Chapter No. 10

Prepared By: Sajid ur Rehman Subject: Physics (10th) www.office.com.
pk
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Chapter # 10 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION & WAVES
UNIT # 10
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION AND WAVES
Q1. Show that the motion of a mass attached to the end of a spring is
simple harmonic motion (SHM). Ans: Motion of mass attached to a spring:
Consider a mass "m" attached to the end of an elastic spring. The other end. of the
spring is fixed at the firm support as shown in figure. The whole system is placed on a smooth
horizontal surface.
bunlace., Displacement of the mass 'm':

. .If we displace the mass 'm' from its mean position 'O' to point "A" by applying an external
force, it is displaced by' + x' to its right, there will be elastic restring force on the mass equal to F
in the left side which is applied by the spring... Restoring force:.
A restoring force always pushes or pulls the object performing

oscillatory motion towards the mean position. Using Hook's Law: .
According to Hook's Law
F = - kx ........ (i) .. Negative sign indicates that the elastic restoring force is opposite to
the
displacement
Spring Constant: E k is Spring Constant. The value of k is a measure of the stiffness
of the
spring. Stiff springs have large k values, and soft springs have small k values.
F=0
OLX
=0
:
:
Lampu
.
.B
O
A
SHM of a mass - spring system
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Prepared By: Sajid ur Rehman Subject: Physics
(10th) www.office.com.pk Email:
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fb.com/office.com.pk Chapter # 10 SIMPLE
HARMONIC MOTION & WAVES
Discharging of mass m:
If we release mass 'm' at point 'A', it moves forward to 'O'. At point'O' it will not stop but
moves forward towards point "B" due to inertia and covers the same displacement! - x'.. At point
'B' once again elastic restoring force 'F' acts upon it but now in the right side. In this way it
continues its motion from A to B and then B to A. Using Newton's 2nd law of motion:
According to Newton's 2nd law of motion, force 'F' produces acceleration

'a' in the body which is given by
F = ma ..........(ii) Comparing equation (1) & (ii)
ma = -kx
ia = - - X
Here k/m is constant term, therefore,

: a = - (Constant)x
Conclusion:
This means that the acceleration (a) of the body is directly proportional to its
displacement (x) from the mean position. Thus the motion of a mass attached to a
spring is known as "Simple Harmonic Motion". Time period: :
The time period T of the simple harmonic motion of a mass m
attached to a spring is given by the following equation:
T = 27 m
For Your Information
.
**Ax=0xA
promex lunun
KE! P.E = mar
A
KE=mal KE=0 PEP.E* Max
Kinetic and potential energy at different positions in a mass-spring system.
· A'spider detects its prey due to vibration produced in the web.
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For Your Information :
Although the molecules in a solid are held together, they can still move and
vibrate, as though connected by springs.
Q2. · Explain that the to and fro motion of the ball about a mean
position placed in a bowl is an example of simple harmonic motion.
Ans: Ball and bowl system:
The motion of a ball placed in a bowl is an example of simple, harmonic
motion. At mean position:

When the ball is at the mean position, that is, at the centre of the bowl, net force acting
on the ball is zero in this position weight of the ball acts downward and is equal to the upward
normal force of the surface of the bowl. Hence there is no motion.
When a ball is gently displaced from the centre of a bowl it starts oscillating about the centre
due to force of gravity which acts as a restoring force.
DOW
W
pag
Discharging of ball:
Now if we the ball to position A and then release it, the ball will start moving
towards the mean position O due to the caused by its weight. At position O the ball
maximum speed and due to inertia it moves towards the position B. While going
towards the position B, the speed of the ball decreases due to the restoring force which
acts toward the mean position. .. :. At the position B, the ball while and then again
moves towards the mean position O under the action of the restoring force. This to and
motion of the ball continues about the mean position till all its energy is lost due to
friction: Conclusion:
Thus the to and fro motion of the ball about, a mean position placed in a
bowl is an example of simple harmonic motion.
Tidbits.
A human eardrum can oscillate back and forth up to 20,000 times in one
second.
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Quick Quiz What is the displacement of an object in SHM when the kinetic
and
potential energies are equal? Ans: When the kinetic and potential energies
are equal then the displacement of
an object is in SHM will be A where A is maximum displacement
(amplitude)
OR (Second Answer) We know that total energy of SHM is
= KA2 Since kinetic energy + potential ene (Here A = Max amplitude, k = spring
constant) but it is given that kinetic energy = potential energy so eq. (i) becomes
2x(potential energy) = KA2 ........(ii) : but potential energy = kx? (where x =
displacement)
so eq. (ii) becomes 2xkx2 = - KA? x2 = A2 Vaza A2
x=
When the kinetic and potential energies are equal then the
displacement of an object is in SHM will be X A Where A is maximum
displacement (amplitude)
IN
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The period of a pendulum is independent of its mass and amplitude. 3. What is
simple pendulum? Illustrate diagrammatically the forces
acting on the bob of a simple pendulum. Prove that the component of the weight
responsible for the vibration of the pendulum is always directed towards the
equilibrium position?
FOR Prove that vibratory motion of simple pendulum
is SHM? Ans: Motion of a simple pendulum:
Simple pendulum:
A simple pendulum a'so exhibits SHM. It consists of a small bob of mass m
suspended from a light string of length L fixed at its upper end. In the equilibrium
position O, the net force on the bob is zero and the bob is stationary. Motion of bob from
O to point A:
Now if we bring the bob to extreme position A, the net force is not zero. There is
no force acting along the string as the tension in the string cancels the
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Prepared By: Sajid ur Rehman Subject: Physics (10th)
www.office.com.pk Email: sajid@office.com.pk Conact: +92 345
5282625 fb.com/office.com.pk Chapter # 10 SIMPLE HARMONIC
MOTION & WAVES
component of the weight mg coso. Hence there is no motion along this direction. The
component of the weight, mg sino is directed towards the mean position and acts as a
restoring force. Due to this force the bob starts moving towards the mean position 0.
Forces acting on a displaced pendulum. The restoring force that causes the pendulum to undergo simple
harmonic motion is the component of gravitational force mg sin o tangent to the path of motion.
om masine
04
;
mg mgcoso
w=mg Mean
position
Motion of bob from O to point B:

At O the bob has got the maximum velocity and due to inertia it does not stop at
O rather it continues to move towards the extreme position B. During its motion towards
point B, the velocity of the bob decreases due to restoring force. The velocity of the bob
becomes zero as it reaches the point B. The restoring force mg sind still acts towards
the mean position O and due to this force the bob again starts moving towards the
mean position 0. In this way, the bob continues its to and fro motion about the mean
position 0. Direction of acceleration:
is clear from the above discussion that the speed of the bob increases while moving
from point A to O due to the restoring force which acts towards 0.
Therefore, acceleration of the bob is also directed towards O.

Similarly, when the bob moves from O to B, its speed decreases due to restoring
force which again acts towards O. Therefore, acceleration of the bob is again directed
towards O. It follows that the acceleration of the bob is always directed towards the
mean position O. Hence the motion of a simple pendulum is SHM. Time period of
simple pendulum:
We have the following formula for the time period of simple pendulum:
.
T
=2T
.. (i)
OR (Second Answer) A simple pendulum consists of a small and
heavy metallic spherical bob which is suspended by a light and inextensible ctring from
a fixed support. Explanation:
Consider a simple pendulum; as shown in the above figure. At mean position, its
weight "w" is acting downwards, while the tension "T" in the string is acting upwards.
Now if we bring the bob from mean position "O" to extreme position "A", then its
weight 'w" is resolved into two components. One component is "mg cos0" which
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Prepared By: Sajid ur Rehman Subject: Physics (10th) www.office.com.pk
balances the tension “T” in the string. The other component is "mg sino" which acts as
restoring force and bring the bob back towards its mean position "O".
Now on releasing the bob at position “A” the bob moves back towards mean
position “O” due to restoring force "mg sino". On the way its velocity increases due . to
which the bob does not stops at mean position "A" as shown in the figure.
Again due to restoring force, the bob moves back towards “O” after reaching position
“A". On the way its velocity increases due to which the bob does not stop at mean position "O"
and moves towards position “A”. In this way the simple pendulum perform S.H.M about its mean
position "O". Q4. How can you define the term vibration, time period, frequency and
amplitude?Ans: Vibration:
One complete round trip of a vibrating body about its mean position is
called
one vibration. Time Period (T):
The time taken by a vibrating body to complete one vibration is called

time
period. Frequency (f):
The number of vibrations per cycle of a vibrating body in one second is
called it's frequency. It is reciprocal of time period i.e., f = 1/T Amplitude (A):
The maximum displacement of a vibrating body on either side from its
mean position is called its ampiitude.
· Wavelength
AAA
Amplitude
X Distance
Period - T
Amplitude
AA
Time
Q5. Describe the Important features of SHM are summarized as: Ans:
Important features of SHM:
Important features of SHM are summarized as:
A body executing SHM always vibrates about a fixed position, ii. Its
acceleration is always directed towards the mean position,
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i.
The magnitude of acceleration is always directly proportional to its displacement from the mean
position i.e., acceleration will be zero at the mean position while it will be maximum at the
extreme positions, .. Its velocity is maximum at the mean position and zero on the extreme
positions.
iv.
. ll Time Period Time period of a pendulum is the time to complete one

cycle.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Tell whether or not these motions are examples of simple harmonic

motion: (a) up and down motion of a leaf in water pond (b) motion of a ceiling fan
(c) motion of hands of clock (d) motion of a plucked fixed at both its ends (e)
movement of honey bee..
p and down motion of a leaf in water pond is an example of SHM because
motion of leave is to and fro oscillatory motion... It is not an example of SHM. Motion of
a ceiling fan is circular motion..
It is not an example of SHM. Motion of hands of clock is periodic motion. (d) It is not an
example of SHM. Motion of a plucked string fixed at both its ends
is periodic motion. It is not an example of SHM. Movement of honey bee is random motion.
Christiaan Huygens invented the pendulum clock in . 1656. He was inspired by the work of
Galileo who had discovered that all pendulums of the same length took the same amount of
time to complete one full swing. Huygens developed the first clock that could accurately
measure time.
Example 10.1: Find the time period and frequency of a simp le pendulum 1.0 m long at a
location where g = 10.0 ms?. Solution: , Given, L= 1.0 m, g = 10.0 ms?. Using the formula,
T = 271
1
.
ni 1.0
T = 2 11 10 0 = 1.99 s.
And frequency of simple pendulum is given by
f = 1/7 = 1/1.99 = 0.50 Hz

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Q6. How can you define the term wave motion? Demonstrate the
production and propagation of different waves with the help of
vibratory motion of objects. Ans: Wave motion:
A wave is a disturbance in the medium which causes the particles of the medium
to undergo vibratory motion about their mean position in equal intervals of
time.
Basic Function of waves::
Waves are carrier of energy and information over large distances. Waves require
some oscillating or vibrating source. Activity 1:. Dip one end of a pencil into a tub of
water, and move it up and down vertically (Fig). The disturbance in the form of ripples
produces water waves, which move away from the source. When the wave reaches a
small piece of cork floating near the disturbance, it moves up and down about its
original position while the wave will travel outwards. The net displacement of the cork is
zero. The cork repeats its vibratory motion about its mean position.
Pencil
... Waves produced by dipping a pencil in a water tub Activity 2: Take a
rope and mark a point P on it. Tie one end of the rope with a hook and stretch the string
by holding its other end in your hand (Fig). Now, flipping the rope up and down regularly
will set up a wave in the rope which will travel towards the fixed end. The point P on the
rope will start. vibrating up and down as the wave passes across it. The motion of point
P will be perpendicular to the direction of the motion of wave.
support
A Crest
P Trough
Waves produced in a rope
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electric held
direction of Wave Motion
a
magnetic field
Electromagnetic waves consist of electric and magnetic fields
oscillating perpendicular to each other.
Quick Quiz
Do mechanical waves pass through vacuum, that is, empty

space? Ans: Mechanical waves require medium for their
propagation.
Mechanical waves, however, are pressure fluctuations and cannot occur without
a material medium to transmit them.
In the vacuum of space, there are no particles to vibrate (material medium is
absent), so mechanical waves cannot pass through the vacuum.
Longitudinal waves move faster through solids than through gases or liquids. Transverse waves
move through solids at a speed of less than half of the speed of longitudinal waves. It is
because the restoring force exerted during this up and down motion of particles of the medium
is less than the restoring force exerted by a back and forth motion of particles of the medium in
case of longitudinal waves.
Generating a high frequency wave requires more energy per second than to
generate a low frequency wave. Thus a high frequency wave carries more energy than
a low frequency wave of the same amplitude.
Do You Know?
Earthquake produces waves through the crust of the Earth in the form of seismic
waves. By studying such waves, the geophysicists learn about the internal structure of
the Earth and information about the occurrence of friture Earth activity.
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Example 10.2: A wave moves on a slinky with frequency of 4 Hz and
wavelength of 0.4 m. What is the speed of the wave? Solution: Given that, f
= 4 Hz, 2 =0.4 m.
Wave speed v= f 2
= (4Hz) x (0.4m) v = 1.6 ms?
Quick Quiz What do the dark and bright fringes on the

screen of ripple tank
represent? Ans: Bright fringes (Crests):
The crests of the waves appear bright lines on the screen because
they function like convex lens and converge the rays of light falling on
them.; Dark fringes (Troughs):
Troughs behave like concave lenses and diverge the light,
thereby. appearing as dark straight portions between bright lines.
Q7. What is ripple tank? How waves can be produced in a ripple tank.
Ans: Ripple tank:
Ripple tank is a device to produce water waves and to study
their characteristics. Construction of ripple tank:
This apparatus consists of a rectangular tray having glass
bottom and is placed nearly half metre above the surface of a table.
Vibrator (paddle):
Waves can be produced on the surface of water present in the tray
by means of a vibrator (paddle). ;
Lamp
Power supply
Shallow tank of water Oscillating paddie

ba
het die
Wave patterns on a viewing screen
Ripple tank.
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This vibrator is an oscillating electric motor fixed on a wooden plate over the tray
such that its lower 'surface just touches the surface of water. On setting the vibrator ON,
this wooden plate starts vibrating to generate plane water waves.
Waves consisting of straight wavefronts
Production of crests and troughs:

An electric bulb is hung above the tray to observe the image of water waves on
the paper or screen.
The crests and troughs of the waves appear as bright and dark lines,
respectively, on the screen. Example 10.3: A student performs an experiment with
waves in water. The student measures the wavelength of a wave to be 10
centimetres. By using a stopwatch and observing the oscillations of a floating
ball, the student measures a frequency of 2 Hz. If the student starts a wave in one
part of a tank of water, how long will it take the wave to reach the opposite side of
the tank 2 metres away? Solution:
We are given the frequency, wavelength, and distance. (2) We have to calculate
the time the wave takes to move a distance of 2
metres. 3) The relationship between frequency, wavelength, and speed is V =
The relationship between time, speed, and distance is v'= d/t :) Rearrange the speed
formula to solve for the time: t = d/v The speed of the
wave is the frequency times the wavelength.
v=f2 = (2Hz) x (0.1m) = 0.2 ms. Use this value to calculate the time: t = 2 m/0.2 ms* =
10 seconds
Activity
Shallow
Study Figure 10.18 to answer the following questions: 1. What happens to the angle of
refraction when water waves pass from deep
to shallow part of the water?
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2. Are the magnitudes of angle of incidence and angle of refraction equal? 3.
Which will be greater? Solution: 1. When water waves pass from deep to shallow
(less deep / low) part of the.
. water the angle of refraction decreases. It is due the decrease in the speed
of water waves in the shallow water. (r<zi) 2. No, the magnitudes. of angle of
incidence and angle of refraction are not
equal due to different depth of water and shallow and deep parts.
(Li * zr) : 3. Angle of incidence is greater than the
angle of refraction. (<i>.<r) Q8. How radio transmissions are heard in areas where the
radio waves
cannot reach directly?
Explain the diffraction of radio waves but not of T.V waves (transmission can be
heard in such areas where the waves cannot
reach directly).. . Ans. In the valleys and plains where the radio waves cannot
reach directly, radio transmission can be heard due to the diffraction of radio waves.
The waves after striking an obstacle, changes to circular form and spreads in all areas
and radio transmissions can be heard in such areas where the radio waves cannot
reach directly
.
SUMMARY
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) iş a to and fro oscillatory motion in which acceleration of the
body is directly proportional to the displacement of the body from the mean position and is
always directed towards the mean position. The motion of a mass attached to a spring, simple
pendulum and that of a ball inside a bowl is SHM. Time taken by the simple pendulum to
complete one cycle is called its time period. It depends upon the length of the pendulum and is
independent of the mass and amplitude of the pendulum. The number of cycles completed in
one second is called frequency of the pendulum. It is reciprocal of time period. The maximum
displacement from mean position of a body performing SHM is called amplitude. Wave is a
process of transferring energy fron the transfer of matter. Mechanical waves are those waves
which require some medium for their propagation. Electromagnetic waves do not require any
medium for their propagation.
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Transverse . waves are the mechanical waves in which particles of the medium vibrate about
their mean position perpendicular to the propagation
of the waves Compressional (longitudinal) waves are the mechanical waves in which particles
of the medium vibrate about their mean position along the direction of propagation of the waves.
The speed (v) of a wave is equal to the product of frequency (f) and wavelength (A) i.e., v = f2.
Ripple tank is a device used to produce water waves and to demonstrate different properties of
water waves like reflection, refraction and diffraction. When a wave travelling from one medium
falls on the surface of another medium, it may bounce back into the first medium. This
phenomenon is
called reflection of waves. When waves from one medium enter the second medium at
some angle their direction of travel may change. This phenomenon is called refraction
of waves. The speed and wavelength of wave change with different media but
frequency does not change. The bending of waves around obstacles or sharp edges is
called diffraction of waves.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Gc ‫» ܣ‬
Choose the correct answer from the following choices: i. Which of the following
is an example of simple harmonic motion?.
A. Motion of a simple pendulum
The motion of ceiling fan
The spinning of the Earth on its axis D. A bouncing ball on a floor ii. If the mass of the
bob of a pendulum is increased by a factor of 3,
the period of the pendulum's motion will
be increased by a factor of 2
remain the same C. be decreased by a factor of 2 D. be decreased by a factor of 4
Which of the following devices can be used to produce both a transverse and
longitudinal waves? A. a string
a ripple tank C. a helical spring (slinky)
D. a tuning fork Waves transfer
A. energy
frequency C. wavelength
velocity Which of the following is
a method of energy transfer?
Conduction
Radiation C. Wave motion

D. All of these
2
D.
v
.
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In a vacuum all electromagnetic waves have the same A. speed
B. frequency C. amplitude
D. wavelength A large ripple tank
with a vibrator working at a frequency of 30 Hz produces 25 complete
waves in a distance of 50 cm. The velocity of the wave is A. 53 cms?
B. 60 cms-1 C. 750 cms 1
D. 1500 cms Which of the following
characteristics of a wave is independent of the others A. speed
B. frequency C Amplitude
D. wavelength The relation between v,
fand i of a wave is A.. vf=a
fa = v C. Va= f
v=af
Answers I. A
ii. B
iii. C. liv. A
V. D vi. A
vii. D
viii. C
ix. B
ix.
D.
"m
v
.D
REVIEW QUESTIONS
.
10.1. What is simple harmonic motion? What are the necessary

conditions for a body to execute simple harmonic motion? Ans: Simple
harmonic motion (SHM):
. Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a to and fro oscillatory motion in which
acceleration of the body is directly proportional to the displacement of the body from the
mean position and is always directed towards the mean position.
acceleration « - displacement
a ~ - * Negative sign indicates that acceleration and
displacement are opposite in direction. Basic conditions to execute simple harmonic motion
(SHM):
Basic conditions to execute simple harmonic motion are as under: (i) There
must be an elastic restoring force acting on the system. (ii) The system must
have inertia. (iii) The acceleration of the system should be directly proportional to
its
displacement and is always directed to mean position i.e. a.-X 10.2. . Think of several examples
in everyday life of motion that are
simple harmonic. .. Ans: Examples of simple harmonic motion (SHM): (i) Motion
of a body attached to the end of an elastic spring. (ii)
Motion of the bob is a simple pendulum if it is given small displacement. (iii) Motion of an
elastic strip. (iv) Motion of the prongs of a tuning fork. (v) Motion of the wire of a guitar or violin
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10.3. What are damped oscillations? How damping progressively
reduces
the amplitude of oscillation? Ans: Damped oscillations:
The oscillations of a system in the presence of some resistive force are
damped oscillations. Frictional effects and damped oscillation:
Practically, in all systems the force of friction retards the motion, so the systems
do not oscillate indefinitely. The friction reduces the mechanical energy of the system as
time passes, and the motion is said to be damped. This damping progressively reduces
the amplitude of the motion as shown in Fig.
Decreasing amplitide
Displacement
w
V
Time -
\"Envelope" of
the damping
Variation of amplitude with time of damping system
Damping progressively reduces the amplitude of oscillation: Shock
absorbers:
Shock absorbers in automobiles are one practical application of damped motion. A
shock absorber consists of a piston moving through a liquid such as oil.
The upper part of the shock absorber is firmly attached to the body of the car.
When the car travels over a bump on the road, the car may vibrate violently.
The shock absorbers damp these vibrations and convert their energy into heat :
energy of the oil.
.
Attached to car frame
Attached
#
in
P
Piston Liquid Attached to car axle
-
Shock absorber 10.4. How can you define the term wave? Elaborate the difference
between mechanical and electromagnetic waves? Give examples of

each. Ans: Wave:
A wave is a disturbance in the medium which causes the particles of the medium to undergo
vibratory motion about their mean position in equal intervals of time.
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Categories of waves:
There are two categories of waves:

i. Mechanical waves. ii. Electromagnetic waves. i.
Mechanical waves:
Waves which require any medium for their propagation are called mechanical
waves.
Examples of mechanical waves:
Examples of mechanical waves are water waves, sound waves and waves
produced on the strings and springs. ii. Electromagnetic Waves:
Which do not require any medium for their propagation are called
electromagnetic waves. Examples of electromagnetic waves:
.: Radio waves, television waves, X-rays, heat and light waves are some
examples of electromagnetic waves. : Note:
Waves are basically of three types - mechanical, electromagnetic and
matter waves as illustrated in Fig.
Waves
Mechanical
Electromagnetic
Matter wave OT de Broglie waves

Shock svaves
Plane progressive waves
Longitudinal
Transverse
10.5. Distinguish between longitudinal and transverse waves with
suitable examples.: Ans: Types of Mechanical Waves:
Mechanical waves may be classified as longitudinal or transverse. Longitudinal
waves:
in longitudinal waves the particles of the medium move back and forth along the
direction of propagation of wave. Production of Longitudinal waves:
Longitudinal waves can be produced on a spring (slinky) placed on a smooth
floor or a long bench. Fix one end of the slinky with a rigid support and hold another end
into your hand. Now give it a regular push and pull quickly in the direction of its length.
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Movement of hand
zemelerleeeeeeeee
Support Direction of wave travel
-ᎲᎲᎲ Ꮺ Ꮺ Ꮼ Ꮼ Ꮼ Ꮼ Ꮼ Ꮼ Ꮼ Ꮼ Ꮼ 9
Displacement of particles
Greecellieeeeee
Compression
- eliieeeeeeeelllille Compression: Rarefaction Compression
Longitudinal wave on a slinky Compressions:
A series of disturbances in the form of waves will start moving along the
·length of the slinky. Such a wave consists of regions called compressions.
Rarefactions:
. Where the loops of the spring are close together, alternating with regions called rarefactions
(expansions), where the coils are spaced apart.
In the regions of compression particles of the medium are closer together while
in the regions of rarefaction particles of the medium are spaced apart. The
compressions and refractions move back and forth along the direction of motion of the
wave. Such a wave is called longitudinal wave. Transverse waves:
in the case of transverse waves, the motion of particles of the medium is
perpendicular to the motion of wave. Production of transverse waves:
We can produce transverse waves with the help of a slinky. Stretch out a slinky along a
smooth floor or a long bench with one end fixed. Grasp the other end of the slinky and move it
up and down quickly. A wave in the form of alternative crests and troughs will start travelling
towards the fixed end.
Crest
Wave movement
A
T
Particle movement
Particle
UN
@s WallDWOO
Movement of hand from side to side.
Support
Troughs
Transverse wave on a slinky
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je
Crests and troughs:

The crests are the highest points while the troughs are the lowest points of the particles
of the medium from the mean position. The crests and troughs move perpendicular to the
direction of the wave.
Waves on the surface of water and light waves are also transverse waves. 10.6. Draw a
transverse wave with an amplitude of 2 cm and a
wavelength of 4 cm. Label a crest and trough on the wave. Ans:
Crest
.
= 4 cm
..,
A = 2 cm
Trough Where "A" is Amplitude and "2" is wavelength 10.7. Derive a relationship
between speed, frequency and wavelength of
a wave. Write a formula relating 'speed of a wave to its time period
and wavelength.. . Ans: Wave equation:
The relation between the velocity, frequency and wavelength of the wave is
known as wave equation.
The velocity of wave which is defined by Velocity = distance/time
v = .......... (1) If time taken by the wave in moving from one point
to another is equal to the time period then the distance covered by the wave will be
equal to one wavelength, hence we can write (d = 2)
<
||
v = ax ....... (ii) But time period T is
reciprocal of the frequency f, i.e., T = = f = = Therefore
Equation (ii) becomes ; v = fa ....... (iii) .
Eq. (iii) is called the wave equation. 10.8. Waves are the means of energy transfer
without transfer of matter.
Justify this statement with the help of a simple experiment.

Ans: Waves as Carriers of Energy:
Energy can be transferred from one place to another through waves. For
example:
When we shake the stretched string up and down, we provide our muscular
energy to the string. As a result, a set of waves can be seen travelling along the string.
The vibrating force from the hand disturbs the particles of the string and sets them in
motion. These particles then transfer their energy to the adjacent particles in
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www.office.com.pk Email: sajid@office.com.pk Conact: +92 345
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MOTION & WAVES
the string. Energy is thus transferred from one place of the medium to the other in the
form of wave. The amount of energy carried by the wave depends on the distance of the
stretched string from its rest position. That is, the energy in a wave depends on the
wave amplitude of the wave. If we shake the string faster, we give more energy per
second to produce wave of higher frequency, and the wave delivers more energy per
second to the particles of the string as it moves forward. Water waves also transfer
energy from one place to another as.
Activity/Experiment:
Drop a stone into a pond of water. Water waves will be produced on the surface of
water and will travel outwards. Place a cork at some distance from the falling stone.
When waves reach the cork, it will move up and down along with the motion of the
water particles by getting energy from the wave.
.
go up and down
Energy travels in this direction
Conclusion:
This activity shows that water waves like other waves transfer energy from
one place to other without transferring matter, i.e., water. 10.9.
Explain the following properties of waves with reference to ripple
tank experiment
a. Reflection b. Refraction C. Diffraction. Ans: a. .
Reflection:
Place a barrier in the ripple tank. The water waves will reflect from the barrier. If
the barrier is placed at an angle to the wave front the reflected waves can be seen to
obey the law of reflection i.e., the angle of the incident wave along the normal will be
equal to the angle of the reflected wave. Thus we define reflection as:
Normal Angle of
Angle of incidence
reflection
Normal Barrier
Incident waves
Barrier
(a).
• Reflected waves
Reflectiðn of water waves from a plane barrier

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When waves moving in one medium fall on the surface of another medium they bounce
back into the first medium sich that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. The
phenomenon is called reflection of waves. b. Refraction:
The speed of a wave in water depends on the depth of water. If a block is
submerged in the ripple tank, the depth of water in the tank will be shallower over the
block than elsewhere. When water waves enter the region of shallow water their
wavelength decreases. But the frequency of the water waves remains the same in both
parts of water because it is equal to the frequency of the vibrator.
Shallow water
(slow speed) b Wavefront

Boundary between deep and shallow water Straight wave generator
Deep water (faster speed) Ripple tank
For the observation of refraction of water waves, we, repeat this experiment such that
the boundary between the deep and the shallower water is at some angle to the wave front.
Refraction of water waves Now we will observe that in addition to the change in wavelength the
waves change their direction of propagation as well. The direction of propagation is always
normal to the wave fronts. This change of path of water waves while passing from a region of
deep water to that of shallower is called refraction which is defined as:
When waves from one medium enter in the second medium at some angle their direction
of travel may change this phenomenon is called refraction of waves. c. Diffraction:
Now we observe the phenomena of diffraction of water waves. Generate : plane
waves in a ripple tank and place two obstacles in line in such a way that separation
between them is equal to the wavelength of water waves. After passing
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Page 20 of 26
through a small slit between the two obstacles, the waves will spread in every direction
and change into almost semicircular pattern.
m
*
shion des
MIROK**
Diffraction of water waves through a small slit Diffraction of water waves through
a large slit
Diffraction of waves can only be observed clearly if the size of the obstacle is comparable
with the wavelength of the wave. Fig. shows the diffraction of waves while passing through a slit
with size larger than the wavelength of the wave. Only a
small diffraction occurs near the corners of the obstacle.
The bending or spreading of waves around the sharp edges or corners of
obstacles is called diffraction. 10.10.Does increasing the frequency of a wave also
increase its
: wavelength? If not, how are these quantities related? Ans: No. Increasing the
frequency of a wave decreases the wavelength.
.f= = fx The two are related by the formula v = f 2 (velocity

= frequency x wavelength).
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
10.1. If the length of a simple pendulum is doubled what witl be the
change in its time period? Ans: Since
T = 271 ...............(i) : When length is doubled then
new.length is l = 21
( 1' = 210.21
T' = 210 xV2
T' = V2 xl 2x2
Since by using equation (i)
T = 21
- vg
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S T' = V2T
T' = 1.14 T If length of simple pendulum is doubled, then its time period increases by.
factor 1,41 times of initial time period. 10.2. A ball is dropped from a
certain height onto the floor and keeps
bouncing. Is the motion of the ball simple harmonic? Explain. Ans: No, because
simple harmonic motion requires restoring force and
acceleration be proportional to the displacement of the object the bouncing
ball has constant force and acceleration regardless of displacement. A 10.3. A
student performed two experiments with a simple pendulum.
He/She used two bobs of different masses by keeping other parameters
constant.. To his/her astonishment the time period of
the pendulum did not change! Why? Ans: There is no effect on time period, because
time period is independent of the
mass (m)." (T = 211 ) 10.4. What types of waves do not require

any material medium for their
propagation? Ans: Electromagnetic waves do not require medium for
their propagation such as
radio waves. 10.5. Plane waves in the ripple tank undergo refraction when they
move
from deep to shallow water. What change occurs in the speed of
the waves? Ans: Water waves travel fastest when the medium is the deepest.
Thus, if water
waves are passing from deep water into shallow water, they will slow down (speed
decreases) and also the wavelength of the plane waves shortens (Wavelength
decreases).
v=fa > v.ca
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
1. The time period of a simple pendulum is 2s. What will be its length
on Earth? What will be its length on the moon if m=ge/6? Where ge = 10ms-2.
Ans. (1.02m, 0.17m)

Solution:
Time Period T = 2 sec. ge = 10 ms-2.
Im = 9 = 10 = 1.67ms-2 length of the pendulum on Earth Le = ?
length of the pendulum on Moon Lm = ? : Time period of a simple pendulum is. T=21
Squaring and arranging the equation (i) for length "l” .
T2 = 47624
g
vy
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Le = 907 .
.. (ii)
1024
Le =
10x(2)2
= 4x (3.14,2 = 4x3.8 = 3,8

Le = 1.02 m
For moon Lm = 9 o.... (iii)
"Le = a speco 3 = 467* = 1,
Lm = 0.17 m 10.2. A pendulum of length 0.99 m is taken to the moon
by an astronaut.
The period of the pendulum is 4.9 s. What is the value of g on the
surface of the moon? Solution:
Length L= 0.99m Time period T = 4.9 sec. Time period of a
simple pendulum iş T= 2n Ba......... (i) Squaring and arranging the
equation for “g” we get
Vg
T2 = 471?
: g = 41022 9 = 4x (3.14 233
g = 4 * (9.86) 2002 g = 39.5x22:03 g = 39.5 x 0.042 g =
1.65 ms=2
.3. Find the time periods of a simple pendulum of 1 metre length,
placed on Earth and on moon. The value of g on the surface of moon
is 1/6th of its value on Earth. Where ge is 10 ms?. Ans. (2s, 4.9s) Solution:
Length L=1m. ge = 10ms-2
9m = e = 10 = 1.67 ms-2
Time period of a simple pendulum is T= 21
Time period on Earth Te = 2

vye
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Te = 21/1 Te = 2 x (3. 14) * (0.316) Te = 1.985 sec
Te – 2sec. is the Time period on Earth Time period on Moon
I'm = 20 l
I'm = 217 1.67
Ti = 2 x (3. 14) (0.774)
I'm = 4.9 sec. is the Time Period on Moon 10.4. A simple
pendulum completes one vibration in two seconds.
Calculate its length when g = 10.0 ms?,
Ans. (1.02m) Solution: Time
Period T = 2 sec.
ge = 10ms-2 Time Period of a simple pendulum is T=27

........( Squaring and
arranging the equation (i) for “L”
CO
vy
Le s9272
4172
1. = 10x(2)? = 10x4 = 10
6
Le =
4x(3.14)? - 4x9.8 – 9.8
Le = 1.02 m 5. If 100 waves pass through a point of a medium in 20 seconds, what
is the frequency and the time period of the wave? If its wavelength: ..is 6 cm,
calculate the wave speed. Ans. (5 Hz, 0.25, 0.3ms-?) Solution:
Number of waves passed = 100 waves Time taken = 20 sec : Frequency = ? :
Wavelength 2 = 6 cm= = 0.6 cm
100 Wave speed v=? Frequency = No.of waves passed
time taken f = 1200 = 5Hz Now
T = 1/f T = 1/5 = 0.2 sec.

sec. . . Now
v = fa v = 5x(0.6).. v=0.3 ms -1
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100
10.6. A wooden bar vibrating into the water surface in a ripple tank
has a
frequency of 12Hz. The resulting wave has a wavelength of 3 cm. What is the
speed of the wave?
Ans. (0.36 ms) Solution:
Frequency f = 12 Hz Wavelength 1 = 3 cm = = 0.03 m Speed y = ? v = f 2
v = 12x0.03 = 0.36 ms -1 10.7. A transverse wave produced on a spring
has a frequency of 190 Hz
and travels along the length of the spring of 90 m, in 0.5 s. . (a) What is the
period of the wave? :
c) What is the speed of the wave? (d) What is the wavelength of the wave?
. Ans.(0.01s, 180 ms? , 0.95m)

Solution:
Frequency f=190 Hz Wavelength 1 =3 cm = -80 = 0.03 m
Length of the spring = 1 = d = 90 m Time = t = 0.5 s (a)
T=? (b) Speed v = ? (c) Wavelength 2 = ?
ave?
10
.
10o = 0.01 sec.

11
11
.
<
11 leo Gallo sin

<
11
<
11
(C)
= 180 ms" v=f2 = 1 =

= 190 = 0.95 m 10.8. Water waves in a shallow dish are 6.0 cm long. At
one point, the
water moves up and down at a rate of 4.8 oscillations per second. a. What is the speed of
the water waves?
What is the period of the water? Ans. (0.29ms? | 0.21s)

Solution: Wavelength 1 = 6,0 cm = 6 = 0.06 m
No. of oscillation (Frequency) f= 4.8 Hz (a) Speed v = ? (b) Period T= ?
T = 1/f
T= ag = 0.21 sec. Now

v= fa v=4.8x0.06 v= 0.29 ms-1
100
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80
100
1000
. At one end of a ripple tank 80 cm across, a 5 Hz vibrator produces

waves whose wavelength is 40 mm. Find the time the waves need to cross the
tank.
Ans. (4s): Solution:
Length of ripple tank d = 8
Frequency f = 5 Hz Wavelength 1 = 40 mm = fon = 0.04 m
Time = t = ? First we will find the speed of wave Now
v= fa V = 5x0.04 V = 0.2 ms -1 tu, t = 0.3 = 4 5
10.10. What is the wavelength of the radio waves transmitted by an FM
station at 90 MHz? Where 1M = 10®, and speed of radio wave is

3x108 ms1
. Ans.(3.33m)
Solution: Frequency f= 90 MHz = 90 X 106 Hz
Speed of radio wave v = 3x 108 ms -1 v = fa = =
2 – 3x108 “T90x106
– 10 100
30 30 = 3.33 m
11
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Prepared By: Sajid ur Rehman Subject: Physics (10th) www.office.com.

bunlace., Displacement of the mass 'm':

A restoring force always pushes or pulls the object performing

According to Newton's 2nd law of motion, force 'F' produces acceleration

Here k/m is constant term, therefore,

motion. At mean position:

Motion of bob from O to point B:

Therefore, acceleration of the bob is also directed towards O.

The time taken by a vibrating body to complete one vibration is called

. ll Time Period Time period of a pendulum is the time to complete one

Tell whether or not these motions are examples of simple harmonic

f = 1/7 = 1/1.99 = 0.50 Hz

Do mechanical waves pass through vacuum, that is, empty

Quick Quiz What do the dark and bright fringes on the

Shallow tank of water Oscillating paddie

Production of crests and troughs:

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Radiation C. Wave motion

10.1. What is simple harmonic motion? What are the necessary

Attached to car frame

between mechanical and electromagnetic waves? Give examples of

There are two categories of waves:

Matter wave OT de Broglie waves

Crests and troughs:

Justify this statement with the help of a simple experiment.

Reflectiðn of water waves from a plane barrier

(slow speed) b Wavefront

.f= = fx The two are related by the formula v = f 2 (velocity

mass (m)." (T = 211 ) 10.4. What types of waves do not require

Ans. (1.02m, 0.17m)

= 4x (3.14,2 = 4x3.8 = 3,8

Time period on Earth Te = 2

ge = 10ms-2 Time Period of a simple pendulum is T=27

T = 1/f T = 1/5 = 0.2 sec.

. Ans.(0.01s, 180 ms? , 0.95m)

10o = 0.01 sec.

11 leo Gallo sin

= 180 ms" v=f2 = 1 =

What is the period of the water? Ans. (0.29ms? | 0.21s)

T= ag = 0.21 sec. Now

. At one end of a ripple tank 80 cm across, a 5 Hz vibrator produces

station at 90 MHz? Where 1M = 10®, and speed of radio wave is

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