10 PG Chapters

MASS-TECH & JAIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM, JALGAON
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Mass-Tech has added many improvements to its manufacturing facilities and
expanded its product lines & Customer base, thus strengthening its plans slowly yet
steadily in a planned manner A quest for technology has resulted in bringing the global
technologies in association with FRONIUS (Austria) and CONVERTRONIC (Germany).
As per the philosophy of our principals we also believe, that "only those who reach the
top in their field, feels the responsibility that comes from being a leader”. We know how
much confidence is placed in our products and must never disappoint that confidence.
This is why it has been always our fore most goals to develop only the highest quality.
 Solution for Every Application
The range of DC system covers almost all applications viz. Switchgear protection,
Instrumentation & SCADA, Communication & Telecom, and Railways.
 Research and Development
They are always looking for updating of technologies with our products based on
the latest technology, in other words we develop today and what SMPS based rectifiers
needed tomorrow. The products under development are Battery Monitoring Systems, and
a microprocessor based alarm and monitoring unit adapting the web technologies.
 Quality Assurance
Mass-Tech is well aware that quality is the lifeblood of any enterprise. Quality is
emphasized from product design, manufacturing up-to supply and commissioning. Mass-
Tech follows ISO 9001-2000 guidelines & it's own quality system procedure manual and
design manual. The final equipment is rigorously tested before dispatches.
SSBT’s ,COET,Bambhori BE E&TC Page 1

CHAPTER 2
SWITCHGEAR
2.1 Definition of Switchgear
Switchgear is the combination of electrical disconnects switches, fuses or circuit
breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment
Fig. 2.1 Switchgear Panel
2.2 Role of Switchgear

a) Provides Electrical protection
b) Safe isolation from live part
c) Local or Remote Switching
2.3 Types of Switchgear

Following are the types of switchgear on the basis of Voltage Rating
1. Low voltage Switchgear up to 11KV
2. Medium voltage switchgear up to 66KV
3. High Voltage switchgear up to 400KV
4. Extra High Voltage switchgear up to 765KV
The most common use of LV Switchgear is in LV distribution board. This system
has the following parts incomer.

The incomer feeds incoming electrical power to the incomer bus. The switchgear used in
the income should have a main switching device.
The switchgear devices attached with incomer should be capable of withstanding.
Abnormal current for a short specific duration in order to allow downstream devices to
operate. Generally Air Circuit breakers are used as interrupting device.
2.3.1 FEEDERS
Different feeders are connected to the feeder bus to different load like, motor load
lightning load, industrial load, transformer cooling load, etc.
Fig. 2.3.2 Feeder

CHAPTER 3
LOW VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR
3.1 MAIN COMPONENTS OF SWITCHGEAR
1. Circuit breaker
2. Transformer
3. CT(for measuring current)
4. Relays
5. Control Circuit
6. Bus bar
3.1.1 Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect
an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit its basic function is
to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow.
Switchgear may be a simple open-air isolator switch or it may be insulated by some other
substance. An effective although more costly form of switchgear is the gas-insulated
switchgear (GIS), where the conductors and contacts are insulated by pressurized sulfur
hexafluoride gas (SF6). Other common types are oil or vacuum insulated switchgear.
The combination of equipment within the switchgear enclosure allows them to interrupt
fault currents of thousands of amps. A circuit breaker (within a switchgear enclosure) is
the primary component that interrupts fault currents. The quenching of the arc when the
circuit breaker pulls apart the contacts (disconnects the circuit) requires careful design.

Fig.3.1 Circuit Breaker
 Types of circuit breaker

According to different criteria there are different types of circuit breaker are available in
market.
Circuit
breaker
According to According to According to According to

quenching arc mechanism their services voltage level
Fig. 3.2 Classification of Circuit Breaker

 According to arc quenching media CB can be classified as
1) Oil circuit breaker - Oil circuit breaker is such type of circuit breaker which used oil as
a dielectric or insulating medium for arc extinction. In oil circuit breaker the contacts of
the breaker are made to separate within an insulating oil. When the fault occurs in the

system the contacts of the circuit breaker are open under the insulating oil, and an arc is
developed between them and the heat of the arc is evaporated in the surrounding oil.
2) SF6 circuit breaker - The sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is an electronegative gas and has
a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a
high pressure flow of sulphur hexafluoride gas and an arc is struck between them. The
gas captures the conducting free electrons in the arc to form relatively immobile negative
ions. This loss of conducting electrons in the arc quickly builds up enough insulation
strength to extinguish the arc
3) Vacuum circuit breaker - In vacuum circuit breakers, vacuum is used as the arc
quenching medium. Vacuum offers the highest insulating strength. So it has far superior
arc quenching properties than any other medium
 According to their mechanism CB can be classified as

1) Hydraulic circuit breaker- They do not depend on temperature as a tripping mechanism,
so they often find use where ambient temperatures are high. Their insensitivity to
temperature also makes them candidates for protecting low-current circuits, as with
sensitive coils, which would not generate much heat even in the case of a short. For
similar reasons, they need not cool down after a fault has cleared before they can reset.
 According to their Services CB can be classified as:
1) Indoor circuit breaker- indoor vacuum circuit breakers are suitable for switching of
short-circuit currents, overhead lines and cables under load and no load, transformers and
generators, motors, ripple control systems and capacitors - even in parallel.
SF6 circuit breakers do not generate operating overvoltages and are suitable for
retrofitting, upgrading, and enlarging older installations where the motor and cable
insulating materials may be particularly sensitive to dielectric stresses.
Indoor circuit breakers for secondary distribution are suitable for use in unmanned
MV/LV transformer substations without auxiliary power supply.
2) Outdoor circuit breaker- outdoor circuit breakers provides customers with the full range
of ANSI and IEC standard designs with the latest state of the art switching developments
for increased safety and reliability, including SF6 gas or vacuum interruption, magnetic
or spring mechanism, live tank or dead tank solutions commonly known as Dog House or
Kiosk design allowing grid optimization and smart grid applications.

 According to their voltage level of installation CB can be classified as:

1) High voltage circuit breaker- The power system deals with voltage above 36KV, is
referred as high voltage. As the voltage level is high the arcing produced during switching
operation is also very high. So, special care to be taken during designing of high voltage
switchgear. High voltage circuit breaker, is the main component of HV switchgear, hence
high voltage circuit breaker should have special features for safe and reliable operation.
Faulty tripping and switching operation of high voltage circuit are very rear. Most of the
time these circuit breakers remain, at ON condition, and may be operated after a long
period of time. So CBs must be reliable enough to ensure safe operation, as when
required. High voltage circuit breaker technology has changed radically in the last 15
years. Minimum oil circuit breaker, air blast circuit breaker and SF6 circuit breaker are
mostly used for high voltage switchgear.
3.1.1 Air Circuit Breaker

The type of circuit breaker, which operates in air (where air-blast as an arc quenching
medium) at atmospheric pressure, is known to be an Air Circuit Breaker. Air circuit
breaker has completely replaced by oil circuit breaker. In different countries, still it is a
preferable choice to use an Air circuit breaker up to 15KV because, there is no chance of
oil fire like in oil circuit breaker.
 Construction

Fig. 3.1.1 Air Circuit Breaker
 Principle of Operation of Air Circuit Breaker

The working principle of Air Circuit breaker is rather different from other
types of circuit breaker. The main aim of circuit breaker is to prevent reestablishment of
arcing after current zero where the contact gap will withstand the system recovery
voltage. It does it same work, but in a different manner. During interruption of arc, it
creates an arc voltage instead of supply voltage. Arc voltage is defined as the minimum
voltage required for maintaining arc .The circuit breaker increases the voltage in three
different ways.
Arc voltage can be increased by cooling arc plasma. As soon as the temperature
of arc plasma motion of particle in arc plasma is reduced, more voltage gradient will be
required to maintain the arc. By splitting the arc into a number of series will increases the
arc voltage. Arc voltage can be increased by lengthening the arc path. As soon length of
arc path is increased the resistance path will increase more arc voltage is applied across
the arc path hence arc voltage is increased.
It is operated within voltage level up to 1 KV. It contains two pairs of contact.
The main pair carries the current and the contact made of copper. An additional pair of
contact is made of carbon. When the breaker is opened, the main contact opens first.

During opening of the main contact, the arc contact remains in touch with each other. The
arcing gets initiated when arc contacts are separated. The circuit breaker is obsolete for
medium voltage
.
 Advantages of Air Circuit Beaker
 Air blast circuit breaker is a suitable option to use where frequent operation is required
because of lesser arc energy
 The risk of fire is eliminated in the operation of Air blast circuit breaker.
 Air blast circuit breaker is small in size, because of the growth of dielectric strength is so
rapid (which final contact gap needed for arc extinction is very small).
 Speed of circuit breaker is much higher during operation of the air blast.
 Arc quenching is much faster
 The duration of the arc is same for all values of current.
 Stability of operation can be maintained and depends on speed operation of circuit
breaker.
3.2 Current Transformer

A current transformer (CT) is a transformer that is used to produce
an alternating current (AC) in its secondary which is proportional to the AC current in its
primary. Current transformers, together with voltage transformers (VTs) or potential
transformers (PTs), which are designed for measurement, are known as instrument
transformers.
When a current is too high to measure directly or the voltage of the circuit is too
high, a current transformer can be used to provide an isolated lower current in its
secondary which is proportional to the current in the primary circuit. The induced
secondary current is then suitable for measuring instruments or processing in electronic
equipment. Current transformers also have little effect on the primary circuit. Often, in
electronic equipment, the isolation between the primary and secondary circuit is the
important characteristic.Current transformers are used in electronic equipment and are
widely used for metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry.

Fig. 3.2 Current Transformer
3.2.1 Function of CT
Like any transformer, a current transformer has a primary winding, a core and a
secondary winding, although some transformers, including current transformers, use an
air core. In principle, the only difference between a current transformer and a voltage
transformer (normal type) is that the former is fed with a 'constant' current while the latter
is fed with a 'constant' voltage, where 'constant' has the strict circuit theory meaning.
The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating magnetic field in the core,
which then induces an alternating current in the secondary. The primary circuit is largely
unaffected by the insertion of the CT. Accurate current transformers need close coupling
between the primary and secondary to ensure that the secondary current is proportional to
the primary current over a wide current range. The current in the secondary is the current
in the primary (assuming a single turn primary) divided by the number of turns of the
secondary. In the illustration on the right, 'I' is the current in the primary, 'B' is the
magnetic field, 'N' is the number of turns on the secondary, and 'A' is an AC ammeter.
Typically current transformers consist of a silicon steel ring core wound with many turns
of copper wire as shown in the right illustration. The conductor carrying the primary
current is then passed through the ring; the CT's primary therefore consists of a single
'turn'. The primary 'winding' may be a permanent part of the current transformer, with a
heavy copper bar to carry current through the core. Window-type current transformers
(aka zero sequence current transformers, or ZSCT) are also common, which can have

circuit cables run through the middle of an opening in the core to provide a single-turn
primary winding. To assist accuracy, the primary conductor should be central in aperture.
3.2.2 Safety
Current transformers are often used to monitor hazardously high currents or
currents at hazardously high voltages, so great care must be taken in the design and use of
CTs in these situations.
The secondary of a current transformer should not be disconnected from its burden
while current is in the primary, as the secondary will attempt to continue driving current
into an effective infinite impedance up to its insulation break-down voltage and thus
compromise operator safety. For certain current transformers this voltage may reach
several kilo-volts and may even cause arcing. Exceeding the secondary voltage may also
degrade the accuracy of the transformer or even destroy it. Energizing a current
transformer with an open circuit secondary is the complement of energizing a voltage
transformer (normal type) with a short circuit secondary. In the first case the secondary
tries to produce an infinite voltage and in the second case the secondary tries to produce
an infinite current. Both scenarios can be dangerous and damage the transformer.
3.2.3 Accuracy
The accuracy of a CT is affected by a number of factors including:
 Burden
 Burden class/saturation class
 Rating factor
 Load
 External electromagnetic fields
 Temperature
 Physical configuration
 The selected tap, for multi-ratio CTs
 Phase change
 Capacitive coupling between primary and secondary
 Resistance of primary and secondary
For the IEC standard, accuracy classes for various types of measurement are set out in
IEC 61869-1, Classes 0.1, 0.2s, 0.2, 0.5, 0.5s, 1 and 3. The class designation is an

approximate measure of the CT's accuracy. The ratio (primary to secondary current) error
of a Class 1 CT is 1% at rated current; the ratio error of a Class 0.5 CT is 0.5% or less.
3.3 RELAYS
Fig 3.3 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-
state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-
power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays
were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal
coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used
extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits
with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays
with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used
to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems
these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
Magnetic latching relays require one pulse of coil power to move their contacts in
one direction, and another, redirected pulse to move them back. Repeated pulses from the
same input have no effect. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications where
interrupted power should not be able to transition the contacts.

 Types of Relays
1) Latching relay
2) Reed relay
3) Mercury-wetted relay
4) Mercury relay
5) Polarized relay
6) Machine tool relay
7) Coaxial relay
8) Time delay relay
9) Contactor
10) Solid-state relay
11) Static relay
12) Solid state contactor relay
13) Buchholz relay
3.3.1 Basic design and operation of Relay

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft
iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable
iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two contacts in the relay
pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets
of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized
there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts
in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or
fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire
connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the
moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB)
via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic
field that activates the armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact
either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact.
If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement
opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open.
When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force,
approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this

force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor
starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application
this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.
When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the
coil to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which
would otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit
components. Such diodes were not widely used before the application of transistors as
relay drivers, but soon became ubiquitous as early germanium transistors were easily
destroyed by this surge. Some automotive relays include a diode inside the relay case.
If the re1lay is driving a large, or especially a reactive load, there may be a similar
problem of surge currents around the relay output contacts. In this case a snubbed circuit
(a capacitor and resistor in series) across the contacts may absorb the surge. Suitably rated
capacitors and the associated resistor are sold as a single packaged component for this
commonplace use.
If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current (AC), some method
is used to split the flux into two out-of-phase components which add together, increasing
the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle. Typically this is done with a
small copper "shading ring" crimped around a portion of the core that creates the delayed,
out-of-phase component,[9] which holds the contacts during the zero crossings of the
control voltage.
3.4 BUS BAR

In electrical power distribution, a bus bar (also spelled bus bar, or sometimes
as buss bar or buss bar, with the term bus being a contraction of the Latin omnibus, "for
all", or buss being short for buttress) is a metallic strip or bar (typically copper, brass or
aluminum) that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution
board, substation, battery bank, or other electrical apparatus. Bus bars are used to carry
substantial electric currents over relatively short distances; their greater surface area
(compared to a wire of the same weight) reduces losses due to corona discharge. Bus bars
are not normally structural members.
The material composition and cross-sectional size of the bus bar determine the
maximum amount of current that can be safely carried. Bus bars can have a cross-

sectional area of as little as 10 square millimeters (0.016 sq in), but electrical

substations may use metal tubes 50 millimeters (2.0 in) in diameter (20 square
millimeters (0.031 sq in)) or more as busbars. An aluminum smelter will have very large
bus bars used to carry tens of thousands of amperes to the electrochemical
cells that produce aluminum from molten salts.
Fig 3.4 Bus Bar
3.4.1 Design and placement

Bus bars are produced in a variety of shapes such as flat strips, solid bars and
rods, solid or hollow tubes, and braided wire. Some of these shapes allow heat to
dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface area to cross-sectional area ratio.
The effect makes 50–60 Hz AC bus bars more than about 8 millimeters (0.31 in) thickness
inefficient, so hollow or flat shapes are prevalent in higher current applications. A hollow
section also has higher stiffness than a solid rod of equivalent current-carrying capacity,
which allows a greater span between bus bar supports in outdoor electrical switchyards.
A bus bar must be sufficiently rigid to support its own weight, and forces imposed by
mechanical vibration and possibly earthquakes, as well as accumulated precipitation in
outdoor exposures. In addition, thermal expansion from temperature changes induced
by ohmic heating and ambient temperature variations, and magnetic forces induced by
large currents must be considered. Bus bars are typically contained
inside switchgear, panel boards, and bus way. They are also used to connect high voltage
equipment at electrical switchyards. Distribution boards split the electrical supply into
separate circuits at one location. Bus ways, or bus ducts, are long bus bars with a
protective cover. Rather than branching from the main supply at one location, they allow
new circuits to branch off anywhere along the route of the bus way.

CHAPTER 4
MAINTENANCE & PRECAUTIONS
4.1 Periodic Maintenance

 Preventive Maintenance
1) 2 Yearly Maintenance
2) 4 Yearly Maintenance
 Importance of PM
Through such PM, troubles can be detected in the early stages and corrective
actions can be taken before extensive damage occurs.
4.2 Bus Bar Maintenance

 Full bus bar inspection check for overheating signs visual inspection of Cu plate and nut
bolts
 Cleaning of incoming /outgoing spouts.
 Remove dust with vacuum cleaner
 Cleaning and lubricating mechanical links with contact grease
 Check operating mechanism of shutter
4.3 Air Circuit Breaker Maintenance

LV circuit breakers operating at 600 volt and below ,should be inspected
maintained every1 to 4 years depending on their services and operating condition
 Condition that make frequency maintenance and inspection are necessary
 High humidity and high temp.
 Dusty or dirty atmosphere
 Corrosive atmosphere
 Inspection &cleaning:
 Insulating parts including bushing should be cleaned
 Clean and inspect arc for cracks, broken parts ,replace damage parts
 Inspect breaker operating mechanism loose hardware
 Examine for wears
 Check rack in/out mechanism for normal operation

4.3 Protective RELAYS
 Periodic Maintenance testing

After relay is commissioned it is important to carry out regular maintenance test, some of
the advantage of such testing is, it will find out defective relay.
 Methods of testing
Steady state: Steady state testing is for checking the relay pick up, injected current,
voltage when the current is raised and then fluctuated around pick up.
Dynamic state: dynamic state is the time for relay operation is measured.
Freja300: The freja 300 relay testing system is a computer aided relay testing system by
injecting current and voltage.
Fig 4.4 Freja 300
4.5 General Precaution is to be taken in tool room
 Check the electrical isolation first

 During the maintenance Earth must be connected
 Before maintenance breaker spring must be discharge
 Don’t use compressed air on breaker
 Don’t use file or emery paper for contacts cleaning

4.6 Inside Switchgear Room

 Switchgear environment
 Signs of water
 Signs of unauthorized access
 Condition of firefighting equipment and warning notices
 General housekeeping

CHAPTER 5
FEATURES, ADVANTAGES&APPLICATION
5.1 Features
 Powder coated with 7 tank pre-treatment.
 Degree of protection up to IP55,Short circuit withstand strength up-to 50KA.
 PLC based AUTOMATION Panels with MMI.
 Mass-Tech also offers PLC based systems and synchronization, Conveyor systems.
5.2 Advantages
 Safety is increased.
 Less effort for engineering &wiring.
 Less effort for factory acceptance test while increased safety and reliability.
 Easy maintenance and reduced mean time to repair.
 Easy to install.
5.3 Applications
 Industrial works
 Industrial projects
 Domestic and commercial buildings for controlling various electrical equipments.

CHAPTER 6
SMPS &BATTERY
6.1 Definition of SMPS
A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, switch-mode
power supply, switched power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronic power
supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently.
Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a DC or AC source
(often mains power), to DC loads, such as a personal computer, while
converting voltage and current characteristics. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass
transistor of a switching-mode supply continually switches between low-dissipation,
full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in the high dissipation
transitions, which minimizes wasted energy. Ideally, a switched-mode power supply
dissipates no power. Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off
time. In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the output voltage by continually
dissipating power in the pass transistor. This higher power conversion efficiency is an
important advantage of a switched-mode power supply. Switched-mode power
supplies may also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply due to the
smaller transformer size and weight.
6.2 Block diagram of SMPS

Fig 6.2 Block Diagram of a mains Operated AC/DC SMPS with Output Voltage
Regulation
6.2.1 Description of Block diagram SMPS

 Input rectifier stage
If the SMPS has an AC input, then the first stage is to convert the input to
DC. This is called rectification. A SMPS with a DC input does not require this stage.
In some power supplies (mostly computer ATX power supplies), the rectifier circuit
can be configured as a voltage doubler by the addition of a switch operated either
manually or automatically. This feature permits operation from power sources that are
normally at 115 V or at 230 V. The rectifier produces an unregulated DC voltage
which is then sent to a large filter capacitor. The current drawn from the mains supply
by this rectifier circuit occurs in short pulses around the AC voltage peaks. These
pulses have significant high frequency energy which reduces the power factor. To
correct for this, many newer SMPS will use a special PFC circuit to make the input
current follow the sinusoidal shape of the AC input voltage, correcting the power
factor. Power supplies that use Active PFC usually are auto-ranging, supporting input
voltages from ~100 VAC – 250 VAC, with no input voltage selector switch.
Fig 6.2.1 AC, Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectified Signals.

An SMPS designed for AC input can usually be run from a DC supply,

because the DC would pass through the rectifier unchanged. If the power supply is
designed for 115 VAC and has no voltage selector switch, the required DC voltage would
be 163 VDC (115 × √2). This type of use may be harmful to the rectifier stage, however,
as it will only use half of diodes in the rectifier for the full load. This could possibly result
in overheating of these components, causing them to fail prematurely. On the other hand,
if the power supply has a voltage selector switch, based on the Delon circuit, for 115/230V
(computer ATX power supplies typically are in this category), the selector switch would
have to be put in the 230 V position, and the required voltage would be 325 VDC (230 ×
√2). The diodes in this type of power supply will handle the DC current just fine because
they are rated to handle double the nominal input current when operated in the 115
V modes, due to the operation of the voltage doubler. This is because the doubler, when in
operation, uses only half of the bridge rectifier and runs twice as much current through
it. It is uncertain how an Auto-ranging/Active-PFC type power supply would react to
being powered by DC.
 Inverter stage
The inverter stage converts DC, whether directly from the input or from the
rectifier stage described above, to AC by running it through a power oscillator, whose
output transformer is very small with few windings at a frequency of tens or hundreds
of kilohertz. The frequency is usually chosen to be above 20 kHz, to make it
inaudible to humans. The switching is implemented as a multistage (to achieve high
gain) MOSFET amplifier. MOSFETs are a type of transistor with a low on-
resistance and a high current-handling capacity.
 Voltage converter and output rectifier

If the output is required to be isolated from the input, as is usually the case in
mains power supplies, the inverted AC is used to drive the primary winding of a high-
frequency transformer. This converts the voltage up or down to the required output
level on its secondary winding. The output transformer in the block diagram serves
this purpose.
If a DC output is required, the AC output from the transformer is rectified.
For output voltages above ten volts or so, ordinary silicon diodes are commonly used.

For lower voltages, Schottky diodes are commonly used as the rectifier elements;
they have the advantages of faster recovery times than silicon diodes (allowing low-
loss operation at higher frequencies) and a lower voltage drop when conducting. For
even lower output voltages, MOSFETs may be used as synchronous rectifiers;
compared to Schottky diodes, these have even lower conducting state voltage drops.
The rectified output is then smoothed by a filter consisting
of inductors and capacitors. For higher switching frequencies, components with lower
capacitance and inductance are needed.
Simpler, non-isolated power supplies contain an inductor instead of a
transformer. This type includes boost converters, buck converters, and the buck-boost
converters. These belong to the simplest class of single input, single output converters
which use one inductor and one active switch. The buck converter reduces the input
voltage in direct proportion to the ratio of conductive time to the total switching
period, called the duty cycle. For example an ideal buck converter with a 10 V input
operating at a 50% duty cycle will produce an average output voltage of 5 V. A
feedback control loop is employed to regulate the output voltage by varying the duty
cycle to compensate for variations in input voltage. The output voltage of a boost
converter is always greater than the input voltage and the buck-boost output voltage is
inverted but can be greater than, equal to, or less than the magnitude of its input
voltage. There are many variations and extensions to this class of converters but these
three forms the basis of almost all isolated and non-isolated DC to DC converters. By
adding a second inductor the Ćuk and SEPIC converters can be implemented, or, by
adding additional active switches, various bridge converters can be realized.
Other types of SMPSs use a capacitor-diode voltage multiplier instead of
inductors and transformers. These are mostly used for generating high voltages at low
currents (Cockcroft-Walton generator). The low voltage variant is called charge
pump.
 Regulation
A feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and compares it with a
reference voltage, as shown in the block diagram above. Depending on design and
safety requirements, the controller may contain an isolation mechanism (such as

an opto-coupler) to isolate it from the DC output. Switching supplies in computers,

TVs and VCRs have these opto-couplers to tightly control the output voltage.
Open-loop regulators do not have a feedback circuit. Instead, they rely on
feeding a constant voltage to the input of the transformer or inductor, and assume that
the output will be correct. Regulated designs compensate for the impedance of the
transformer or coil. Monopolar designs also compensate for the magnetic
hysteresis of the core.
The feedback circuit needs power to run before it can generate power, so an
additional non-switching power-supply for stand-by is added.
 Transformer design
Any switched-mode power supply that gets its power from an AC power line
(called an "off-line" converter) requires a transformer for galvanic. Some DC-to-DC
converters may also include a transformer, although isolation may not be critical in
these cases. SMPS transformers run at high frequency. Most of the cost savings (and
space savings) in off-line power supplies result from the smaller size of the high
frequency transformer compared to the 50/60 Hz transformers formerly used. There
are additional design tradeoffs.
The terminal voltage of a transformer is proportional to the product of the core
area, magnetic flux, and frequency. By using a much higher frequency, the core area
(and so the mass of the core) can be greatly reduced. However, core losses increase at
higher frequencies. Cores generally use ferrite material which has a low loss at the
high frequencies and high flux densities used. The laminated iron cores of lower-
frequency (<400 Hz) transformers would be unacceptably loss at switching
frequencies of a few kilohertz. Also, more energy is lost during transitions of the
switching semiconductor at higher frequencies. Furthermore, more attention to the
physical layout of the circuit board is required asparasitics become more significant,
and the amount of electromagnetic interference will be more pronounced.
 Copper loss
At low frequencies (such as the line frequency of 50 or 60 Hz), designers can
usually ignore the skin effect. For these frequencies, the skin effect is only significant
when the conductors are large, more than 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) in diameter.

CHAPTER 7
FEATURES & APPLICATION
7.1 Feature
 Rack mounting, Base mounting, Rear panel mounting or Table top type
 Wide input range
 Protections against output short circuit, overload, output under and over voltage,
Input under and over voltage
 Built in RFI suppression
 Excellent dynamic response
 Galvanic Isolation up to 2 KV
 Also available dual input i.e. AC as well as DC input supply
7.2 Application
 Switched-mode power supply units (PSUs) in domestic products such as personal
computers often have universal inputs, meaning that they can accept power
from mains supplies throughout the world, although a manual voltage range switch
may be required. Switch-mode power supplies can tolerate a wide range of power
frequencies and voltages.
Fig 7.2.1 Battery Charger

Due to their high volumes mobile phone chargers have always been
particularly cost sensitive. The first chargers were linear power supplies but they
quickly moved to the cost effective ringing choke converter (RCC) SMPS topology,
when new levels of efficiency were required. Recently, the demand for even lower
no-load power requirements in the application has meant that fly back topology is
being used more widely; primary side sensing fly back controllers are also helping to
cut the bill of materials (BOM) by removing secondary-side sensing components such
as opto couplers.
Fig 7.2.2 SMPS
Switched-mode power supplies are used for DC to DC conversion as well. In

automobiles where heavy vehicles use a nominal 24 VDC cranking supply, 12V for
accessories may be furnished through a DC/DC switch-mode supply. This has the
advantage over tapping the battery at the 12V position (using half the cells) that the
entire 12V load is evenly divided over all cells of the 24V battery.
 SCADA & PLC system
 Power supply to machinery & Automated system
 For sensitive & precision instruments, controllers, electronic rela

PART B
JAIN IRRIGATION
CHAPTER 8
INTRODUCTION
Jain Irrigation Systems, often known as Jain Irrigation, JISL, or simply Jains,
is a multinational organisation based in Jalgaon, India. JISL employs over 10, 000
employees, has 32 manufacturing plants, manufactures a number of products,
including drip and sprinkler irrigation systems and components, integrated irrigation
automation systems, PVC and PE piping systems, plastic sheets, greenhouses, bio-
fertilizers, solar water-heating systems, solar water pumps, turnkey biogas plants, and
photovoltaic systems. JISL also processes dehydrated vegetables, concentrated and
frozen fruits or pulp
8.1 Mergers and acquisitions
Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd. emerged as one big company after merging with
various Jain Group Companies, such as Jain Plastic & Chemicals Ltd., Jain Kemira
Fertilizers Ltd., Jain Rahan Biotech Ltd, Jain Brothers Industries, Anubhuti School,
and Jain Pipe.[3] Jain continued acquiring companies to expand its business
penetration. After some big acquisitions it has currently second-largest irrigation
company and third-largest dehydrated onion producer in the world.
JISL then acquired Tera Agro Technologies and the mango-processing division
of Parle-Bisleri Pvt. Ltd., both located in India. After this and similar other
acquisitions, JISL became the largest processor of fruits & vegetables within India
and the biggest mango pulp processor in the organised sector of the world.
 2006: JISL acquire Chapin Watermatic, Pioneer of Drip Irrigation system

 December 2006 – JISL acquired a majority stake in the US-based Cascade

Specialties, Inc., which specialises in natural low-bacteria onion products and
organic dehydrated onion. With this acquisition, Jain Irrigation became the
third-largest dehydrated onion producer in the world, with a combined
capacity in excess of 25, 000 MTS.[6]
 February 2007 – By acquiring the US-based Aquarius Brands for $21. 5
million in an all-cash deal, Jain Irrigation became the second-largest drip
irrigation company in the world.[7]
 June 2007 – Jain Irrigation Acquired 50. 001% stake in NAANDAN. [8]
Following the transaction, which includes a US$30 million investment,
NaanDan and Jain intend to become the largest irrigation company worldwide
within the next few years .
 November 2010 – By acquiring controlling stake in Sleaford Quality Foods
Limited ("SQFL" or "Sleaford Quality Foods"), a UK-based Industrial Food
Ingredients Supplier[9] Jain Irrigation got direct access to a large market with
value added products with this acquisition.
 May 2012 – Jain acquired the remaining 50% of NaanDanJain Ltd. from
Kibbutz Na'an in Israel for an estimated $35 million.[10]

CHAPTER 9
HISTORY AND GROWTH
9.1 Early history
 1887–1963: Jain Irrigation's roots in the fields of agriculture, water, and food
started in 1887 when its founder's forefathers left the deserts of Rajasthan,
their home state, in search of water and food and reached Wakod, at the
foothills of the Ajanta Caves. They started farming as a means of
livelihood.[11]
In 1963, selling kerosene from a pushcart, a young law graduate Bhavarlal Jain,
founded a business. The family formed a partnership with ₹ 7, 000, a accumulated
savings of three generations, as capital. Soon, agencies for two wheelers, auto
vehicles, and automobile accessories were established.
 1963–1978: Bhavarlal Jain added a dealership of tractors, sprinkler systems,

PVC pipes, and other farm equipment. In order to broad-base the business,
agencies for farm inputs such as fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides were also
added. Sales grew from ₹ 1 million in 1963 to ₹ 110 million in 1978.
 1978: Jain took over a 14-year-old sick banana powder plant in April 1978 at a
high auction price of ₹ 3 million while only ₹ 0. 2 million as inevitablesurplus.
The plant was modified for the production of papain from papaya latex. In
December 1978, the founder traveled to New York in search of customers for
Jain papain. The competition for purchase of raw materials at home and for
sale of papain abroad was stiff and stifling. However, Jain developed purified
papain through ceaseless in-house R&D and emerged as the number-one
supplier of the highest purity refined papain.[12]
 1980: Manufacturing of PVC Pipe commenced with a small annual capacity of
300 MTs which was increased to over 35, 600 MTs per annum by 1997. This
made Jain the largest single producer of PVC pipe in India.

9.2 Growth (1989)
 1989: Beginning in 1989, Jain Irrigation worked to develop water

management through micro-irrigation in India. Jain Irrigation has introduced
some high-tech concepts to Indian agriculture, such as the integrated system
approach, one-stop-shop for farmers requirements, and infrastructure status
to micro-irrigation & farm as industry.[13]
 1994: Jain diversified into food processing and set up facilities vegetable
dehydration and the production of fruit purees, concentrates, and pulp.
Currently this facility is adopting ISO 9001 & HACCP certified and
international FDA statute requirements. This facility will help combine the
modern technologies of the west with the vast, mostly untapped agriculture
resources of India, using local human resources.
 2002 – : After being caught between severe liquidity crunch, making lot of
loss and mounting pressure from the banks and financial institutions to
immediately clear overdue liabilities, Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd. (JISL) has
decided to raise funds by way of offering majority equity holding in the
company in favour of Aqua International Partners LP.[14] JISL is out from a
bad financial patch of 4 years and start growing rapidly. Its net profit has
more than doubled from Rs 324 million in fiscal 2004–05 to Rs 671. 7
million in fiscal 2005–06. Exports have contributed Rs 2. 89 billion to Jain's
overall revenue.[15]
 2005 – : Jain started producing individually quick-frozen (IQF) food
products like frozen mango slices in agreement with the Taiyo Kagaku
Company Ltd, Japan.
 2006 – : After continued acquisitions, Jain became the second-largest
irrigation company and third-largest dehydrated onion producer in the world.
It is also became the largest processor of fruits & vegetables within India.
 2012 - : Gandhi Research Foundation (GRF), was inaugurated by President
of India, Pratibha Patil on 25 March 2012. It is the promoter of „Gandhi
Teerth‟ which is sponsored by Jain Irrigation and Bhavarlal Kantabai
Foundation. The Foundation is the initiator and promoter of 'Gandhi Teerth',

legacy. 'Gandhi Teerth' comprises Gandhi museum, Gandhi International

Research Institute, Gandhi archives, publications, and various programmes
for rural development based on Gandhian lines. The foundation has a
collection of 7350 books, 4090 periodicals, 4019 photographs, 75 films, 148
audio recordings of Mahatma Gandhi's speeches, and philately items from
114 countries.[16]
 2016 - : Jain Irrigation's food division has been hived off into a Subsidiary
Company Jain Farm Fresh Foods Ltd (JFFFL), which were in the food
processing business since 1994 making fruit pulps of mango, banana, gauva,
strawberry and dehydrated vegetables. Jain Farm Fresh Foods Ltd (JFFFL)
launched its first branded retail product 'AamRus' under the umbrella brand
name of 'Jain FarmFresh'. 'AamRus', processed from Alphonso and Kesar
varieties, is sweetened frozen mango pulp with no added flavour and colour.

CHAPTER 10
DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Drip irrigation is today‟s need because Water – nature‟s gift to mankind is not
unlimited and free forever. World water resources are fast diminishing. The one and
only answer to this problem is Jain Drip Irrigation Systems. “Jain Drip” the name
which you can trust, the only manufacturer of all drip irrigation components. After
detailed study of inter–relationship among soil, water, crop, land terrain and related
agro climatic conditions, Jains designed a suitable and economically viable system to
deliver a measured quantity of water at the root zone of each plant at regular intervals.
This is to ensure that the plants do not suffer from stress or strain of less and over
watering. The system installed at the farmer‟s field is commissioned and training
imparted to the farmer, followed by regular after sales services.
The result – A totally customized, efficient and long–life system which

ensures saving in water, early maturity and a bountiful harvest, season after season,
year after year. Apart from all this, savings in labor and fertilizer costs.
10.1 Emitting pipe
Emitting Pipe play a key role in drip irrigation systems. Jain Emitting pipes
are manufactured from virgin special grade polyethylene. Resistant to Ultra Violet
(UV) radiation and other environmental effects. Jain Emitting Pipe passes through
stringent quality tests confirming to Indian and International Standards .The nominal
diameter ranges from 12 mm to 25 mm.
Jain Turbo Excel® Plus J-Turbo Aqura® J-Turbo Line® Super

Jain Turbo Cascade PC, Jain Turbo Top PC &

®
PCNL & PCAS Turboline PC PCAS
10.2 Drip pipe
Drip tape is a thin walled drip line used in drip irrigation. Drip tape is made of
Special grade polyethylene material. It is also called as collapsible hose, once
pressurized it becomes round and collapses on depressurizing. Being a flat tube it
can be supplied on reels containing several thousand feet. The nominal diameter
ranges from 12 to 25 mm. It can be used for surface and subsurface applications.
Thin walled tapes are suitable for 2-3 seasons but can be used for longer period if
used subsurface. Drip tape helps in reduction of initial investment of drip irrigation
Jain Turbo Slim - TE® Jain Turbo Tape™ Chapin® Deluxe - Drip Tape
Chapin® Marathon Drip

Jain Turbo Top® Thin Wall
Tape Chapin® BTF
PC & PCAS
10.3 Drip tubes
Drip Hose and PE tubes are used as a sub main/lateral pipe in micro irrigation
system. These hose and tubes are UV stabilized and are able to withstand

environmental effects.Jains Hose and Tubes are manufactured from virgin special
grade polyethylene. Jain Polyethylene hose and tubes are tested in accordance to
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), American Society of Agriculture Engineer
(ASAE), and American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Jain products
passes through stringent quality tests in our advance ultra modern laboratory before it
reaches you.
Jain Tough Hose - Twin Line ® Extension Tube Vinyl Tube
Jain Oval Hose
10.4 Dripper
Drippers are used for online drip irrigation system. Each of our Dripper is
designed to suit difficult soil conditions, water needs of various crops, difficult water
quality and numerous requirements of agriculture.
Innovative design, precision molding, use of quality raw material and stringent
quality tests are the key factors behind the sustainable and efficient performance of
our online dripper for Drip Irrigation. Narrow cross shaped inlet acts as a filter and
colored cap represents flow rate and facilitates easy identification. Manufactured from
virgin plastic for stable performance. These devices are UV stabilized and are able to
withstand environmental effect. Recommended for orchards, fruit crops, vegetables,
nurseries & flowers.

J-S C-PC-Plus® Emitter Click Tif - HD Micro Flapper ™
J-T urbo Key Plus™ Dripper Jain Emitter® Turbo Seal® Emitter
10.5 Filter
Water is not found in its purest form in nature. It is always contaminated with
physical, chemical & biological impurities. Proper filtration is of much importance to
prevent low pressure diffuser like emitters from clogging. Our wide range of water
filters are standing like watchdogs to protect your system from clogging hazards.
Sand Separators to remove silt, sand from your water, media filters to remove organic
impurities like algae, trash, leaves etc. from water and complete range of screen filters
to remove any physical impurities from water are available in our filtration range.
Stable performance maximum filtration efficiency and minimum maintenance are
some of the common features of our filters.
Gold - Series Silver - Series Filter Accessories
Fertigation Equipments

10.6 Plastic control and safety vlave
We provide complete solution for Control and Safety Valves. Our high
performance valves are with manual and or automatic control. Our Plastic valves are
cost effective, easy to install & maintain, value driven and customized for specific
requirement. We also provides turnkey services for survey, designing & installation.
Jain PVC Ball Valves® - DU Jain PVC Ball Valves® - SU Jain ARV -C®

CHAPTER 11
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Sprinkler Irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to

rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then
sprayed into the air and irrigated entire soil surface through spray heads so that it
breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground.
Sprinklers provide efficient coverage for small to large areas and are suitable
for use on all types of properties. It is also adaptable to nearly all irrigable soils since
sprinklers are available in a wide range of discharge capacity.
Jain Sprinkler system is an unique irrigation system. It is designed to ensure
maximum water saving, combining high quality, affordability and ease of installation.
All the products are made out of high strength & chemical resistance engineering
plastics to achieve functional satisfaction and to maintain cost economics.
All sprinklers undergo extensive quality testing in our well equipped state of
the art lab. Moreover, performance of the products are also tested in the field to
ensure uniform water distribution and higher efficiency
11.1 Application
Spray Heads,Jets & Foggers Rainport Sprinklers Overhead Sprinklers

11.2 Spray Heads, Jets & Foggers
Spray Heads, Jets & Foggers are used to maintain humidity or temperature control in
greenhouse, shade house.
Spray Heads, Jets & Foggers are manufactured from good quality virgin raw material,
easy to install, reliable performance are some of the common features of our fogger
and misters. It can be supplied with Leakage Prevention Device (LPD) for pulsed
operation and to prevent low head drainage. Ideal for plant propagation,
recommended for climate control in Greenhouse / Shade house. Suitable for crops
which require maintaining micro climate in the canopy area.
Jain Turbo Fog Jain Jets J-Jets
11.3 Rainport Sprinkler Systems
Rainport™ Sprinkler Systems is a mini irrigation system i.e., laterals and

sprinklers can be easily shifted from one place to other. Reinstallation of the system is
also easy and consumes less time and labour. It overcomes all the limitations of
conventional sprinkler irrigation system and yet meets the high standards of effective
irrigation principles such as:
11.3.A High distribution uniformity.

11.3B Controlled application rate.
11.3C Gentle precipitation, low droplet impact on soil structure and no

foliage damage.
11.3D Short irrigation cycles to provide optimal growing conditions

with highly accessible water and nutrient in controlled wetted and

high performance low weight plastic sprinklers are connected to these tubes using easily
detachable connectors. Sprinklers are fixed on MS riser rods.
Rainport™ Micro Rainport™ Mini Under Tree Irrigation

Sprinklers
Sprinklers Sprinklers

CHAPTER 12
PVC PIPES AND FITTING
Jain PVC Plastic Pipes and Pipe Fittings are available in a vast range and in
various materials. Whatever be your application... We have the Piping Systems - that
can be installed on surface, buried, slip lined, trench less, floating and submerged.
Jain PVC Plastic pipes can be used in Fluids transport including, lifting, transporting,
conveying, distributing disposing or tapping of water, waste-water (drainage &
sewage), compressed gases/air, odorous and corrosive gasses, chemicals and
hazardous wastes/effluents. Solids conveyed include coal ash, slurries, sand and
cables.
Whatever we manufacture we have aligned with our conservation policy.

Water & Energy conservation and nature protection with our products like PVC
Plastic Piping Systems, Solar Water heating Systems, Micro Irrigation Systems, Food
Processing and Plastic Sheets.
Jain Piping Systems are manufactured in our most modern manufacturing and
testing facility. Jain Irrigation today, is one of the largest polymer processors in India.
PVC, PE, PP along with Engineering Polymers like PC, PBT, Nylon, ABS, etc.
totaling to over 300,000 MT are being extruded and injection moulded.
In Piping Systems we have systems from water to gas distribution; chemical to

cable conveyance; groundwater tapping to waste disposal; Micro Irrigation to Lift
irrigation; Hand pumps to house service connections. This unique range of products
are complemented by excellent quality and services. Our unflinching efforts in the
pursuit of excellence, appropriately blended with our ongoing Research and
Development efforts have earned the Company the highest R&D awards of the
country and numerous other recognitions & awards for their performance in Exports
and Marketing. We are also accredited with ISO-9001 by RWTUV Germany. We
have an R&D laboratory with a vast range of routine test facilities.

Research, Ministry of Science and Technology and is also a two-time recipient of the
National Award from the same Department for its R&D efforts in Industry.
Jain PVC Pressure Pipes and Fittings Jain Column & Riser Pipes and Fittings
12.1 JAIN UPVC Pressure pipes and fittings
Jain PVC Plastic Pipes and Pipe Fitting are available in vast range and in
various materials, Whatever be your application... We have the Piping System - that
can be installed on surface, buried, slip lined, trench less, floating and submerged.
Jain PVC Plastic pipes can be used in Fluids transport include, For Lifting,
Transporting, Conveying, Distributing Disposing or Tapping of Water, waste-water
(drainage & sewage), compressed gases/air, odorous and corrosive gasses, chemicals
and hazardous wastes/effluents. Solids conveyed include coal ash, slurries, sand and
cables.
Used for conveyance of water in drip/sprinkler irrigation systems, lift

irrigation systems, surface irrigation systems, subsoil drainage system, potable water
supply systems, rising main and distribution lines.
Jain uPVC Solvent Joint Jain uPVC Quick Fix Joint PVC Injection Moulded
Pressure Pipes
Pressure Pipes Fittings

12.2Jain uPVC Sure-Loc Plus Column & Riser Pipes
Jain Irrigation Systems Limited is a company globally renowned for its uPVC
products used for Ground Water Tapping, Aquifer Recharge Wells, Rain water
Harvesting Systems as well as Infiltration and Sub Soil Drainage Systems.
Our products have gained the confidence of users throughout the world and
this has encouraged us at Jains to get our R & D to design and manufacture yet
another product which will be a forward integration of the above Group of Ground
Water Extraction Pipe System. This will convey the tapped water with efficiency
combined with economy and have a long life
Sure Loc Plus™ Column Sure Loc Plus Column Pipe

Pipe Fittings

CHAPTER 13
PLASTIC PRODUCTS
Jain Irrigation, today is one of the largest polymer processors in India. uPVC,
PE, PC along with engineering polymers like Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Polyacetal
& Nylon etc. totaling to over 300,000 MT are being extruded and injection moulded
every year.Products ranging from uPVC irrigation pipes to Speciality pipes; PE hoses
to gas pipes; Injection moulded emitters to plastic filters; foam signboards to
polycarbonate stadium roof sheets. This unique range of products perfectly
complimented by excellent quality and service has enabled the company to achieve a
Rs.7.0 billion turnover in just 14 years.
Available in sizes of width 1220,1560, 2050 mm & length 2440 mm in

thickness of 2 mm to 30 mm in plain color and embossed finish in standard grades ie
PVC free/integral foam, rigid and co-extruded sheets.
EX-CEL®PVC Free Foam EX-CEL®PVC Integral

Sheet
Sheet EX-CEL®PVC Rigid Sheet

CHAPTER 14
CONCLUSION
The industrial training I went through within the vacation of last year brought
new technologies and expanded my knowledge in electronics industries. I learn
many new things in that training period. Also during the training period i learn that
construction & designing of switchgear &SMPS. Industrial training is very
necessary for students so they can experience working in industrial environment.
By stdying all the aspect we conclude that Jain Irrigation Systems Limited
(also known as Jain Irrigation, JISL, or Jains) and supreme industries both are
transnational organization headquartered at Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India. JISL
employs over 5,000associates and manufactures a number of products, including
drip and sprinkler irrigation systems, PVC & PE piping systems, plastic sheets,
greenhouses, bio-fertilizers, solar products including water-heating systems,
photovoltaic appliances and solar pumps. JISL processes fruits and vegetables into
aseptic concentrates, frozen fruits and dehydrated vegetables respectively.
When we have visited in Jain Irrigation system Ltd. & Mass-Tech Control
System Pvt.Ltd. that during the entire industrial visit. Industrial visit is very essential
for all students because during the visit they can interact with the expert person &
collect the knowledge. By observing the industrial culture. Finally we conclude that
Mass-Tech Control Pvt. Ltd. Manufacture the electric car as well as electric charger.
3 vehicles can be charge at a time by using 1charger. Really electric car is great bool
& will provide revolution in the automotive electronic.
Jain Irrigation System Ltd. Company & leading manufacturer of PVC , HD-
PV pipe industries. Jain Irrigation also manufacture plastic drip & sprinkler & also
solar heater. As per as over electronic field is consult we have seen in section of
molding machines plants is fully automatic & well atomized. We have seen CNC,
PLC, fully automated operated machine.
Really by visiting these two industries we got good practical knowledge &
good interaction with the expert person. We collected rating & specification of
various machines & understood the operations in various sections.
SSBT’s ,COET,Bambhori TE E&TC Page 48

CHAPTER 15
REFERENCES
[1] Kettering, Charles F., "Ignition system", published 2 November 1910, issued 3
September 1912
[2] Switzerland: ABB breaks new ground with environment friendly high-voltage
circuit breaker." Retrieved 9 July 2013.
[3] High-Voltage Switchgear and Control gear - Part 102 : Alternating Current
Disconnections and Ear thing Switches (IS/IEC 62271 : Part 102)
[4] Pressman, Abraham I.; Billings, Keith; Morey, Taylor (2009), Switching
Power Supply Design (Third ed.), McGraw-Hill,
[5] http://www.linear.com/designtools/app_notes.php)
[6] "RESULTS FY 2018-19 (PDF)". Retrieved 18 September 2019.
[7] "'Change the World' list". Retrieved 13 August 2019.
[8] "Jain Group companies amalgamated with the JISL". Retrieved 2 May 2006.[dead
link]
[9] "Jain irrigation acquired USA Base Chapin Watermatic". Retrieved 2 May 2006.
[10] "US acquisition bolsters Jain Irrigation". Archived from the original on 28
February 2006. Retrieved 7 February 2006.
SSBT’s ,COET,Bambhori TE E&TC Page 49

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MASS-TECH & JAIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM, JALGAON

SSBT’s ,COET,Bambhori BE E&TC Page 1

Fig. 2.1 Switchgear Panel

2.2 Role of Switchgear

2.3 Types of Switchgear

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Fig. 2.3.2 Feeder

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3.1.1 Circuit Breaker

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Fig.3.1 Circuit Breaker

 Types of circuit breaker

According to According to According to According to

Fig. 3.2 Classification of Circuit Breaker

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 According to their mechanism CB can be classified as

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 According to their voltage level of installation CB can be classified as:

3.1.1 Air Circuit Breaker

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Fig. 3.1.1 Air Circuit Breaker

 Principle of Operation of Air Circuit Breaker

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3.2 Current Transformer

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Fig. 3.2 Current Transformer

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Fig 3.3 Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

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3.3.1 Basic design and operation of Relay

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3.4 BUS BAR

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sectional area of as little as 10 square millimeters (0.016 sq in), but electrical

Fig 3.4 Bus Bar

3.4.1 Design and placement

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MAINTENANCE & PRECAUTIONS

4.1 Periodic Maintenance

4.2 Bus Bar Maintenance

4.3 Air Circuit Breaker Maintenance

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4.3 Protective RELAYS

 Periodic Maintenance testing

Fig 4.4 Freja 300

4.5 General Precaution is to be taken in tool room

 Check the electrical isolation first

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4.6 Inside Switchgear Room

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6.2 Block diagram of SMPS

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6.2.1 Description of Block diagram SMPS

Fig 6.2.1 AC, Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectified Signals.

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An SMPS designed for AC input can usually be run from a DC supply,

 Voltage converter and output rectifier

SSBT’s ,COET,Bambhori BE E&TC Page 22

SSBT’s ,COET,Bambhori BE E&TC Page 23

an opto-coupler) to isolate it from the DC output. Switching supplies in computers,