SUBJECT

GRAMMATICAL RULE
POINT :
ADJECTIVES

A. Introduction :
Adjective is a word used with a noun or pronoun to add to its meaning
Illustration :
Compare these sentences !
1. Professional lecturers get reward.
2. Three professional lecturers get reward.
3. Those three professiona lecturers get reward.

Note : All the underlined words above are adjectives and they are placed in front of the
noun “LECTURES”.

Those three professional lecturers get reward.

- What kind of... ? (Noun)

- How many.... ?
-Which.... ?

۩ Read the passage !

Actually I have a lot of friends, but one of my best friends is Aldo. He is an

educated man and he is always busy all day in his office. His ambition wants to
be a succesful entrepreneur. A day before, he just came back from his trip.
What a pity ! The travelling bag that he carried was lost.

۩ Read the dialogue !

Q : Is your car new ?
A : No, it isn’t.
Q : How is the car ?
A : It is not too bad.
Q : And how about your friend’s car ?
A : Well, his car is excellent and expensive.
B. Types of Adjectives
Adjective is classified into 2 types in general, namely :
1. Limiting Adjectives
These words add definite meaning to its noun, however they don’t add the
explanation about condition, kind, taste and so on.
Group of limiting adjectives or determiners are :

a. Articles : a, an, the

(Kata Sandang)
b. Demonstrative Adjectives : this-these / that-those
(Kata Sifat Penunjuk)
c. Posessive Adjectives : my,our,your,his,her,its,their
(Kata Sifat Kepunyaan) Tono’s, the boy’s, etc.
d. Numeral Adjectives : six,fifteen,twenty,hundred, etc.
(Kata Sifat Bilangan) first,second,fifth, etc.
e. Adjectives of Indefinite quantity : some,any,a few,several,many, etc.
(Kata Sifat Jumlah Tak tentu)
f. Interrogative Adjectives : which, what, whose
(Kata Sifat Penanya)

Structure :

............................ Limiting Adjective + Noun ..........................

(LA)
Examples :
- I have a dictionary. The dictionary is mono lingual.
- This dictionary is very complete.
- The price of my dictionary is Rp. 250,000
- I have used my first dictionary since I was the student of senior high school.
- There are a few dictionaries in the book case.
- Which dictionary could you lend me ?
2. Descriptive Adjectives
These adjectives give explanation to noun which are comprising :
a. Size : big,small,little,large,medium,etc.
(Ukuran)
b. Shape : round,flat,oval,square,triangle,etc
(Bentuk)
c. Tastes : bitter,delicious,sweet,sour,etc.
(Rasa)
d. Colors : white,black,red,green, etc.
(Warna)
e. Quality : beautiful,smart,proud,lazy, etc.
(Mutu)
f. States : dry,wet,cold,hot,young,old, etc.
(Keadaan)
 Some other descriptive adjectives have many different kinds of forms, its forms
may come from :

- developing, interesting, exciting, drawing, swimming, etc.

- spoken, broken, written, educated, etc.
- Indonesian, English, Japanese, etc.
- agricultural, economical, electrical, educational, political, etc.
- friendly, daily, weekly, etc.
- useful, harmful, thankful, beautiful, grateful, helpful,successful, etc.
- intensive, expressive, effective, educative, condisive, etc.
- readable,enjoyable, countable, understandable, eatable, etc.

Structure :

...... Limiting Adjective + Descriptive Adjective + Noun ..........

(LA) (DA)
Examples :

- Mr. Ricko is an educated man.

- He is one of the succesful entrpreneurs in this village.
- Almost all pasangers will take several travelling bags on their trip.
- Those two agricultural experts graduated from Faperta.

Positions of Adjecives

Notice and learn by heart the following sentences !

- Those two lazy boys like sleeping very much.

- A tree two meters high collapsed.
- Most students are active.
- They appear sick.
- I admit him right.
- I have something interesting for you.
- No matter what you say, I still respect these young ladies and those old ones
sitting on the chair.
 Exercises :

A. Fill in the blank with a suitable adjectives.

1. Martina is an ....... girl. She never tells a lie.

2. I cannot do the test, because it is very .........................................
3. That ........................ boy cannot do this simple exercise.
4. After raining, the road becomes .................... and .......................
5. During the war, many .......................... soldiers died as heroes.
6. I need water to drink, I am very .......................................................
7. He is a ....................... students. He is always present.
8. You need .................... air. Thia room must have a window.
9. Rita must be on a diet. She is too ........................ for her age.
10. I cannot rely on that ................. girl she never keeps her promise.

- honest - hard - foolish - muddy – slippery – brave

- fresh - fat - dishonest – diligent – thirsty

B. Give the opposite meaning of the following adjectives.

1. careful x ................................... 11. deep x ...................................

2. lazy x .................................. 12. interesting x ..................................
3. strong x .................................. 13. expensive x ..................................
4. clever x .................................. 14. strange x ..................................
5. sweet x .................................. 15. quick x ..................................
6. wild x .................................. 16. brave x ..................................
7. wide x .................................. 17. little x ..................................
8. handsome x .................................. 18. smooth x ..................................
9. hungry x .................................. 19. many x ..................................
10. sick x .................................. 20. wealthy x ..................................
 Additional Lecture

COMPARISON

Descriptive adjectives have only special form for comparison. There are three degrees
of comparison, namely :

1. POSITIVE 2. COMPARATIVE 3. SUPERLATIVE

( biasa) (lebih) (sangat/yang paling)

1 2 3

big bigger biggest

large larger largest
expensive more expensive most expensive

The rule of constructing the comparative and the superlative degree of

adjective :

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

1. Adjectives of one or two syllables, add ER for comparative, and add EST for superlative :
small smaller smallest
large larger largest
easy easier easiest
2. Adjectives of three or more syllables, by putting MORE for comparative, and THE
MOST for superlative before the positive
doubtful more doubtful most doubtful
obscure more obscure most obscure
famous more famous most famous
selfish more selfish most selfish
loving more loving most loving
honest more honest most honest
tired more tired most tired
expensive more expensive most expensive
sophisticated more sophisticated most sophisticated
3. Those ending in : er-y-ly usually add ER and EST
clever cleverer cleverest
holy holier holiest
pretty prettier prettiest
4. Those ending in : er-ow-some have two forms for comperative usually add ER - MORE,
for superlative usually add EST – MOST
clever more clever/cleverer most clever/cleverest
narrow more narrow/narrower most narrow/narrowest
handsome more handsome/handsomer more handsome/handsomest
 5. The Irregular Forms :
good better best
bad worse worst
ill worse worst
little less least
much/many more most
far farther (distance) farthest (distance)
further (distance&time) furthest (distance&time)
old older (people&things) oldest (people&things)
elder (people) eldest (people)

Look at some tree’s pictures !

X Y

5 7 7 9
mts mts mts mts

200 300 300 300

kgs kgs kgs kgs

Questions leading to discuss :

1. How many trees are there ?
2. How are those trees ?
3. How high is the Q tree ?
4. How much does it weigh ?
5. Please tell us the difference or the equalities each of the trees ?

There are four trees.

The trees are high and big.
The Q tree is five meters high, and it weighs two hundred kgs.
The X tree is seven meters high, so The X tree is higher than the Q tree.
Because the Y tree is also seven meters high, so the Y tree is as high as the X tree.
Which one is the highest ? The Z tree is the highest among all of the trees
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH COMPARISON

1. POSITIVE

........ AS ................. AS ........................ (in affirmative)

........ NOT AS/ NOT SO ....... AS ........ (in negative)

Study the example :

- A boy of sixteen is often as tall as his father.
- Agribusiness is as important as agrotechnology.
- Cultivating paddy is not so easy as vegetables.

2. COMPARATIVE
............................. THAN ...............................................................

Study the example :

- The faculty of law is older than the faculty of agriculture.
- The new tower is much higher than the old building.
- Elephant is more powerful than a horse.

3. SUPERLATIVE
.........................THE ...........IN/OF .............................................

Study the example :

- This is the oldest theatre in West Java.
- She is the smartest of all.
- This is the most exciting research (that) I have ever done.

4. OTHER SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION

a. “Comparative” and “Comparative”
( = semakin lama semakin .......... )

- Agribusiness becomes more and more important.

- English language turns to be easier and easier.
- Everything is getting more and more interesting.

b. “ The + Comparative”, The + Comparative”

( = semakin.............semakin .......... )

- The sooner, the better.

- The harder, I work, the happier I am.
- The more beautiful you, the easier for you to get a job.
- The higher position you have, the better facility you get.
- The richer you are, the more friends come.
- The deeper you fall in love, the crazier you are.