Unstable Angina

Unstable angina or sometimes referred to as acute coronary syndrome causes unexpected chest pain,
and usually occurs while resting. The most common cause is reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
because the coronary arteries are narrowed by fatty buildups (atherosclerosis) which can rupture
causing injury to the coronary blood vessel resulting in blood clotting which blocks the flow of blood to
the heart muscle.

Unstable angina should be treated as an emergency. If you have new, worsening or persistent chest
discomfort, you need to go to the ER. You could be having a heart attack which puts you at increased risk
for severe cardiac arrhythmias or cardiac arrest, which could lead to sudden death. Learn about an
unstable form of angina called Prinzmetal angina.

Causes of Unstable Angina:

Blood clots that block an artery partially or totally are what causes unstable angina. Blood clots may
form, partially dissolve, and later form again and angina can occur each time a clot blocks blood flow in
an artery. Learn more about excessive blood clotting.

Symptoms of Unstable Angina

The pain or discomfort:

Often occurs while you may be resting, sleeping, or with little physical exertion

Comes as a surprise

May last longer than stable angina

Rest or medicine usually do not help relieve it

May get worse over time

Can lead to a heart attack

Treatment for Unstable Angina

First, your healthcare provider will need to find the blocked part or parts of the coronary arteries by
performing a cardiac catheterization. In this procedure, a catheter is guided through an artery in the arm
or leg and into the coronary arteries, then injected with a liquid dye through the catheter. High-speed X-
ray movies record the course of the dye as it flows through the arteries, and doctors can identify
blockages by tracing the flow. An evaluation of how well your heart is working also can be done during
cardiac catheterization. View an illustration of a cardiac catheterization(link opens in new window).

Next, based on the extent of the coronary artery blockage(s) your doctor will discuss with you the
following treatment options:

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be required to open a blocked coronary artery. Briefly,
this procedure involves undergoing cardiac catheterization followed by using a catheter with a small
inflatable balloon at the tip. View an illustration of a cardiac catheter(link opens in new window). The
balloon is inflated, squeezing open the fatty plaque deposit located on the inner lining of the coronary
artery. Then the balloon is deflated and the catheter is withdrawn. This procedure is often followed by
insertion of a stent to then keep the coronary artery vessel propped open to allow for improved blood
flow to the heart muscle.

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery may be indicated depending on the extent of coronary artery
blockages and medical history. In this procedure, a blood vessel is used to route blood around the
blocked part of the artery, forming a kind of detour.

Before any of these procedures, a doctor must find the blocked part or parts of the coronary arteries. He
or she will guide a catheter through an artery in the arm or leg and into the coronary arteries, then inject
a liquid dye through the catheter. High-speed X-ray movies record the course of the dye as it flows
through the arteries, and doctors can identify blockages by tracing the flow. An evaluation of how the
heart works also can be done during cardiac catheterization.