Ergotamine is an alpha adrenergic blocking agent with a direct
stimulating effect on the smooth muscle of peripheral and cranial blood vessels
and produces depression of central vasomotor canters.
Caffeine, also a cranial vasoconstrictor, is added to further enhance the
vasoconstrictive effect.
Many migraine patients experience nausea and vomiting during attacks making it
impossible for them to retain any oral medication. In such cases, therefore, the
only practical means of medications is through the rectal route, where medication
may reach the cranial vessels directly.
(3)XXXXXXX. Indicated as therapy to prevent vascular headache.
(4)XXXXXXX. Peripheral vascular disease, coronary heart disease, hypertension,
impaired renal function, sepsis and pregnancy. Hypersensitivity to any of the
components.
(5)XXXXXXX. Although signs and symptoms of ergotism rarely develop even
after long term intermittent use of the orally or rectally administered drug, care
should be exercised to remain within the limits of the recommended dosage.
(6)XXXXXXX. Vasoconstrictive complications, at time of a serious nature,
may occur. These include pulselessness, weakness, muscle pain and precordial
distress and pain. Other adverse effects include transient tachycardia or
bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, localized edema and itching.
(7)XXXXXXX. Procedure: for the best results, dosage should start at the first
sign of an attack; 2 tablets at start of attack, 1 additional tablet every 1/2 hour
(maximum 6 tablets per attack).
CHECK YOURSELF
G
I
gallstone - камень жёлчного
пузыря immediate - незамедлительный
gargle - полоскать immediately - немедленно,
general - общий непосредственно
general practitioner – врач общей impair - ухудшать
практики impose
generalize - обобщать incidence – распространенность
germ – микроб, микроорганизм include - включать
goat – козел, коза increase – увеличивать(ся)
government - правительство indeed - действительно
gown - халат indicate - указывать
gradually - постепенно indication-признак, симптом
graft - пересадка, лоскут, indigestion - несварение
трансплантат induce - заставлять, побуждать,
gram-positive - склонять, убеждать
грамположительный inflammation - воспаление
growth – новообразование, inflow - приток
опухоль influence – влияние; влиять
guide – руководство, гид ingestion - акт глотания, приём
внутрь
insight - способность
H проникновения в суть (чего-л.)
inhale - вдыхать
haemorrhage - кровотечение inhibition - угнетение, торможение
hair - волос injure - ранить, травмировать
hand in - вручать, подавать, inner - внутренний
передавать in-patient - стационарный
handle - ручка insertion - введение, включение
hard – тяжелый, трудный insidious - хитрый, коварный
harm - вред действующий тайно
harmful – вредный, губительный insist - настаивать
headache – головная боль
instant - настоящий, текущий, latest - недавний, последний
немедленный latter – последний из двух
intake – прием (лекарства) перечисленных
intend - намереваться lay (laid) - класть
intention - намерение layer - слой
interact - взаимодействовать lead (led) - вести
intercourse – половые отношения lead - свинец
interfere – вмешиваться, мешать least: at ~ – по крайней мере
intermittent - прерывистый, length - длина
периодический lens - хрусталик глаза
intolerance - непереносимость lesion - телесное повреждение
introduce – вводить, знакомить, less - меньше
представлять level - уровень
invade - вторгаться light – свет; легкий
invent - изобретать likelihood - вероятность
investigate - исследовать limb - конечность
invisible - невидимый limitation - ограничение
involve - вовлекать line - выстилать
irregular - неровный, link - связывать
несимметричный lining – внутреннее покрытие
irritation – раздражение liquid - жидкий
itch – зуд(еть) litter - сорить, мусорить
load - нагрузка
long – длинный, долгий
J loss – потеря, снижение
lump - комок, образование ( то,
jaundice - желтуха что образовано ), припухлость
jog – бегать трусцой
join – присоединять(ся),
соединять(ся), объединять(ся) M
joint – сустав
main - главный
maintain – поддерживать,
K продолжать
major - главный
kill off – избавиться, уничтожить majority - большинство
kind – сорт, вид, класс malaise - недомогание
knee – колено male - мужчина
malignant - злокачественный
manage – лечить, вести
L (пациента)
manifestation - проявление
label - ярлык mark – отмечать, помечать
larva - личинка marker – маркёр, ген-маркёр
matter – дело, вещество
mean – иметь ввиду; средний O
measurement - измерение
media – мн.ч. средства obesity - ожирение
medication - медикаментозное observation - наблюдение
лечение, лекарственное средство, observe -наблюдать
лекарственная терапия obstruct - затруднять
medicine – лекарство, проходимость
медицина obtain–приобретать, получать
medium - среда occupy – занимать, захватывать,
mental - интеллектуальный, завоевывать, завладевать
умственный occur - происходить
mention - упоминать occurrence - распространенность
mercury – ртуть ointment – мазь
mild - мягкий, спокойный onset - появление (симптомов)
mind – ум; возражать opaque – непрозрачный,
minute - мельчайший непроницаемый, темный
miss – пропускать, упускать opinion - мнение
moan – стон(ать) order – порядок; in order to – для
moist – влажный того, чтобы
morbidity - заболеваемость ordinary - обычный
mortality - смертность otherwise – иначе, в противном
mouth-wash - раствор для случае
полоскания полости рта outbreak - вспышка
movable - подвижный outcome - исход
mucus - слизь outer - наружный
murmur - шум outlook - точка зрения,
мировоззрение, кругозор,
перспектива, наблюдение
N out-patient - амбулаторный
overstrain - перенапряжение
narrow – узкий overweight – избыточный вес
nausea - тошнота owing to – вследствие
neck - шея own – собственный, владеть
needle - игла oxygenation - насыщение
note – признак, знак, запись; кислородом
замечать
notice – внимание, наблюдение,
рецензия, замечать P
notify - извещать, уведомлять
number: a number of – ряд pacemaker - кардиостимулятор
nurse – медсестра pain - боль
nutritious – питательный paper – бумага, статья
paroxysm - приступ
partially - частично probability - возможность
participant - участник probe – проба, образец
particle - частица proceedings - труды, записки
particular – особенный; in ~ в (научного общества), протоколы
особенности profit – выгода; приносить пользу
pass - проходить profuse - обильный
passage - проход progress - развитие
percentage - процентное proper – присущий, собственный
соотношение properly - должным образом, как
perform - выполнять следует, правильно
performed property - свойство
permission - разрешение propose - предлагать
permit - разрешать pros and contras – за и против
persistent - стойкий (достоинства и недостатки)
perspiration - перспирация, prove - доказывать
потоотделение provide - обеспечивать
persuade - убеждать pull – тянуть, тащить
pharmacy - аптека pump – насос, накачивать
pincers - пинцет pupil - зрачок
pioneer - первооткрыватель pure - чистый
plant – растение purpose – цель
plaster of Paris - гипс purulent - гнойный
platelet - пластинка pus – гной
plenty (of) - много
plunger – поршень
pointed - заостренный Q
poison – яд; отравлять
pollen - пыльца quality - качество
possible - возможный quantity - количество
postulate - принимать без quinsy - паратонзиллярный
доказательства, теоретически абсцесс
допустить quite - довольно, достаточно
precise - точный
predict - прогнозировать
prescribe - прописывать R
prescription - рецепт
present - присутствующий radiate – распространяться,
preserve – консервировать, излучать(ся)
предохранять raise - поднимать(ся)
pressure - давление rale – хрип (в легких)
prevent - предотвращать rapid - быстрый
previous - предыдущий rash - сыпь
previously - предварительно rate – частота, скорость, степень
private - частный reach - достигать
readings – результаты, данные result – результат; ~ from
(показания приборов) происходить из; ~ in приводить к
reappear - снова показываться, retain – держать, удерживать
появляться retardation – задержка,
reason - причина отсталость
reasonable – разумный, retention - задержка
рациональный return – возвращать(ся)
recent - недавний reveal – открывать, обнаруживать
recognition - распознавание review - обзор
recover - выздоравливать revise – проверять, повторять,
recurrent - возвратный, исправлять
рецидивирующий, рецидивный ring (rang; rung) - звонить; звон,
reduce – сокращать(ся) кольцо, круг
reflect – отражать (ся) rise (rose; risen) – повышаться,
refresh - освежать подниматься; подъем
refrigerate - замораживать rotten – отвратительный (о
register – регистрационный самочувствии)
журнал, список round – обход (больных)
regulation - регулирование, rout - путь
регуляция, правило, инструкция rub in – втирать
reject - отторгать rub-down - обтирание
relate - быть связанным (с) run over - переехать, задавить
relation - связь rupture – разрыв
relaxation - расслабление
relevant – относящийся к ч.-л.
relief - облегчение S
rely - полагаться
remain – сохраняться (оставаться safe - безопасный
прежним) saliva - слюна
remarkable - замечательный same – тот же самый
remedy - лекарство sample - образец, проба
remove - удалять satiety - насыщение
repeat - повторять save – спасать, сберегать
report – сообщение, сообщать scent - запах
represent - представлять scissors - ножницы
require - требовать scrape - выскабливать
reside – проживать, принадлежать, scrub-up - тщательно мыть и
быть присущим дезинфицировать руки перед
resistance – сопротивление, операцией
устойчивость secure – защищать, оберегать (от
responsible - ответственный чего-л.); безопасный
rest - отдых sedative - седативный,
restore – восстанавливать(ся) успокаивающий; успокоительное
restrict - ограничивать средство
selection - отбор, селекция splint - лонгета, шина
senior – старш(ий/екурсник) sponge – стирать, вытирать
sensitivity – чувствительность, spot – точка, пятно; капать,
восприимчивость покрывать(ся) пятнами,
sensitization –сенсибилизация определять
(активизация ощущений) spread - распространяться
serum - сыворотка staff – персонал
serve - служить stage - стадия
service - обслуживание state – состояние; заявлять
several - несколько statement - заявление,
severe - тяжёлый (о заболевании) утверждение
sharp – острый, ровный, резкий stick (stuck) приклеивать
shatter – дробить (камни) stiff - жесткий
shingles - опоясывающий лишай stillbirth - мертворождённость
shiver - дрожать stitch - боль в боку, шов
shortly – кратко, вскоре stomach - желудок
sick – больной stool – стул, испражнения
sick-leave – больничный лист straight - прямой
sign – знак, признак straighten out - выпрямлять(ся),
significance – значимость разгибать(ся)
similar – сходный strain – напряжение, нагрузка,
since – с (время); так как переутомление
site - место stratum – слой, пласт
skillfully - квалифицированно strength - сила
skin - кожа stress – подчеркивать, делать
sleepy - сонный акцент
slide - скользить stretcher – носилки; ~ cart
slight – легкий, небольшой каталка
smallpox - оспа strict - строгий
smooth - гладкий strip (to the waist) – раздеваться
sneeze – чихать (до пояса)
sociable - общительный stuck см. stick
sodium - натрий subside – утихать (о боли)
solid – твердый, плотный substance - вещество
solubility - растворимость substantial - важный,
soreness - болезненность существенный, питательный
sound – здоровый, крепкий, success - успех, прогресс,
прочный достижение
sour - прокисший successfully - благополучно
source - источник suck - сосать
spare – сберегать, свободный suffer (from) - страдать (от);
specimen – образец, препарат (для переносить (заболевание)
исследования) sufficient - достаточный
spite: in spite of – несмотря на suggest – предлагать, внушать
suitable – подходящий tissue - ткань
supplementation tolerance - выносливость,
supply – снабжать, добавлять; переносимость
ресурсы, припасы tourniquet – жгут
support – поддерж(ка/ивать) (кровоостанавливающий)
suppurative - гнойный trace - фиксировать, записывать,
surface - поверхность прослеживать
surround - окружать training - физическая закалка
survive - переносить, важивать transfer - перемещать
susceptible - восприимчивый transfuse – переливать (кровь)
swallow - глотать transient - преходящий
sweat – пот, потеть transmit - передавать
swell – опухать treat - лечить
swollen - опухший, припухлый trend – направление, тенденция
trial - исследование
trouble – проблема; беспокоить
T troublesome - причиняющий
беспокойство
tachypnea – учащенное дыхание true - истинный
take (notes) - записывать tumour - опухоль
take out - вынимать turbid - мутный (о жидкости)
task - задание turn out – оказываться
taut – тугой, упругий
tend – иметь склонность
(тенденцию) к ч.-л. U
tenderness - болезненность
tenesmus - боль при дефекации, ulcer - язва
позыв ulceration - изъязвление
term – срок, семестр, термин ultimate - последний, конечный,
test-tube - пробирка завершающий, окончательный
thesis - диссертация umbilical - пупочный
thick - толстый unable - неспособный
thicken – утолщать(ся) unbearable - невыносимый
thin - тонкий unconscious – без сознания
thorough – тщательный undergo - подвергаться (чему-л.)
throat – горло; a sore ~ фарингит, underlie - лежать под чем-л.
ангина undoubtedly - бесспорно,
throughout - через; по всему несомненно, очевидно
(о физическом пространстве, undue - непомерный,
объеме и т.п. ) чрезвычайный, чрезмерный,
throw: ~ light проливать свет (на несвоевременный, неуместный
ч.-л.) uneventful - неосложненный
tightness - напряженность, unique - уникальный
скованность
unit - единица ( измерения ), view – вид, взгляд, обзор
аппарат, палата, отдел, отделение, vigorous - энергичный
установка vomit – рвота, рвать
up-to-date - современный
urge – побуждение, позыв
urgent - срочный, неотложный, W
необходимый
use - польза, использование ward - палата
useful - полезный warm - теплый
utilize – использовать watch - наблюдать
weak - слабый
weigh - весить
V weight - вес
wheel – колесо; катить
vacation - отдых whole - целый
vague - неопределенный, неясный, wide - широкий
смутный, неуловимый without - без
value - величина, значение, wool - шерсть
ценность worth – стоить (чего-либо)
valve - клапан wound – рана; ранить
variety - разнообразие wrap - окутывать, обертывать
varix - варикоз (неравномерное wrist - запястье
расширение вен) wrong – ошибочный,
vary – изменять(ся), неправильный
разнообразить
vesiculation – образование
пузырьков X
vessel - сосуд
victim - жертва X-ray – рентген