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Name: PAGELER,BENJAMIN THOMAS
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Author: Patten, BM M
Title: The history of memory arts.
Source: Neurology, v. 40(n. 2), 1990, p.346-352
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins/UNITED STATES: UNITED STATES
ISSN: 0028-3878
elSSN: 1526-632X
Document Nums: PMID: 2405298
WorldCat number: 1713610
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.40.2.346

Periodical Holdings:
Call Numbers: UCSD Journals, BLB Floor2 W1 NE508 20-65 (1970-2005)
UCSF Parnassus Journals - 1st Floor W1 NE 337
v.1 (1951 )-v.61 (2003)IMissing: v.42:no.1-3(1992);v.43:no.1-2(19
93);v.53:no.10(1999);v.60:no.11 (2003)
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v.1 (1951 )v.2:no.2-6(1952),v.3-51 (1953-98)v.52:no.1-9(1999),v.5
3-58(1999-2002),v.60-65(2003-2005)l1981-82;v.33:no.1-2(1983)v.
34:no.3(1984)v.35:no.4(1985)v.36:no.4(1986)v.37S1 N3(1987)v.38S
1-2N3(1988)v.39S2-3N1, 11(1989)v.40:no.3-5,10(1990)v.41 :no.1-2(
1991 )v.42S1-6(1992)v.43S1-6(1993)v.44S1-9(1994)v.45S1-9(1995)v
.46S 1-2( 1996)v.47S 1-4( 1996)v.48S 1-8( 1997)v.49S 1-4( 1997)v.50S 1-
6( 1998 )v.51 S1-5(1998)v.52S1-3(1999)v.53S1-5(1999)v.54S1-5(2000
)v.55S1-6(2000)v.56:suppl.1-5(2001 )v.57:suppl.2-4(2001 )v.58:su
ppl.1-7(2002)v.59:suppl.2,4(2002)v.60:suppl.1-4(2003)v.61 :supp
l.2-6(2003)v.62:suppl.1-6(2004 )v.63:suppl.2-6(2004 )v.64:suppl.
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Neurology lti
I
I contents FEBRUARY 1990
:• . OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NEUROLOGY
VOLUME40•NUMBER2

Articles 277 Botulinum toxin injections for cervical dystonia J. Jankovic

197 Neuropsychological performance in WV-I-infected
homosexual men: The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
(MACS) E.N. Miller, O.A. Selnes, J.C. McArthur, P. Satz,
J. T. Becker, B.A. Cohen, K. Sheridan, A.M. Machado,
W.G. Van Gorp, and B. Visscher
204 HIV-1 infection: No evidence of cognitive decline during the
asymptomatic stages O.A. Selnes, E. Miller, J. McArthur,
B. Gordon, A. Munoz, K. Sheridan, R. Fox, A.J. Saah,
and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
209 High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in chronic
inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy:
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crouover study
P.A. van Doorn, A. Brand, P.F. W. Strengers, J. Meulstee,
and M. Vermeulen
212 High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of
demyelinating neuropathy aaaociated with monoclonal
nl gammopathy D. Cook, M. Dalakas, A. Galdi, D. Biondi,
and H. Porter
,·
215 T cell activation in Guillain-Barrfl syndrome and in MS:
Elevated serum levels of soluble IL-2 receptors
H.-P. Hartung, R.A.C. Hughes, W.A. Taylor, K. Heininger,
K. Reiners, and K. V. Toyka
219 Immunohiatochemical analysis of the immune reaction in the
nervous system in paraneoplastic encephalomyelitia
F. Graus, T. Ribalta, E. Campo, R. Monforte, A. Urbano,
I and C. Rozman
!'
Ii f
222 Tight linkage of creatine kinase (CKMM) to myotonic
dystrophy on chromosome 19 L.H. Yamaoka,
M.A. Pericak- Vance, M.C. Speer, P.C. Gaskell, Jr., J. Stajich,
I;: 226
C. Haynes, W.-Y. Hung, C. Laberge, M-C. Thibault, J. Mathieu,
A.P. Walker, R.J. Bartlett, and A.D. Roses
Coexistence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimer's
!!
i:
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11
and K. Schwartz
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281 Infarcts with a cardiac source of embolism in the NINCDS
Stroke Data Bank: Historical features S.J. Kittner,
C.M. Sharkness, T.R. Price, G.D. Plotnick, J.M. Dambrosia,
P.A. Wolf, J.P. Mohr, D.B. Hier, C.S. Kase, and S. Tuhrim
284 Cerebral hemispheric localization of smooth pursuit
asymmetry M.J. Morrow and J.A. Sharpe
293 Extrapyramidal involvement in Rett'a syndrome
P.M. FitzGerald, J. Jankovic, D.G. Glaze, R. Schultz,
and A.K. Percy
296 Versive eye movements elicited by cortical stimulation of the
human brain J. Godoy, H. Luders, D.S. Dinner, H.H. Morris,
andE. Wyllie
300 The role of transcranial Doppler in confirming brain death: l1 1
Sensitivity, specificity, and suggestions for performance and
interpretation G. W. Petty, J.P. Mohr, T.A Pedley, T.K. Tatemichi,
L. Lennihan, D.l. Duterte, and R.L. Sacco
304
Positron emission tomography in neuropsychiatric lupus
erythematosus G. Stoppe, K. Wildhagen, J. W. Seidel,
G.-J. Meyer, 0. Schober, P. Heintz, H. Kunkel, H. Deicher,
and H. Hundeshagen
309 It:
Corticofugal projections to the motor nuclei of the brainatem
and spinal C<>rd in humans T. Iwatsubo, S. Kuzuhara,
A. Kanemitsu, H. Shimada, and Y. Toyokura
312 Familial meningioma J.R. McDowell
315 Early scalp responses evoked by stimulation of the mental
nerve in humans M. Leandri, C.l. Parodi, S. Rigardo,
and E. Favale
Bound Volu111es
Special Article of

229
disease in the same patient P. Brown, F. Jannotta,
C.J. Gibbs, Jr., H. Baron, D.C. Guiroy, and D.C. Gajdusek
321 The Decade of the Brain M. Goldstein
Neurology
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Heterogeneity of blood-brain barrier changes in multiple Editorials
sclerosis: An MRI study with gadolinium-DTPA enhancement (the official journal of the American Academy of Neurology)
A.G. Kermode, P.S. Tofts, A.J. Thompson, D.G. MacManus, P. Rudge, 322 The 1990s-Decade of the Brain: The need for a national
B.E. Kendall, D.P.E. Kingsley, l.F. Moseley, E.P.G.H. du Boulay, priority R.N. Rosenberg and L.P. Rowland are now available to subscribers
and W.l. McDonald
323 Early HIV-1 infection and the AIDS dementia complex
236 Chronic segmental spinal muscular atrophy of upper
extremities in identical twins R. Tandan, K.R. Sharma,
J.J. Sidtis and R. W. Price r The 1988 and 1989 volumes are available in limited quantities and do not contain the Annual
1

W.G. Bradley, H. Bevan, and P. Jacobsen 327 Intravenous immunoglobulin in chronic inflammatory Meeting Program. The 1990 and subsequent volumes will contain the Annual Meeting

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demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and in neuropathy
240 The metabolic basis of recovery after fatiguing exercise of associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy of unknown Program. Each volume is prepared in a 2-book set.
human muscle M.D. Bosl/tJ, R.S. Moussavi, P.J. Carson, significance P.J. Dyck
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329
245 Giant axonal neuropathy with inherited multisystem
degeneration in a Tunisian kindred M. Ben Hamida,
Does transcranial Doppler have any clinical value?
J. W. Norris !, Order your 1988, 1989, and 1990 bound volumes by completing and returning this order form
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251 Dementia lacking distinctive histologic features:
Views & Reviews Clip and return to:
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D.S. Knopman, A.R. Mastri, W.H. Frey II, J.H. Sung,
and T. Rustan
332
340
The pyramidal tract R.A. Davidoff
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia: Review, observations, and
speculations J.G. Nutt ,
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257 Attn: Book Sales
Interrater reliability of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis
,I W.A. Kukull, E.B. Larson, B. V. Reifler, T.H. Lampe, M. Yerby, 346 The history of memory arts B.M. Patten One East First Street, Duluth, MN 55802
and J. Hughes
353 Broca's area aphasias: Aphasia after lesions including the Send Me 1988 The cost of each volume is
1!1 261 frontal operculum M.P. Alexander, M.A. Naeser,
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363 Neuropathy in Navajo children: Clinical and epidemiologic
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11 273
disease E.B. Montgomery, Jr., and J. Nuessen
Adrenal medullary transplant to the striatum of patients with 367
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advanced Parkinson's disease: 1-year motor and psychomotor
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R.S. Wilson, and T. Witt 370 Dopamine-f3-hydroxylase deficiency in humans/. Biaggioni,
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4A NEUROLOGY 40 February 1990 Country:-----------------------------------------------
Contents continued on page 15A
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I part of his poem he praised the 2 gods, Castor and was familiar with the art of memory, which he refers to 4
Pollux. At the end of the poem, Simonides requested times. In fact, according to Diogenes Laertius, Aristotle
111
The history of memory arts payment, but Scopas meanly told the poet that he would
pay solely for the half during which he was praised and
wrote a book on mnem~mics which, unfortunately, has
been lost. According to Aristotle, a person with a
, I
l . ·~ that the poet must look to the twin gods Castor and trained memory can augment the memory by placing
Bernard M. Patten, MD, FACP I Pollux for payment for their half. A little later during visual items in loci and then by recalling the loci the
I J
the banquet a message came to Simonides that 2 young
I
item to be remembered can be recalled.
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men waiting outside wished to see him. Simonides left Ancient Rome. Pliny, in his natural history, de-
I I
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I I the banquet but could find no one outside. However, scribes the same memory systems, 4 and we have already
Article abstract-Ancient humans, lacking devices to store large amounts of information, invented and developed a system of
mnemonics which evolved and passed to modern times. The mnemonics, collectively known as the Ancient Art of Memory, were during his absence the stone roof fell in and Scopas and mentioned the Latin work on rhetoric called Ad Heren-
I
discovered in 447 BC by a Greek poet, Simonides, and were adequately described by Cicero, Quintilian, and Pliny. These arts fell all the guests were crushed to death. The corpses were so nium, and also mentioned Quintilian, who wrote about
into neglect after Alaric sacked Rome in 410 AD, but were subsequently revived in 1323 by Saint Thomas Aquinas, who transferred mangled that relatives who came to take them away for memory in his handbooks on oratory. These books gave
I I
I
' them from a division ofrhetoric to ethics and used them to recall Catholic doctrine and versions of biblical history. In 1540 Saint burial were unable to identify them. But Simonides detailed information on how to construct memory
i I Ignatius Loyola used mnemonic images to affirm the faith with his newly formed Society of Jesus and tried to convert the Ming remembered the places at which they had been seated buildings and the images one would place in them. As
I I
I dynasty in China by teaching these memory skills to Chinese nobles. Today, the ancient memory arts have applications in pilot and had a visual image of what they looked like, so he the author of Ad Herennium explains:
'
I II 1 training, gambling, mentalism and telepathy demonstrations, and may have a role in the rehabilitation of brain-damaged was able to indicate to relatives which were their dead.
1
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I patients. Objective testing confirms that with the use of these memory skills, recall is increased, at least 10-fold, and the memory The invisible callers, Castor and Pollux, had hand- We ought then to set up images of a kind that can
I, deficits of proactive and retroactive inhibition do not exist. adhere longest in the memory, and we shall do so if
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NEUROLOGY 1990;40:346-352
• somely paid for their share of the poem by drawing the we establish likenesses as striking as possible. If we
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poet away from the banquet just before the collapse of set up images that are not many or vague, but doing
I
the building. It was this experience that suggested to the something, if we assign to them exceptional beauty
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poet the principles of the art of memory: namely, that or singular ugliness, if we dress some of them with
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Great abilities (said he) are not requisite for an histo- the educational curriculum for over a millennium and a orderly arrangement is essential for good memory and crowns or purple cloaks, for example, so that the
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rian; for in historical composition, all the greatest
powers of the human mind are quiescent. He has
major medieval tradition for a similar length of time.I
The pursuit of this subject opens new vistas of some of
that a visual image of the to-be-remembered item in a likeness may be more distinct to us, or we somehow
disfigure them, as by introducing 1 stained with
., specific place or locus is easy to recall.
facts ready to his hand; so there is no exercise of the greatest manifestations of our culture and touches The Parian Chronicle, a marble tablet of about 264 blood or soiled with mud or smeared with red paint so
invention. Imagination is not required in any high vital points in the history of religion, ethics, painting, that its form is more striking, or by assigning certain
II BC which was found at Paros in the 17th century, re-
degree; only about as much as is used in the lower and literature. The purpose of this article is to renew our. comic effects to our images, for that, too, will ensure
kinds of poetry. Some penetration, accuracy, and cords legendary dates for discoveries such as the inven-
our remembering them more readily.
I coloring will fit a man for the task, if he can give the contact with this important heritage and to review tion of the flute, the introduction of corn, and the
application which is necessary. some of the highlights of its fascinating history. recitation of Orpheus' poetry. In historic times the Quintilian elaborated on the same subject by ex-
Samuel Johnson tablet's emphasis is on prizes awarded at festivals. The plaining what sort of places one would use to store the
! Part I. Ancient traditions. Prehistory. Somewhere
I' I I (as recorded by James Boswell) entry which confirms the ancient texts, including images one had chosen3:
• I and somehow, in a time out of mind-in a time older
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than the time of chronometers-an unknown human Cicero's attestation, is as follows: "From the time when
Ii The subject of this report will likely be unfamiliar to Simonides son ofLeoprepes, the inventor of the system The first thought is placed, as it were, in the fore-
,, most readers because few people realize that our an- learned that making mental images of items and places court. The second, let us say, in the living room. The
facilitates recall and that 2 items, once linked in the of memory aids, won the chorus prize at Athens, and the remainder are placed in due order all around the
:, I
cestors, who invented many arts, also invented an art of statues were set up to Harmodius and Aristogeidon, 213
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memory. Like their other arts, this skill was forwarded consciousness, forever tend to help each recall the other, impluvium [the water storage tank in the center of a
years [ie, 477 BC]." It is known from other sources that Roman home] and entrusted not merely to bedrooms
i I from generation to generation, whence it descended especially if the items are originally encoded in a visual
I
I. into European tradition. This article tries to give some and vivid way. This seems to be a basic human mental
Simonides won the chorus prize in old age.
A fragment known as the Dialexeis, which is dated to
and parlors, but even to the care of statues and the
like. This done, as soon as the memory of the facts
account of the history of the art of memory from classi- mechanism and is the "discovery" that is at the basis of requires to be revived all the places are visited in turn
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the ancient art of memory. This discovery, we can spec-

' cal to modern times and is divided into 3 parts: Part I
i deals with ancient traditions, Part II with the Middle
: !
Ages, and Part III with the modern applications of
I for things and memory for words-so here are the tech-
I memory arts. For this overview, only a fraction of the
i material available for the exposition of this vast subject
i~
is used. The serious investigation of memory skills has
I attributes the discovery of the ancient art of memory to
probably only just begun.I
I
In this article, art of memory means the total of all
I
mnemonic skills used to facilitate recall of specific in-
formation invented by ancient Greeks and Romans and
I
passed in modified and evolving form to the present.
This is an art in the sense that it is an immediate,
personal, creative, and imaginative craft requiring
adroitness and cunning for successful performance.
i ! Ancient memory arts were an important feature of
i
: I I From the Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
This manuscript was supported by a gift from George Lindler.
i' Presented in part at the 41st annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Chicago, IL, April 1989.
ulate, might have facilitated the finding of the berry
patches or the hunting grounds.
Ancient Greece. Every single source, from Cicero (de
Oratore) 2 to Quintilian (Institutio Oratoria} 3 and even
the famous and anonymous Ad Herennium Libri IV,
the Greek poet Simonides of Ceos. All these sources
relate fundamentally the same story, that the ancient
art of memory was invented in 477 BC by Simonides,
who had chanted a lyric poem at a banquet given by
Scopas, a nobleman of Thessaly. Simonides was one of
the 1st poets to require payment or fee for service for his
poems, and legend has it during the 1st half of his poem
he praised Scopas and his wealth. But during the 2nd
·: about 400 BC and written in Greek, contains a section
on memory and clearly talks about the rules for
mnemonic devices. I The Dialexeis talks about memory
nical terms for 2 kinds of artificial memory already in
use around 400 BC. Both memories use images, 1 to
represent things and the other to represept words, and
l the orderly arrangement is based on architectural mod-
els in which the image of the to-be-remembered item is
I placed in an image of a building; to facilitate recall one
walks through the building and looks at the place where
the previous image was stored in order to develop the
memory. This simple manuscript itself suggests that
the human thinking pattern differs slightly from that in
modern times. The Dialexeis is thought to reflect Soph-
ist teaching, and its memory section refers to the
mnemonics of the Sophist, Hippias of Elis, who is said
in the pseudoplatonic dialogues which satirize him and
which bear his name to have possessed a science of
memory and to have boasted that he could recite 50
names after hearing them once, and also recite the
and the various deposits are demanded from their
custodians as the site of each recalls the respective
details.
Despite these attempts at explanation, the system
sounds elusive and abstract to most readers today, ex-
cept to those who are actual practitioners of this ancient
art. But we should be assured that the descriptions
given above by the anonymous author of Ad Heren-
nium and by Quintilian clearly described mnemonic
arts that are extremely effective in increasing recall. For
example, Cicero was able to recite his speeches in the
Roman Senate for several days without resorting to a
single note or other written device, and Quintilian as a
teacher of the art of rhetoric was able to do the same.
Roman generals had actually memorized the name of
each person in their army, and Publius Scipio was actu-
ally able to recognize and name all of the 35,000 men in
his army. And it's probably good that he did remember
them because if his army had not defeated Hannibal in
the great battle of Zama (202 BC) ending the 2nd Punic

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I Received May 3, 1989. Accepted for publication in final form July 13, 1989. genealogies of heroes and men, the foundations of cities,
and much other material. This suggests that Hippias
War, this paper would probably have been written in a
I I Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Bernard M. Patten, Department of Neurology, 6501 Fannin, #NB302, Houston, TX 77030. language based on Punic instead of Latin. How he re-
! i i
was a practitioner of artificial memory arts. Aristotle membered the names of his 35,000 men is not discussed
I
; I I 346 NEUROLOGY 40 February 1990 " February 1990 NEUROLOGY 40 347
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