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Rishikesh Vaidya
Theoretical Particle Physics
Office: 3265
rishidilip@gmail.com
Physics Group, B I T S Pilani
September 4, 2010
Outline
2 Potential Energy
d2x dv
m = F(x) or m = F(x)
dt2 dt
Integrate with respect to x
Z xb Z xb
dv
m dx = F(x)dx
xa dt xa
Change variable from x to t using
differentials:
dx
dx = dt = vdt
dt
Equation of Motion in One Dimension
d2x dv
m = F(x) or m = F(x)
dt2 dt
Integrate with respect to x
Z xb Z tb
dv dv
m dx = m vdt
xa dt t dt
Z atb
d 1 2 1 2ta
=m v dt = mv
ta dt 2 2 tb
1 1
= mvb2 − mva2
2 2
Equation of Motion in One Dimension
d2x dv
m = F(x) or m = F(x)
dt2 dt
Work-Energy Theorem:
Z xb
1 2 1 2
mvb − mva = F(x)dx
2 2 xa
Equation of Motion in One Dimension
d2x dv
m = F(x) or m = F(x)
dt2 dt
Z l2
Z l2
1 h
2 2
i 2 2
W = m (l2 ω2 ) − (l1 ω1 ) ω2 l2 = ω1 l1
2
= K2 − K1
Prob. 4.7 A ring of mass M, hangs from a
thread, and two beads of mass m slide on
it without friction. The beads are released
simultaneously from the top of the ring
and slide down opposite side. Show that
the ring will start to rise if m > 3M/2, and
find the angle at which this occurs.
Forces are different for cosθ > 2/3 and
cos θ < 2/3
Forces are different for cosθ > 2/3 and
cos θ < 2/3
cos θ, N and T vs. θ (m = 2M)
N and T vs. θ: Magnified view
2N cos θ vs. θ
Accelaration of the ring vs. θ
Prob. 4.10
A block of mass M on a horizontal
frictionless table is connected to a spring
(spring constant k). The block is set in
motion so that it oscillates about its
equilibrium position with a certain
amplitude pA0. The period of motion is
T0 = 2π M/k.
Prob. 4.10
(a) A lump of sticky putty of mass m is
dropped onto the block. the putty
sticks without bouncing. The putty hits
M at the instant when the velocity of
M is zero. Find
1 The new period
2 The new amplitude
3 The change in mechanical energy of the
system
(b) Repeat part a, assuming that the sticky
putty hits M at the instant when M has
its maximum velocity.
Potential Energy
Z ~rb
~
F · d~r = func. of (~rb) − func. of (~ra)
~ra
Wba = −U(~rb) + U(~ra)
Wba = Kb − Ka [Work − energyTh.]
Wba = −Ub + Ua = Kb − Ka
Ua + Ka = Ub + Kb = E
What Does Potential Energy Tell us About Force?
Z xb
Ub − Ua = − F(x)dx
xa
U(x + ∆x) − U(x) = ∆U
Z x+∆x
∆U = − F(x)dx
x
∆U ≈ −F(x)(x + ∆x − x) = −F(x)∆x
∆U lim ∆x→0
F(x) ≈ − or F(x) = − dU
dx
∆x
Potential Energy Determins Stability of a System
Simple Pendulum:
dU
U(θ) = mgl(1 − cos θ) and dθ
= mgl sin θ
Potential Energy Determins Stability of a System
Simple Pendulum:
dU
U(θ) = mgl(1 − cos θ) and dθ
= mgl sin θ
Potential Energy Determins Stability of a System
~F=~ Fc + ~ Fnc
Z b
total
Wba = ~
F · d~r
Za b Z b
total
Wba = ~
Fc · d~r + ~
Fnc · d~r
a a
nc
Kb − Ka = −Ub + Ua + Wba
nc
Kb + Ub − (Ka + Ua) = Wba
nc
Eb − Ea = Wba
Power: Time rate of doing Work
dW d~r
P= =~
F· =~
F · ~v
dt dt
Units:
Boundary conditions:
√ F0 gπ
v(t = π/2ω) = 8 3 = −
mω 2ω
F0 gπ 2
x(t = π/2ω) = 1.5 ft = −
mω 2 8ω 2
Sol.4.19
−1 π
ω = 9.96s F0 = 832 lb t = = 0.16s
2ω
P(t) = F(t)v(t)
F0
F0 sin 2ωt − 2mgωt cos ωt
2mω | {z } | {z }
1 2
F20
P(t) ≈ sin 2ωt
2mω
dP
For Pmax. : =0
dt
dP F20
= cos 2ωt = 0
dt m
F20 π F20
Pmax. = P|t= π = sin 2ω =
4ω 2mω 4ω 2mω
Sol.4.19
Check:
2
d P −F20
= 2ω sin 2ωt <0
dt2 π m π
t= 4ω t= 4ω
Sol.4.19
Sol.4.19
Prob. 4.20 A uniform rope of
mass λ per unit length is
coiled on a smooth horizontal
table. One end is pulled
straight up with constant
speed v0. (a) Find the force
exerted on the end of the rope as a
function of height y. (b) Compare
the power delivered to the rope
with the rate of change of the
rope’s total mechanical energy.
Sol.4.20
dv dM
Fext. = M − vrel.
dt dt
dM
F − Mg = v0 [v = v0 vrel. = −v0 ]
dt
F = λyg + λv02
P = Fv0 = λygv0 + λv03
1 y 1 y2
E= mv02 + mg = λyv02 + λg
2 2 2 2
dE 1
= λv03 + λyv0 g
dt 2
dE 1
dt
is 2 λv03 short of P because that is the amount
dissipated as heat.
What do collisions teach us?
~
F = m~a is a double-edge sword
Collisions studies gave most profound
knowledge about fundamental Physics
Constraints from energy and
momentum conservation severe enough
to extract vital information about
scattering
LHC@CERN Geneva
Fermilab@Illinois USA
Classical Collisions
A+B→C+D
Mass is conserved:
mA + mB → mC + mD
Momentum is conserved:
pA + pB = pC + pD
K.E. may or may not be conserved
Classical Collisions
A+B→C+D
Types of Collisions
sticky: K.E. decreases
KA + KB > KC + KD
Explosive: K.E. increases
KA + KB < KC + KD
Elastic: K.E. is conserved
KA + KB = KC + KD
Prob. 4.23 A small ball of
mass m is placed on top of the
a “superball” of mass M, and
the two balls are dropped to
the floor from height h.How
high does the small ball rise
after the collision? Assume
that the collision is perfecly
elastic, and that m << M.
Sol. 4.23 Let v1 and v2 be the initial
velocities of m and M before collision and
v1′ and v2′ , after collision. In a two body
one dimensional collision:
(m − M)v1 + 2Mv2
v1′ =
m+M
(M − m)v2 + 2mv1
v2′ =
m+M
√ √
Here: v1 = − 2gh, v2 = 2gh, and
M >> m
Sol. 4.23
√
3M · 2gh p
v1′ = = 3 2gh
M
If m rises to height h′ after collision:
1 ′
m1v12 = m1gh′
2
′
v12
h′ = = 9h
2g
Problem 4.9 A “superball” of mass m bounces
back and forth between two surfaces with speed v0 .
Gravity is neglected and collisions are perfectly
elastic.
(a) Find the average force F on each wall.
(b) If one surface is moving uniformly toward the
other with speed V << v0 , the bounce rate will
increase due to shorter distance between
collisions, and because the ball’s speed increases
when it bounces from the moving surface. Find
the F in terms of separation of surfaces, x.
(c) Show that work needed to push the surface
from l to x equals gain in kinetic energy of the
ball.
Problem 4.29
Sol. 4.29
(a) Momentum transfer to wall in 1
bounce: m(2v0)
No. of bounce per unit time: v0/2l
v0 mv02
F = 2mv0 =
2l l
mv(x)2
(b) F(x) = x
dv(x)
Integrate a(x) = dt
to find v(x).
Sol. 4.29
(b) ∆v after each bounce ∆v = 2V
(Sling-shot effect)
This change happens in time ∆t = 2x/v
dv Vv
=
Z dt Zx t Z
v dv′ Vdt x dx′
= =−
v0 v′ 0 x l x′
2
v0l mv(x)2 ml v02
v(x) = ⇒F= =
x x x3
Sol. 4.29
(c) Work done in moving the surface:
Z Z
x
′ ′
2 x dx′
W=− F(x ) dx = −ml v02
l l x′3
2 " # 2
2
ml v0 1 1 ml v02 1 2
= 2
− 2
= 2
− mv0
2 x l
2x 2
1 1
= mv(x)2 − mv02
2 2
= Change in K.E. of ball
Sling-Shot (Gravity-Assist) and NASA’s Cassini
Collisions and Center of Mass Coordinates
How does it help?
Total momentum in C-system is zero
Initial and final velocities lie in the
same plane
Each particle is scattered through the
same angle θ in the plane of scattering.
For elastic collisions, the speed of each
particle is same before & after the
collision
Collisions and Center of Mass Coordinates
m1 & m2 having velocity
v1 & v2 .
m1 v1 + m2 v2
V=
m1 + m2
Collisions and Center of Mass Coordinates
v1c = v1 − V
m2
= (v1 − v2 )
m1 + m2
v2c = v2 − V
m1
=− (v1 − v2 )
m1 + m2
Collisions and Center of Mass Coordinates
The momenta in
C-system:
p1c = m1 v1c
m1 m2
= (v1 − v2 )
m1 + m2
= µv
p2c = −µv
0 = p1c + p2c
C-System Plane of Scattering
m1
V= v1
m1 + m2
v1c = v1 − V
m2
= v1
m1 + m2
v2c = −V
m1
=− v1
m1 + m2
If m2 is at rest
m1
V= v1
m1 + m2
v1c = v1 − V
m2
= v1
m1 + m2
v2c = −V
m1
=− v1
m1 + m2
Limitations on Lab scattering angle
λ=m 1
m2
= vV < 1
1c
θ : 0 → π θ1 : 0 → π
Limitations on Lab scattering angle
λ=m 1
m2
= vV = 1
1c
θ : 0 → π θ1 : 0 → π/2
Limitations on Lab scattering angle
λ=m 1
m2
= vV > 1
1c
θ : 0 → π θ1 : 0 → θ1max.
Look at solved example 4.19 to understand
limitations on laboratory scattering angle.
It will also help you solve problem 4.30