TIME-DEPENDENT

HEAT TRANSFER
Edward Tefft
ME 5180
12/2/2016
Outline of Presentation
I. Refresher on heat transfer concepts Concepts
II. Finite element application

III. Numerical time integration

IV. Example: MATLAB 1-D

V. Example: ANSYS 2-D

Types of Heat Transfer
• What is heat
flux again?
𝑞 (W/m2) – heat transfer rate per
perpendicular area

• Conduction:
𝑑𝑇
𝑞" = −𝐾
𝑑𝑥
analogous to:
𝑑𝑢
𝜎" = 𝐸
𝑑𝑥

• Convection:
Heat transfer illustration [1] 𝑞) = ℎ(𝑇, − 𝑇∞ )
1-D Heat Transfer Equation
• For the amount of energy in a volume:
𝐸in + 𝐸generated = Δ𝑈 + 𝐸out

Change of energy stored in

volume (time dependent!!)
Δ𝑈 = specific heat×mass×change in temperature

• For a system
with:
Heat IN: conduction, generation
Heat OUT: convection

𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 ℎ𝑃
𝐾 + 𝑄 = 𝜌𝑐 + (𝑇, − 𝑇∞ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝐴
Outline of Presentation
I. Refresher on heat transfer concepts

II. Finite element application

III. Numerical time integration

IV. Example: MATLAB 1-D

V. Example: ANSYS 2-D

 1-D Finite Element Equation
𝐾 𝑇 + 𝐶 𝑇̇ = 𝐹

Thermal Heat capacity Thermal

conductivity matrix loads
matrix

Considered for an axial bar element

moving h, T undergoing conduction and convection.
8

fluid
A, k, ρ
T1 T2 𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑁R 𝑥 𝑇R + 𝑁S 𝑥 𝑇S
𝑥 𝑥
L 𝑁R = 1 − 𝑁S =
𝐿 𝐿
x, T(x)
Thermal Conductivity Matrix
𝐾 𝑇 + 𝐶 𝑇̇ = 𝐹

Thermal
conductivity
matrix

𝐴𝑘 1 −1 ℎ𝑃𝐿 2 1
𝐾 = +
𝐿 −1 1 6 1 2

Conduction Part of the

convection equation
𝑑𝑇
𝑞" = −𝐾 𝑞) = ℎ(𝑇, − 𝑇∞ )
𝑑𝑥
 Heat Capacity Matrix
𝐾 𝑇 + 𝐶 𝑇̇ = 𝐹

So far… Heat capacity This is analogous to

𝐴𝑘 1 −1 ℎ𝑃𝐿 2 1 matrix the mass matrix!
𝐾 = +
𝐿 −1 1 6 1 2

Consistent-heat capacity matrix

𝑐𝜌𝐴𝐿 2 1
𝐶 = • virtual work principle
6 1 2 • uses shape functions

Lumped-heat capacity matrix

𝑐𝜌𝐴𝐿 1 0 • assumes all of the mass is
𝐶 = lumped at the nodes
2 0 1 • generally not as accurate [2]
 Thermal Loads
𝐾 𝑇 + 𝐶 𝑇̇ = 𝐹

So far… Thermal
𝐴𝑘 1 −1 ℎ𝑃𝐿 2 1 loads
𝐾 = +
𝐿 −1 1 6 1 2
𝑐𝜌𝐴𝐿 2 1
𝐶 =
6 1 2

𝐴𝐿 1 𝑃𝐿 1 𝑃𝐿 1
𝐹 =𝑄 +𝑞 + ℎ𝑇∞
2 1 2 1 2 1
Internal Heat flow Part of the
heat into lateral convection equation
generation surface 𝑞) = ℎ(𝑇, − 𝑇∞ )
Outline of Presentation
I. Refresher on heat transfer concepts

II. Finite element application

III. Numerical time integration

IV. Example: MATLAB 1-D

V. Example: ANSYS 2-D

Numerical Time Integration
Galerkin method:
1. Rewrite the equation to this form:

1 2 1 1 1 2
𝑀 + 𝐾 𝑇bcR = 𝑀 − 𝐾 𝑇b + 𝐹b + 𝐹bcR
Δ𝑡 3 Δ𝑡 3 3 3

𝐴 𝑇bcR = 𝐵 𝑇b + 𝐶

2. Given a known 𝑇_ at 𝑡 = 0 and a time step of Δ𝑡, solve for 𝑇R

at 𝑡 = Δ𝑡
3. Using 𝑇R , find 𝑇S at 𝑡 = 2(Δ𝑡) and so on
Outline of Presentation
I. Refresher on heat transfer concepts

II. Finite element application

III. Numerical time integration

IV. Example: MATLAB 1-D

V. Example: ANSYS 2-D

Example: MATLAB 1-D
Example 16.7
from A First Course in the Finite Element Method by D.L. Logan

1. Find 2-element solution

2. Find 4-element solution

𝑇∞ = 25℃
85℃
1 2 3 Insulated tip
Results
Outline of Presentation
I. Refresher on heat transfer concepts

II. Finite element application

III. Numerical time integration

IV. Example: MATLAB 1-D

V. Example: ANSYS 2-D

 Example: ANSYS 2-D
Example 13.6
from A First Course in the Finite Element Method by D.L. Logan
Extended to include transients – assumed similar to lead
Btu Btu lbm
𝑐j = 0.03 𝐾 = 25 𝜌 = 709 o
lbm ℉ h ft ℉ ft
y

4 3
𝑇∞ = 50℉
𝑇 = 100℉ Btu
ℎ = 20
h ft S ℉
2 ft 5

1 2 x
2 ft
Results

ANSYS results:
𝑇S = 69.23℉
𝑇o = 69.23℉
𝑇p = 84.62℉

Book results:
𝑇S = 69.33℉
𝑇o = 69.33℉
𝑇p = 84.62℉
References
[1] http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/example-of-convection-heat-
transfer
[2] Archer, J.S., “Consistent Matrix Formulations for Structural
Analysis Using Finite Element Techniques,” Journal of the
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Vol. 3, No. 10,
pp. 1910-1918, 1965.