International Journal of Computer Science and Control Engineering

2016; 4(2): 6-13

http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/csce

Computer Security: A Literature Review and

Classification
Rufai Yusuf Zakari*, Najib Abdulraza
Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, India

Email address
rufaig6@gmail.com (R. Y. Zakari), najibabdulrazak15@gmail.com (N. Abdulraza)
*
Corresponding author

To cite this article

Rufai Yusuf Zakari, Najib Abdulraza. Computer Security: A Literature Review and Classification. International Journal of Computer
Science and Control Engineering. Vol. 4, No. 2, 2016, pp. 6-13.

Received: November 8, 2015; Accepted: November 18, 2015; Published: June 24, 2016

Abstract
Nowadays, numerous journals and conferences have published articles related to computer security, indicating many
researchers interest. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to review the works that were published in journals, a classification
topic of computer security, and explore each features of classification. This paper is based on literature review of computer
security from 2010 to 2012 using a keyword index and article title search. The classification is developed based on the broad
topics of computer security, database security and software security. The articles are recognized based on the classification
topic. This allows researcher’s to extract several lessons that are important for the implementation of computer security.

Keywords
Classification, Computer Security, Literature Review, Keyword, Articles

personal data and computer networks are essential but not

1. Introduction
Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT
security, is the protection of information systems from theft or
damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information
on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the
services they provide. [1] It includes controlling physical
access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that
may come via network access, data and code injection, [6] [3]
and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional,
accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from
secure procedures. Computer security covers all the processes
and mechanisms by which digital equipment, information and
services are protected from unintended or unauthorized access,
change or destruction and the process of applying security
measures to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
data both in transit and at rest.
Cyber security is the activity of protecting information and
information systems (networks, computers, data bases, data
centres and applications) with appropriate procedural and
technological security measures. Firewalls, antivirus
software, and other technological solutions for safeguarding
sufficient to ensure security. As our nation rapidly building
its Cyber-Infrastructure, it is equally important that we
educate our population to work properly with this
infrastructure. Cyber-Ethics, Cyber-Safety, and Cyber-
Security issues need to be integrated in the educational
process beginning at an early age. Security counter measures
help ensure the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of
information systems by preventing or mitigating asset losses
from Cyber security attacks. Recently cyber security has
emerged as an established discipline for computer systems
and infrastructures with a focus on protection of valuable
information stored on those systems from an adversaries who
want to obtain corrupt, damage, destroy or prohibit access to
it. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a program that
analyses what happens or has happened during an execution
and tries to find indications that the computer has been
misused. A wide range of metaphors was considered,
including those relating to: military and other types of
conflict, biological, health care, markets, three-dimensional
space, and physical asset protection. These in turn led to
consideration of a variety of possible approaches for
improving cyber security in the future.
7 Rufai Yusuf Zakari and Najib Abdulraza: Computer Security: A Literature Review and Classification

The aim of the research is to review the works that were
published in journal, a classification topics of computer
security. The objectives of the research are as follows:
1 To classify and summarize research relevant for
computer security.
2 To derive suggestions for computer security researchers
based on the literature review.
How can enormous data, information and knowledge
having different format be of suitable service to the user?
What are the designed patterns of computer security?
The literature search was based on the search of three
descriptors: network security, database security and software
security
2. Procedures
A total of 111 articles from 2000 to 2012 were obtained
and reviewed. Articles were found via computerized search
of the topic areas. The search was narrowed using computer
security. A detail illustration of methodology for extracting
articles is followed
2.2. Data Sources and Procedures to Extract
Articles
The papers were selected according to the procedures
shown in Fig.1. The data sources of this research were
secondary sources comprises of journal article on computer
securities from 2010-2012. The articles were selected as
follows: first of all the articles were searched using one
online database. Almost 200 journals were subjected to this
research. Only journals that have the words (s) “security” in
the title or in their abstracts were selected. Although this
research was not exhaustive, it serves as a better
understanding of computer security search. Many articles
were excluded because they did not have the word of
computer security in the titles and abstracts. Next, the articles
were carefully reviewed to select those that considered
computer security as the core part.one hundred and eleven
articles remained because the remaining articles did not meet
the second selection criteria.

2.1. The Selection Criteria

The selection criteria were used to select and accept the

security articles. If the papers did not meet the selection
criteria, then they were excluded. The three criteria are
described as follows:
1 The literature was based on a search in the descriptor
for ‘computer security’. Science direct online journal
database was selected to search computer security
literatures. Computer security articles are found in
comprehensive subjects such as computer science,
engineering, etc. Subjects of online database which are
summarized according to fields of context-aware
systems are shown in Table 1.
2 This paper surveys the articles published from 2000 to
2012. The reason for selecting this time period is that Fig. 1. The procedures to select the articles.
many journals and conferences have published
researches related to context-aware computing since 2.3. Method of Classifying of Computer
2000. Security
3 This paper covers only journal articles. Other For this research work, the classification developed here
publication forms (The conference proceedings, consists of following three categories: network security,
unpublished working papers, master’s and doctoral database security and software security. As depicted in Fig. 3
dissertations, newspapers and books, etc.) were not each category has a sub category of dividing the literatures.
included. Furthermore, LNCS (Lecture Notes of Network security involves firewall, VPN, IDS, access
Computer Science) is excluded, because of numerous control, authentication, audits or security assessments and
articles having contents of computer science. The encryption as shown in Fig. 3 database security is classified
reason for choosing the journal is that both practitioners as:
and academicians use journals frequently to obtain
knowledge and spread their study findings. Thus,
journal articles indicate the highest level of research.

Table 1. The online database and subjects.

Online Database Subjects

Computer science
Engineering
Information management Fig. 2. Common topics of computer security.
 International Journal of Computer Science and Control Engineering 2016; 4(2): 6-13
3. Classification Method
The classification, shown in fig 3, was based on the
literature review, the nature of computer security research.
The articles were classified based on three categories based
on the search descriptors: software security, network security
and database security. Below is the result of the
classification.
3.1. The General Classification of the
Articles
This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data. The data obtained and presented here
was from analysis of more than 200 journals from science
online database within period of 2010-2012. A content
Fig. 3. Classification of topics in computer security.
Fig. 4. Classification of articles by publication year.
3.3. Classification of Articles by Journals
The article by online database is categorized in Table 4.
There are a total of 111 articles from online database. Most of
them were related to computer science, engineering
information technology management. In Table 2, specifies
journals articles that publish two or more computer security
8
analysis was conducted on a sample of journal selected.
Many articles were excluded because they do not have the
word of computer security in there abstract. Only one
hundred and eleven (111) meet the selection criteria.
3.2. Classification of Articles by Publication
Year
The number of articles by publication year is depicted in
Fig. 3. Numerous computer security articles have grown
considerably since 2000. The number of articles in 2012 have
becomes almost 3 times more than the number of articles in
2000. The number of articles from 2011 to 2012 had been
increased continuously, and the number of articles from 2010
to 2011 has been almost the same. It is absolute that the
computer security was increased and will be continued.
and the other that publish only one article or no more than
three related to computer security are omitted. Computer and
security is closely connected to computer security, therefore
journals which published articles relevant to computer
security.as table 4.1 shows computer and security published
the most articles on computer security (13 articles, 12%).
network security and computer communication published 10
articles (9%) and 8 articles (7%) respectively. Distribution of
article according to the journal shown that various journals
have published articles relevant to computer security
Table 2. Classification of articles based on the journal.
Journal articles Number of articles
Network security 10
Computer and security 13
Network and computer application 8
Computer network 8
Computer and communication 7
System and software 3
Computer and mathematics with
3
application
Information sciences 56
Others 111
9 Rufai Yusuf Zakari and Najib Abdulraza: Computer Security: A Literature Review and Classification

3.4. Classification of Article by Subject Table 4. References of network security.

The article by journal are categorized in table 3, the above Classification criteria References
table shows the number of articles , percentage of subject, Network security
and percentage of all subject, while tables 4, 5 and 6 Authentication biometric [26], [44], [45]
represent all references of computer security articles. The PKI [19][5][3]
network security has the highest percentage of computer
VPN [71]
security articles (80 articles 72%) in network security the
[18], [51], [49], [14], [53], [101],
categories are divided into six (6) subjects. Most of the smart card
[80]
articles are related to intrusion detection (29 articles), access encryption [61], [33], [47]
control (14 articles) and authentication’’ (articles). [99], [73], [11], [67], [91], [33],
Authentication is divided into 6 categories namely smart card Access control
[102], [22], [12], [24], [31]
(10 articles), biometric (3 articles), V.P.N (1 articles), P.K.I Firewall [30], [60], [27], [75],
(7 articles), encryption (6 articles), firewall (10 articles) [15], [55], [35], [67], [22], [65], [4],
The second highest percentage of computer Security [43], [58],[33], [47]
IDS
articles is software security (19 articles, 10.8%), which has [8], [6], [50], [16], [79], [28], [42],
four categories. The touch point (5 articles) are composed of [23], [20], [37], [56],
architecture analysis (3 articles)
Table 5. References of software security.
Table 3. Classification of articles by subjects.
Classification criteria References
Classification Number Percentage of Percentage of all Software Security
criteria of articles subjects (%) subjects (%)
Touchpoints architecture analysis [104], [62], [107], [105], [46]
Network security 80 100 72.0
Intrusion Code review [54]
29 32.3 26.1
detection Security testing [72], [106]
Access control 14 17.5 12.6
Intelligence
Firewall 10 12.7 9.0
Encryption 6 7.5 5.4 Attack models [9],
Authentication 21 26.3 18.9 Security features & design [109]
Biometric 3 3.8 2.7 Requirement practices [21], [57]
Smart card 10 12.5 9.0
Deployment
P.K.I 7 8.8 6.3
Configuration management and [40], [88]
V.P.N 1 1.3 0.9
vulnerability
Database security 12 100 10.8
Software environment [109], [1],[3]
Auditing 2 16.7 1.8
Multilevel 2 16.7 1.8 Penetration testing [109]
Inference 2 16.7 1.8
Database Table 6. References of database security.
1 8.3 0.9
vulnerability
Access control 5 41.7 4.5 Classification criteria References
Software security 19 100 17.1 Database security Access control [38], [39], [73], [19]
Touchpoint 8 42.1 7.2 Database inference [71], [4]
Code review 5 5.3 0.9
Auditing [7], [87]
Security 2 10.5 1.8
Architecture Database vulnerability [95]
5 26.3 4.5
analysis Multilevel security [6]
Intelligence 5 26.3 4.5
Attack models 2 10.5 1.8 In the below network security has the highest percentage of
Security features
1 5.3 0.9 computer security articles, in which the most explored subject
& design
Requirement is the intrusion detection. This represents that the computer
2 10.5 1.8 securities studies are in develop stage and much research have
practices
Deployment 6 31.6 5.4 been conducted in this area. The fewest of computer security
Penetration articles are related to database security. Fig 5 shows the
2 10.5 1.8
testing number of articles by year and classification frame work.
Software
environment
3 15.9 2.7 Article of network security have increased in 2010 but
Configuration decrease in 2012; in 2010 article of software security have the
1 5.3 0.9
management highest number of articles but the articles reduced in 2011, and
Total 111 100 increase in 2012; database security have the least number of
articles which increase in 2012 from 2011
 International Journal of Computer Science and Control Engineering 2016; 4(2): 6-13
Fig. 5. Distribution of articles number by year and classification framework.
4. Conclusions
The review was organized according to the classification
developed with the purpose of providing a comprehensive
overview of research on computer security. In this paper, we
reviewed the literatures for the concept and applications, and
examined them using dimensions related to ongoing and
emerging issues in computer security. This paper is based on
a literature review of computer security from 2000 to 2012
using a keyword Index and article title search. Overall, we
found that the activity related with computer security seems
to increase dramatically. It provides sufficient literature for
the researchers on the use of computer security, and hope that
it will motivate the researchers and practitioners to examine
computer security issues and its applications.
Recommendation
The immediate future of computer security application and
services may increasingly lie in everyday life. Therefore,
possible feature research gender may include answer to the
above questions.
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