JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA

MITAULI -LAKHIMPUR KHERI

CHEMISTRY PROJECT
AIM: TO STUDY & DEMONSTRATE

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY GASES

LIKE CO2, SO2, NO2.

SUBMITTED BY: PIYUSH VERMA

CLASS: XII ROLL NO.:

GUIDED BY: Mr. GORAKH NATH PAL

(PGTCHEMISTRY)

2019-2020

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 Index

 Certificate

 Acknowledgement

 Aim of project

 Introduction

 Theory

 EXPERIMENTs

 Conclusion

 bibliography

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 certificate
This is to certify that project work entitled ‘TO STUDY &

DEMONSTRATE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY

GASES LIKE CO2, SO2, NO2.’ is submitted by

Ms. PIYUSH VERMA of class XII is an original piece of

work done by him in Chemistry laboratory of JAWAHAR

NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA MITAULI, LAKHIMPUR-

KHERI during the session of 2019-2020 under guidance

of Mr. G.N.PAL.

External examiner Internal examiner

Date :

Head of institution School stamp

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Acknowledgement

I would like to sincerely and profusely thank my

chemistry teacher Mr. GORAKH NATH PAL, for his able

guidance and support in completing my project.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to the principal

for providing me with all the facility that was required.

Last but not the least I would extend my gratitude

towards all teaching and non teaching staff of JAWAHAR

NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA and towards my friends who has

supported me to complete this project.

PIYUSH VERMA

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 Aim

To study and demonstrate

atmospheric pollution by

gases like CO2 , SO2, NO2.

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 Introduction

Carbon dioxide occurs naturally in the atmosphere. It is an

essential ingredient in photosynthesis, the process by which

plants make food and energy. Levels of atmospheric carbon

dioxide have increased since the Industrial Revolution. The

primary causes are deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels

such as coal. As carbon dioxide levels have risen, so have its

effects on air pollution. Carbon dioxide accounts for less than 1

percent of the atmospheric gases. However, a delicate balance

exists between carbon dioxide and other gases. The concern over

carbon dioxide is the significant change over a relatively short

period of time.

I. Greenhouse Effect
Carbon dioxide contributes to air pollution in its role in
the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide traps radiation at
ground level, creating ground-level ozone. This
atmospheric layer prevents the earth from cooling at

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 night. One result is a warming of ocean waters. Oceans
absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However,
higher water temperatures compromise the oceans' ability
to absorb carbon dioxide. Over time, the effects of carbon
dioxide are compounded.
II. Climate Change
Another environmental effect of carbon dioxide on air
pollution is climate change. The earth's surface
temperature has risen over the last 100 years, according
to studies done by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA). Scientists believe carbon dioxide
pollution is the primary culprit. The effects are highly
complex. Evidence shows, however, that ocean water
levels have increased, resulting in a loss of shoreline and
coastal wetlands.

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 theory
Guidelines to prepare the solution of the chemicals
requirement for micro scale experiments in environmental
chemistry.
1) Bromocresol green indicator (BCG)0.03% solution:
Dissolve 0.03% of Bromocresol Green Indicator in 100ml
of distilled water taken in a clean150ml beaker and odd
dilute (approx0.01N) NaOH solution in very small
drops(use dropper with fine tip) while stirring with a glass
rod until the colour of the indicator solution is just green. If
by chance excess of NaOH is added, the indicator
solution will turn blue. In such cases add 2M H2SO4
solution in very small drops while stirring until the indicator
solution is just green.
2) Vinegar or 5% acetic acid: One may use
commercially available vinegar directly or take 5ml of
glacial acetic acid and 95 ml of distilled water so as to
make the total volume 100ml.Baking soda NaHCO3
or any other soluble carbonate (powder or its
saturated aqueous solution)”.
3) Saturated solution of lime water: add some quantity
(say5g) of lime i.e. calcium oxide CaO to about 100ml
of distilled water. Stir with a glass rod for about two
minutes. Cover with a watch glass and allow to stand
at least for an hour. Filter of supernatant solution
through an ordinary people. Use the clear filtrate as
lime water within a week.

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 4) 0.5 M solution sulphite Na2SO3 solution: Dissolve
7.96g (approx 8g) of Na2SO3 in distilled water and
make the volume up to 100ml.
5) 2M Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Solution: Take some
distilled water in a beaker. Add slowly along the sides
of the beaker while stirring 11.24ml approx 11.5ml of
conc.H2SO4 and dilute with water upto 100ml.

6) 2M ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) Solutuon:

Take some distilled water in a conical flask; add 13.51ml
approx
(14ml) of conc.ammonia solution and dilute to100ml.
7) 0.5 Potassium nitrate KNO2 Solution: Dissolve 4.26g
of KNO2 in distilled water and make volume up to
100ml.
8) 2%starch solution:
Weigh 2g of soluble starch and make a paste with
some water meanwhile heat about 100ml of distilled
water. Add this paste slowly while stirring to the hot
water. Boil for while to give clear starch solution. Add
166g of KI to the starch solution and stir to dissolve.
Starch-KI solution is to prepared fresh before use.
9) 0.5 Barium chloride BaCl2 solution: Dissolve 12.2g
BaCL2 in distilled water and make a volume up to
100ml.
10) 3% Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 solution:
Normally 6%H2O2 solution is available in a drug store.
Double the volume with distilled water to give
3%Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 solution.
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 EXPERIMENT 1
REDOX PROPERTIES OF NO2 (g)

Aim: to generate NO2 (g) and study its redox

properties.

Material:

1. 0.5M KNO3 (4.26g KNO3/100ml sol.)

2. 2M H2O (1.24ml conc. H2SO4/100ml)

3. 2% starch /0.01M KI sol.

4. Bromocresol green (BCG) indicator (0.03% by

wt.)

5. 2M NH4OH (13.51ml) conc. NH4OH /100ml

sol.)

6. 0.5M Na2SO3 (7.96g Na2SO3/100ml sol.)

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 7. Petri-dish, Pasteur pipetts with fine tip. Wash

bottle

8. White paper grid, mini paper towels etc.

BCG indicator
BCG indicator

KNO2
KNO2

Starch/KI starch
starch
Starch/KI

KI

BEFORE AFTER

Procedure:

1. Place a clean and dry petri dish onto the white paper grid.

2. Place drops of BCG indicator and starch in the dish as

shown in diagram.

3. To generate NO2(g), place a drop of KNO2 Solution. At the

center of the dish grid add 2 drops of H2SO4 and quickly

change lid. Observe the change in colour.

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4. After the indicator drops turn yellow and the starch /KI

solution blue, terminate the experiment by adding 2 drops

each of NH4OH and NaSO3. Flood the dish with water pour

out the contents, rinse and dry using towels.

Discussion: Generation of NO2 (g) in petri-dish

KNO2 (aq) +H2SO4 (aq) K2SO4 (aq)+2HNO2 (aq)

2HNO2 (aq) H2O (l) +NO (g) colourless + NO2 (g)

2NO (g) +O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) brown

N2 (g) oxidizes I of starch KI to I2 which then reacts with to

produce blue colour.

2NO2 (g) + 2[I](aq) NO2 (aq) + I2(g)

In starch colourless in starch deep blue

. colour

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 EXPERIMENT :2

OXIDATION OF SO2(g)

AIM: OXIDATION OF SO2(g) TO SO3(g) BY H2O2,

FORMATION OF H2SO4(g) IN CLOUD WATER.

Material required

1. 0.5 Na2SO3 (7.96g of Na2SO3/100ml sol.)

2. 2M H2SO4 (11.24ml conc. H2SO4/100ml sol.)

3. Bromocresol green (BCG) indicator (0.03% by

wt.)

4. 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

5. 0.5M BaCl2 (12.2g BaCl2/100ml solution)

6. Petri-dish, Pasteur pipetts with fine tip. Wash

bottle

7. White paper grid, mini paper towels etc.

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 BCG Indicator
BCG indicator
Clear

BaCl2

+H2O2
BaCl2

Na2SO3
Na2SO3
+ H2SO4

BEFORE AFTER

Procedure:

1. Place a clean and dry petri dish onto the white

paper grid.

2. At the position indicated in the above figure drop

2 drops of Na2SO3 and 1 drop of BaCl2 +H2O2 with

one drop of BCG indicator.

3. Put one drop of H2O2 on the top of petri dish.

Turn it over carefully without sliding the drop

and place it aside for the moment.

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 4. To generate SO2 (g) add 2 drops of H2O2 to

Na2SO3. Replace the lid quickly and observe the

colour change in the BCG Drop.

5. Leave this reaction for about 3 to 5 minutes and

then observe over black background. White ppt.

or turbidity appears in the BaCl2 drop.

6. After 5 minutes remove the lid and observe over

black background White ppt. or turbidity appears

in the H2O2 drop.

7. Terminate the experiment by adding water to the

dish. Pour on the contents rinse with water and

using paper towel.

Discussion: in this experiment, reactions are taking in

gas phase and in solution phase within the mini

environment of the petri dish.

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1. For generation of SO3 (g) see experiment 2.

2. Oxidation of SO2 to SO3 by H2O2(g)

SO2 (g) + H2O2 (g) SO3 (g) +H2O (g)

3. Formation and detection of H2SO4 (aq). The

formation of SO3 (g) and hence H2SO4 (aq) is shown

by appearance of white ppt. or turbidity due to

formation of insoluble BaSO4(S) in the BaCl2 (aq)

drop the H2O2 drop on the underside of the lid.

H2O (l) in BaCl2 (aq) +SO3 H2SO4 (aq) in BaCl2

solution

BaCl2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) BaSO4(s) +2HCl (aq)

white ppt.

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 EXPERIMENT 6

Generation of SO3 and NO(X)(g) formation & detection.

Purpose: To generate SO3 (g) and NOX (g) and

investigate their gas phase and solution phase reaction.

Material:

1. 0.5 M Na2SO3(7.96g Na2SO3 / 100ml solution)

2. 0.5 M KNO3(4.26g KNO3/ 100ml solution)

3. 2M H2SO4(11.24 ml conc. H2SO4/ 100ml solution)

4. Bromocresol green

5. 2% starch solution

6. 0.5 m BaCl2 (12.2g BaCl2/ 100ml solution)

7. Petri-dish, Pasteur pipetts with fine tip. Wash

bottle

8. White paper grid, mini paper towels etc.

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Procedure:

1. Place a clean and dry petri dish into the white

paper grid.

2. At the positions indicated drop the following

solution:

a. 2 drops of Na2SO3

b. 2 drops of KNO3

c. drops of BaCl2

d. drops of KI

e. drops of BCG indicator

3. To generate NOX and SO2 add 2 drops of H2SO4.

First to Na2SO3 and then to KNO3. Replace the lid

quickly and observe the colour change in BCG and

KI drops.

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 4. Leave this reaction for about 5 minutes then

observe over black background white ppt. in the

center.

KI/ Starch
Na2SO3

BaCl2

Na2SO3

KNO2

BEFORE AFTER

BCG indicator

5. Terminate the experiment by adding water to the

dish. Pour out the water and dry using paper/

towel.

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 CONCLUSION:

In this experiment a number of reactions are taking

place both in the gas phase and solution phase within the

mini environment of petri dish.

1. Generation of SO2(experiment 2)

2. Generation of NOX(experiment 3)

3. Oxidation of SO2 to SO3 by NO2

SO2+ NO2 SO3+NO all in gas phase

The oxidizing power of NO2(G) is indicated by the

appearance of blue colour in the starch KI drop

formation and detection of H2SO4(aq).

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 Bibliography
1. Chemistry NCERT Book

2. Google

3. Google images

4. Wikipedia

5. Chemistry lab manual

(Saraswati Prakashan)

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