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REAOEEE033
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Bonafide Certificate
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “A Possible Configuration with Motor-
generator Pair for Renewable Energy Integration”, is a bonafide record of work carried
out by SUAAD MOHAMMED IQUBAL (REAOEEE033) of Eighth Semester Electrical
and Electronics Engineering (2014 admissions) of Royal College of Engineering and Tech-
nology, as a requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Eletrical
and Electronics Engineering of University of Calicut during the academic year 2017-
2018. The seminar has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect
of seminar work prescribed for the said degree.
Date:
Place:
Dedicated to my parents
A Possible Configuration with Motor-generator Pair for Renewable Energy Integration
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every success stands as a testimony not only to the hardship but also to hearts behind it.
Likewise, the seminar has been completed with direct and indirect help of many people and
i would like to acknowledge the same.
First and foremost i take immense pleasure in thanking the Management and respected
Principal, Dr. S. P. Subramanian for providing me with the wider facilities.I express my
sincere thanks to Ms. Amrutha Chemmannur Head of the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering for giving me an opportunity to present this seminar and for timely
suggestions.
I wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to the Seminar coordinators Ms Able
Alex and Ms. Neethu K.S Asst. Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engi-
neering, who coordinated me in right path.Words are inadequate in offering my thanks to
Seminar Guide Ms. Rehana A.M Asst. Professor Department of Electrical and Electron-
ics Engineering, for her encouragement and guidance in carrying out the seminar.
Needless to mention that the teaching and the non-teaching faculty members had been
the source of inspiration and timely support in the conduct of my seminar.I would like to
express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved parents for their blessings, my class-mates for
their help and wishes for the successful completion of seminar.
Above all I would like to thank the Almighty God for the blessing that helped me to
complete the venture smoothly.
ABSTRACT
High penetration rates of renewable energy will bring stability problems for the future
power grid. One of the critical issues is lack of inertia. In this paper, a synchronous
motor-generator pair (MGP) system is proposed as a possible solution for renewable en-
ergy integration to enhance inertia and improve grid stability. First, feasibility studies of
MGP on inertia, damping, efciency, and cost are presented. Second, an analytical model
is established based on its rotor angle relation. An active power control scheme based on
voltage phase difference between renewable energy source and grid is then proposed, and
state equations of MGP are derived for small signal stability. Next, two experiments are de-
signed and implemented to verify stable operation and active power regulation of the MGP
system. A single-machine innite bus system is tested to investigate small signal stability
and frequency response of MGP. The results show that the MGP system has a solid base
in physics and is a feasible solution for providing enough inertia and improving small sig-
nal performance in the power grid with high penetration of renewable energy. The paper
concludes with a discussion on future research directions to gain a better understanding of
MGP.
Contents
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF FIGURES v
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Report Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Hardware 8
3.1 Rotor Angle Relation of MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Active Power Control of MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Model of Small Signal Stability of MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6 CONCLUSION 20
List of Figures
2.1 Structure of MGP and the grid-connection way for renewable energy . . . . 4
2.2 Conguration of high penetration renewable energy grid system based on MGP. 5
2.3 Grid-connection ways for a wind farm using MGPs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Energy conversion of traditional thermal power unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 Energy conversion of MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The penetration rate of renewable energy is generally dened as the ratio of active
power actually generated by renewable energy to total load demand. Increasing the pene-
tration rate fundamentally changes the conguration of the power grid. This will impact the
power system in the future and will present a signicant challenge in terms of its stability.
The synchronous generator plays a critical role in the stability of the traditional
power grid because inherent inertia is provided by its rotor to support frequency response,
and damping control is achieved by its excitation system to restrain oscillation in dynamic
processes of the power system. These advantages are fundamental to maintaining fre-
quency,rotor angle, and voltage stability. However, synchronous generators in the future
will be gradually replaced by renewable energy sources, leading to lack of inertia and syn-
chronization, which is negative to stable operation. In the case of wind power, the rotor
speed of the induction generator is coupled with grid frequency, but it only has limited and
slow inertia response. Similarly, the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)
connected to the grid via a converter in wind generation is completely decoupled from grid
frequency, and the inertia response is almost zero. Lastly, the stator of doubly fed induc-
tion generator (DFIG) is directly connected to the grid, but it can only provide very limited
inertia response through specic control strategies. These examples demonstrate the specic
problems related to wind; for other renewable energies that do not use rotary machineries,
such as photovoltaics, the inertia response is not relevant.
Research to date has focused on two main aspects:analyzing the inuence factors
and action mechanisms, and studying the control schemes to enhance stability. Some stud-
ies show that there is still a degree of uncertainty as to whether renewable energy sources
have positive or negative effects on stability. Other studies state many factors that can lead
to all kinds of stability problems, including type of wind turbines, location, penetration
Since synchronous generators and synchronization are critical to stability, this pa-
per proposes a synchronous motorgenerator pair (MGP) system as a new method to connect
renewable energy to the grid. This method will not only enhance the stability of the sys-
tem, but represents a new conguration for the future power system with high penetration of
renewable energy.
Chapter 2
This section provides an introduces the MGP structure and presents a possible
future grid conguration based on MGP systems. Then inertia and damping level of MGP is
investigated, as well as its efciency and cost issues.
Figure 2.1: Structure of MGP and the grid-connection way for renewable energy
Figure 2.2: Conguration of high penetration renewable energy grid system based on MGP.
In Fig. 2.3, some wind turbines converge to drive MGP as a unit. The number
of units and rated power of each unit depend on operation stability, scale of wind farms,
electric machine design, etc. For all types of renewable energy in a power system, shown
in Fig. 2.3, the proportion of the two gridconnection ways needs to be optimized in terms
of a number of factors, such as inertia level, reliability, and cost.
It can be seen from Fig. 2.3 that with MGP, the future renewable energy power
system looks quite similar to today’s grid dominated by synchronous generators. In this
Comparing Table I with Table II, we nd that the total moment of inertia and damp-
ing torque coefcient of the thermal power unit are 22,713.22 kg·m2 and 2270.06 N·m·s/rad
while the MGP is capable of reaching 14,988.34 kg·m2 and 1498 N·m·s/rad, respectively,
accounting for more than 65 percent of the former.
The preliminary estimation shows that the inertia and damping level of MGP are
considerable for renewable energy. It is worth mentioning that the inertia of MGP is real
compared with the virtual one achieved by the converter control.
rating. For a traditional power plant, which burns coal to provide thermal energy for steam
turbines, as shown in Fig. 2.4, the combustion stability of the boiler decreases signicantly,
which is a main limitation for it to achieve depth peak load cycling. On the other hand,
the MGP follows the conversion mode of electrical to mechanical energy and then back
to electrical energy, as depicted in Fig. 2.5. This means the total efciency and cost will
improve because the energy conversion from wind to electricity is not affected by a derated
operation.
Fig. 2.3 indicates that it is not necessary for all renewable energies to be connected
to the grid by MGP. Moreover, synchronous machines can be acquired from replaced and
retired power plants to avoid re-investments. Another merit is that both sides of the MGP
can compensate for reactive power instead of some existing compensation equipment.
Preliminary analysis concludes that MGP has high efciency and its costs will not
increase too much.
Chapter 3
Hardware
It can be seen from Fig. 3.1 that the internal voltages ˜ EM and ˜ EG rotate at
the same speed and in the same direction under steady state operation. M and G are rotor
angles of motor and generator. uMG is the phase difference between two stator voltages, ˜
UM and ˜ UG. The relation between two rotor angles can be expressed as
The rotor angle relation will help to better understand other characteristics of MGP.
The relation depicted in Fig. 3.2 shows the change of rotor angles when active
power increases. Here, M and G will rst increase and then reach steady state. It is equivalent
to changing the phase of ˜ UM if ˜ UG is chosen as reference, which is also equivalent to
changing uMG.
To better understand the physical principles of the MGP and design a detailed
control method, the stator ux linkage equations and electromagnetic torque equation of
synchronous motor are as follows. All quantities involved are expressed in per unit under
d-q reference frame.
where Md and Mq are d-axis and q-axis components of the stator ux linkage; LMd
and LMq are components of the stator inductance; iMd and iMq are components of the
stator current; LMad and LMaq are components of the mutual inductance between stator
and rotor windings; iMfd is the eld circuit current; iMkd and iMkq are components of the
amortisseur circuit current; TMe is the electromagnetic torque of synchronous motor.
where Mgd and Mgq are d-axis and q-axis components of the air-gap ux linkage.
iMd and iMq can be obtained from (5), so the electromagnetic torque can be ex-
pressed as
2) Though MGP has two synchronous machines, they are coupled by one mechan-
ical shafting. There is a linear relationship between the two rotor angles if the input power
of MGP (electromagnetic torque of synchronous motor) is constant.
The equations of motion of two synchronous machines in per unit are described as
The speed of the two synchronous machines is equal because of one shaft. The
same capacity and structure ensures that the inertia constant and damping torque coefcients
are also the same. By adding (9) to (10), the linearized state equations of MGP represented
by and G can be written as
It can be seen from above analysis that MGP provides a conguration for the power
grid with high penetration of renewable energy, in which synchronous machines are still
core elements. Most operation theories can be used, which brings convenience for stability
control.
Chapter 4
The DC motor drives the MGP system to reach rated speed and will be cut out of
service after the synchronous motor is connected to the grid. The load is then connected
to the synchronous generator at which time its terminal voltage is regulated to rated value.
The active power transmitted from the grid to the load via MGP is shown in Fig. 4.3.
In Fig. 4.3, the blue line indicates active power of the synchronous motor absorbed
from the grid; the red line indicates active power of the generator consumed by the load.
We see that MGP can realize stable power transmission under constant load. When the
load resistance is reduced, both active power of the motor and the generator go up nearly in
parallel, which means that the loss of MGP is close to constant and the increased power of
the motor is almost 100% transmitted to the load.
First, the synchronous motor is connected to the inverter (the source). In this step,
it rotates in rated speed. Then, the eld voltage is regulated and the MGP is connected to the
programmable grid simulator (the grid). The stator voltages of the MGP, ˜ UM and ˜ UG,
respectively, represent output voltage of renewable energy source and power grid. So, the
phase of output voltage of the inverter (the phase of ˜ UM) is equal to the phase difference
between the renewable energy source and the grid because the phase of ˜ UG is xed by the
programmable grid simulator as a reference. Finally, the voltage phase of the inverter is
gradually regulated and the active power goes through the MGP, as shown in Fig. 4.5.
Figure 4.5: Active power curve when regulating the phase angle between renewable energy
source and the grid.
Chapter 5
First, small signal stability is tested and the dominant eigenvalues and damping
ratios are calculated in Table IV. The movement of dominant eigenvalues and comparison
of damping ratios are presented in Fig. 5.2 and Fig. 5.3, respectively.
In Fig. 5.2, for the wind farm connected to the grid in a traditional way (without
MGP), the dominant eigenvalues gradually move to an imaginary axis with an increased
penetration rate. The damping ratio also decreases and has a bigger drop when the pen-
etration rate is high. After using MGP, the dominant eigenvalues at different penetration
rates all move to the left and the damping ratio increases, as shown in Fig. 5.3. The gure
clearly indicates that MGP can effectively improve small signal stability especially at higher
penetration rates.
The frequency immediately declines because of imbalance between load and gen-
eration. With increased penetration rates, the initial rate of change of frequency becomes
higher and higher because the inertia decreases. The frequency nadir is about 0.974 p.u.
when penetration rate is 75%. After using MGP, the rate of change of frequency is obviously
improved in every penetration rate, and the frequency nadir is raised to 0.985p.u.,which is
Chapter 6
CONCLUSION
This paper proposes the MGP system based synchronous machines to provide a
possible future power grid solution with high penetration of renewable energy and to en-
hance its stability. First, inertia and damping level, and efciency and cost of the MGP
are discussed. Then, rotor angle relation, active power regulation, small signal stability,
and frequency response are analyzed and veried through experiments and simulation. The
preliminary conclusions are as follows:
1) MGP is feasible in principle due to its solid physics base to operate in steady
state with load and grid-connection.
2) MGP can make a signicant contribution to the stability of the grid. Its inertia
and damping level, which actually exists, is about 65% of thermal power unit under the
same capacity. It can effectively provide inertia for frequency response and improve small
signal stability.
4) MGP has some other distinct merits. A power grid dominated by synchronous
machines makes it reliable and more capable of supporting higher short circuit current and
voltage control.
MGP is a possible technical solution for the stability of renewable energy power
systems with high penetration levels. Further studies will focus on, for example, stable
operation and feedback control strategies of MGP to deal with random of renewable en-
ergy, quantitative cost estimation compared with other solutions, capacity optimization for
renewable energy using MGP to achieve grid-connection, excitation system and reactive
power control for both sides, coordination control of MGPs, and models and analysis of
small signal and transient stability for large grid and a range of different cases.
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