CONTEMPORARY WORLD FINALS

CHAPTER 6: GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES

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CHAPTER 7: GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
WORLD RELIGIONS
● Globalization began already 3000 years ago as the Silk Road
facilitated trade and cultural exchange (textiles, spices and even
religions were all exchanged along the Silk Road starting around
1,000 B.C.)
● The Silk Road presented religious communities with the most
efficient way to spread their beliefs Missionaries often joined
caravans and traders.
● Religion has played a very important role in globalization.
● Religion and Globalization has that sense of substantial
interpretation.
○ An interpretation based on transcendental religion and an
interpretation based on the relationship between religion
and culture.
1. Christianity
● It is a religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ,
the Son of God and the saviour of humanity who’s coming as
the Messiah, as presented in the New Testament.
● Christianity is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4
billion adherents, known as Christians.
● Throughout history, it weathered schisms and theological
disputes that have resulted in many distinct Churches and
denominations.
a. The Roman Catholic Church
b. The Eastern Orthodox Church
c. Protestantism.
● The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches broke
communion with each other in the schism of the 11th
century
● Protestantism came into existence in the Reformation of the
16th century, splitting from the Roman Catholic Church.
2. Judaism
● It is a religion based on an ancient monotheistic religion
● The Torah is its foundational text that is part of the larger
text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible. Its is
supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such
as the Midrash and the Talmud.
● Judaism is an ancient monotheistic because it expresses the
oldest covenantal relationship that God have established
with the Children of Israel.
○ It is also called as an ethno-religious group because it
includes those born Jewish and converts to Judaism.
3. Islam
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● The dominant religion among Silk Road traders for most of ■ Testimony of Faith: There is no true god but
the time. Islamic scientific and medical advancements also Allah, and Muhammad is the Prophet of God.
had significant impact on Silk Road travelers . ■ Prayer: Five times a day.
● A religion based on the Qur'an, monotheistic and ■ Giving the Zakat: Support for the needy.
Abrahamic. ■ Fasting: In the month of Ramadan, Muslims
● Qur’an means the verbatim religious text of the word of must fast from dawn until sunset.
Allāh taught to Muhammad. ■ Pilgrimage to Mecca: Every Muslim should go
● Muhammad is considered as the last prophet of God. And at least once in their life time.
anyone who is adherent of Islam is called a Muslim. ○ Main Division of Islam
● The second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major ■ Sunnis
religion in the world. ■ Shiites
○ Basic Belief of Islam
■ Faith in Allah 4. Hinduism
■ Faith in angels ● Hinduism is based on a way of life found in India and Nepal.
■ Faith in the Holy Books ● It is called the oldest religion in the world referred to as
● Qur'an Sanātana Dharma, the eternal law beyond human origins.
● Sunnah/ Hadith ● A fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and
■ Faith in prophets traditions, with diverse roots and no founder.
■ Faith in the judgment day.

Buddhism was the first great missionary faith spreading from Northern
India to Afghanistan and Bengal and finally to China, Korea and Japan and
back to Tibet. Silk was extensively used in Buddhist ceremonies
○ Five Pillars of Islam stimulating the demand and facilitating trade along the Silk Road

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enhancing globalization. Chinese Buddhist traders adopted Islamic
medical knowledge in wound healing and urine analysis.
5. Theravada Buddhism
● Based on the teaching of Pāli Cano.
● Pali, literally means school of the elder monks, are collection
of the oldest recorded Buddhist texts, as its doctrinal core.
● It is the dominant form of religion in Cambodia, Laos,
Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and is practiced by
minority groups in Bangladesh, China, Malaysia, Nepal, and
Vietnam.
● In addition, the diaspora of all of these groups as well as
converts around the world practice Theravāda Buddhism.
6. Mahayana Buddhism
● Mahayana, sanskrit for Great Vehicle, is one of two main
existing branches of Buddhism.
● Mahāyāna" refers to the path of the Bodhisattva seeking
complete enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient
beings, also called Bodhisattvayāna, or the Bodhisattva
Vehicle.
● A bodhisattva who has accomplished this goal is called a
samyaksaṃbuddha, or fully enlightened Buddha.
● Mahayana Buddhists teach that enlightenment can be
attained in a single lifetime, and this can be accomplished
even by a layperson.
7. Confucianism
● Confucianism, also known as Ruism, is a system of
philosophical and ethical-sociopolitical teachings
sometimes described as a religion.
● Confucianism developed during the Spring and Autumn
Period from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher
Confucius (551–479 BCE), who considered himself a
retransmitter of Zhou values.
● Confucianism revolves around the pursuit of the unity of the
self and Tiān meaning heaven, or the God of the Universe.
● Rén, translated as humaneness or the essence proper of a
human being, is the character of compassionate mind.
○ It is the virtue endowed by Heaven and at the same
time what allows man to achieve oneness with
Heaven.
8. Taoism
● Also called as Daoism.
● It is a spiritual, philosophical and religious tradition of
Chinese origin that emphasizes living in harmony with the
Tao (also romanized as Dao). The term Tao means way,
path, or principle, and can also be found in Chinese
philosophies and religions other than Taoism.
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 ● Tao denotes something that is both the source of, and the
force behind everything that exists.
9. Shintoism
● Also called kami-no-michi
● It is an ethnic religion of the people of Japan that focuses on
ritual practices to be carried out diligently, to establish a
connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past.
● Shinto is the largest religion in Japan, practiced by nearly
80% of the population, yet only a small percentage of these
identify themselves as "Shintoists" in surveys.
○ Because Shinto has different meanings in Japan.
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON RELIGION
Globalization has diverse, even paradoxical implications for religion.
Globalization may have implied on faith in the following three possible
impacts:
1. Religion is being eroded.
2. Religion is being strengthened.
3. Religion is declining but it has developed new identities of
hybridity.
Cultural homogeneity versus Cultural pluralism
The distinct norms, different cultures and different worshiping ways and
practices will be wiped out by globalization which promotes homogeneity.
Threat to traditions of religions, disintegrate traditional social norms and
values by the invasion of consumerism, cyber culture and etc.
Human rights are becoming the main issue in global world.
Example. Status of women
Conflicts versus Cooperation
Internal and external conflicts – multipolar world
Resurgence of conservative-traditionalist religious movements. These
movements have been often labelled as religious fundamentalism.
Religious fundamentalism:
● Religious phenomenon; religious is very essential as ideology,
ethos, goals, leadership of fundamentalism are founded and built
on religious beliefs and practices.
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 ● A reaction to and cultural changes which are experienced as a
dramatic crisis so that it differs from traditionalism.
● Defensive reaction which attempts to preserve or restore an
idealized or imagined former social order which is characterized
by a strict patriarchal order and moralism.
People cannot bear these uncertainties, any movements, like
religious fundamentalism, that are regarded to bring certainty back will
gain its market and acceptance.
Conflicts versus Cooperation
Essentially, all religions teach these shared principles of love, patience,
peace, justice and equality.
The phenomenon of globalization of religion has made it easier to transfer
the all-embracing message of any religion all over the world. As a result,
societies are becoming less exclusive and more multi-religious.
Social reality forces world religious communities to get rid of their
exclusive attitudes and to develop some universal orientations, which
should be more accommodating to the other.
Inter-religious Dialogue therefore can be a discourse between two or more
religious organizations for better understanding of the tenets of each
religion in order to promote peaceful coexistence among the practitioners
of such religions.
Thus Inter-religious Dialogue will be fruitful as people of different
religions and faith encounter each other in an atmosphere of freedom and
openness for each partner to listen and understand each other.
Spread of Religion versus Secularization
The inner nature of religions and the purpose to be embraced
and practiced by people all over the world prompts it to spread
throughout all the world’s geographical spaces.
In order to emerge and spread, therefore, religions make good
use of the technologies of globalization.
Having geographical boundaries and frontiers blurred and
dissolved, religions find it easy to spread and reach every part
of the world.
Information technologies, transportation means, and the
media are deemed important means on which religionists rely in the
dissemination of their religious ideas.
Example. Countless websites providing information about religions have
been created.
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The increase of industrialization, urbanization and rationalization would
bring about the decrease of religious faith.
Religion would become less important factor in human life of modern
society and a modern secular system would be a dominant force as
theological system was falling down. Religion would eventually vanish
from the lives of modern secular society.
● Some people might seek protection from globalization impacts and
foster opposition
Globalization does not lead necessarily to a homogenization of groups and
the rise of a universal community, because there is the desire for esteem
within a culture.

Homogenization as Threat for Religions

● Homogenization might wipe out cultural diversity
Example. Languages are dying at an alarming rate.
● Friedman suggests that the break-down to only 8 unique
civilizations is the result of globalization.
● Muslim dominance and control of trans-Asian trade was the
primary factor leading to the homogenization of Central Asia and SECULARIZATION
the Silk Road. ● Religion being an inter- and cross- disciplinary science of learning
that was brought by the importance of the contemporary times
Connectedness of Globalization and Religion because it has with it the context of philosophy, sociology, history
● Religion always sought to spread its message beyond frontiers and psychology.
impact on globalization.
● Globalization with its homogenization can disturb cultures, so that What is the dominant debate of these associations and societies?
some religions oppose it It is the term “Secularization” in the modern world.

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 ➔ Grace Davie’s notion of Secularization is a Vicarious
Religion.
➔ Rodney Stark’s notion of Secularization is a folk religion, a
popular religion, a contemporary spirituality, a superstition.
➔ In Western Europe Secularization is understood as
Paradigmatic.
◆ A phenomena of religion not subject to any global
patterns.
➔ In the United States Secularization is understood as a global
pattern of religiosity not a subjective parochialism.
The modern world is a concrete manifestation of secularization. This is
because there was a radical shift from the medieval world – a world
where the religiosity among faithful have declined and there was an
occurrence of separation between the Church and the State.
In the Medieval Times, the Western people were not ignorant of God; a
must have faith in God Phenomenon. But, today to have faith in GOD is
just an option- meaning it’s up to you to believe or not to believe. In these
sense Secularization can be best understood as a shift of human
condition to choose or to have a choice even the unknown.
A post-secular society, meaning a religion that was created by the Ancient
and Medieval people, makes a return in many forms to the public from
where it was cast out during the modern era. It is called as the religious
fundamentalism. In consequence, there is now a public Flagging of the
confession of faith. Flagging was expressed as believing without
belonging.
Religion is not a product of cultural change, economic changes and
political changes but simply of the outcome of social action. In short,
religion is no other than social action. This means religion is by product
of cultural roles of traditions and culture.
The conventional idea of Secularization in the traditional religion were of
two dimensions:
1. Institutional dimensions of religion
2. Individual dimensions or religion.
GLOBALIZATION: PERSPECTIVES FROM THE FIELD
● Every religion has its own contribution in the account of the
“global” or the so called “Globalization.” In fact, different religion
has its own different definition peculiar to the understanding of
Globalization.
● Sociology of religion defines globalization as the universalization of
an institution- meaning making in the long term applicable and
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 adoptable universally of their religion in human history.
(Parson, 1977)
● Roland Robertson (1977) defined Globalization as follows:
1. The compression of the world. It means the accelerated
pace of contacts among cultures, peoples and civilizations
2. The shrinking of the world
3. The search for fundamentals which means:
a. No matter what world religions and fundamental
churches you are
b. No matter how separated the Church and the State
are.
c. No matter how many dialogues done among
RELIGIONS in the industrialized and developing
countries are.
Still Religion, in all these realities and events, tends to return to the public
domain where in that return, there occurs the de-privatization of religion,
a kind of Globalization’s space-time dimension. Instead of saying Modern
Age, in globalization it is called Global Age. etc.
The spatial dimension of globalization is the de-territorialism and re-
territorialization of religion. It is called ecumenical orientation of
ecumenism of transnational religion where religion forms a new form of
attachment. It reshapes the world’s religious geography through the
increase of cross-cultural contact lifting social relations from the
original with the possibility of reconstructing, creating and
recreating the locality.
Various Relationships between Religion and Globalization.
➔ The rise of religious nationalism
➔ The return of religion into the public lives of people
➔ The proliferation of international terrorism
➔ The increase of personalized individual religiosity.
Two interpretations of Religion and Globalization:
1. It is the spread of religion and other religious expression across the
globe. That religion is the product of a long term process of inter-
civilization or cross-cultural interaction.
2. It is the place of religion with the context of globalization; the
relational impact of globalization upon religion
Two strategies of Religion in front of Globalization:
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 1. Cultural Defense: meaning even a religion rejects globalization
from its trends, events and impulse, still this religion is shaped by
globalization. In fact, religion is forced to respond to a newly found
situations-the other term is resacralization;
2. Active Engagement: meaning religions engage the events, trends
and impulse of globalization; to this result it is interconnectivity
and intertwining of religious expressions.
Religion serves as an important bridgehead between pre-
modern and modern social formations. Globalization is a historical
reality which pace and influence crystallizes the religions in the
historical development. Globalization is a consequence of
modernity; it is a result of second modernity; it is the rise of
the west within the world; it is the rise of Universalists
philosopher and world religions.
TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION AND MULTIPLE GLOCALIZATIONS
Two research agendas of religion in front of globalization
1. Transnationalism (1990)
a. A group of people migrated from the third world country is
going to stay in the developing countries-the first world
countries. (Levitt and Khagram, 2007).
b. When new immigrants do not assimilate themselves into
the culture of the host countries but simply maintained
their links to their homeland.
c. Causes a transnational tie, constructing, reproducing and
preserving their religious culture even if they are in the first
world nations.
2. De-territorialism of Religion
a. Meaning the movement of peoples including its faith across
the globe. It is becoming known of the unknown religious
traditions of a particular faith.
Example. Having a Flores de Mayo procession on the month of May in New
York City, U.S.A. - this is a clear aspect of de-territorialism.
Transnationalism of Religion: the spread and emergence and public
presence of several Religions in the state. As s critical other- a kind of
people’s migration.
Example. Protestantism in the Latin America; Islam in Europe; Islam in
Scandinavian countries.
Transnationalism has blending of:
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 ➔ Religious Universalism: when immigrant communities make their
religion as central reference of their migration. So, here occurs the
so called Religious Transnationalism
◆ meaning a religion going global
Example. Rapid growth of Christianity in global south as the most popular
faith.
➔ Local Particularism: wherein a local ethnic group will maintain
their values and gain; that their said community as believers
remained important for their survival in the foreign land.
Two effects of Transnationalism, in the end, to the immigrants:
1. The person might adopt a cultural habit coming from the host
community.
2. The person might construct to the so called Pure Religion.
Transnational Religion: the institutional transnationalism whereby
communities living outside the national territory of particular state
maintaining their attachments to their house churches or institutions.
Example. Orthodox Christianity, the minority of the faith yet their “status
quo” remained unaltered.
The interplay and interface between religion and culture is the
Easternalization of the West or the Westernization of the East. This is a
process called Indigenization or Hybridization or Glocalization. It is
also the ability of religion to immerse and mold into different communities
in ways that connects it intimately with the local relations; Religion is
blending.
The nature of universal uniformity of religion from the different religious
locality. This what we call Glocal Religion. It is a genre of expression,
communication and legitimization of the different, collective and
individual identities into one locality in the Global world.
Private means through individuals and institutional avenues through
groups, the symbols and practice of the use of religious traditions, as a way
of recruiting membership, from the national group. In effect, it continues
to form religious community globally or without any specific geographical
area. To blend religious universalism with the local religions is what they
call hybrid of globalization. Glocal Religion is the entire range of
responses in front of modernization and secularization.
In the religion of Christianity for example there are four
concrete form of Glocalization;
1. Indigenization: because, in effect, native people or ethnic
groups was connected to Christian faith; a sense of fusion
between religion and culture and all of them survived;
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 2. Vernacularization: because, in effect, the Christian Greek,
Latin and Arabic Bible was vernacularized in order to have
all the access to the sacred;
3. Nationalization: because, it has consolidated one nation to
another nation with the same confession from the Eastern
rite to Western rite;
4. Transnationalism- because, it forced the people to identify
with its specific religious tradition coming from their
homeland and adopt a universal religion.
RELIGION IN GLOBALIZATION: CONFLICT OR COEXISTENCE?
Islam and Terrorism
Misunderstanding and misuse of Islamic principles derived mostly from
the conception of Jihad, the internal struggle to achieve self
improvement, and external struggle to fight against injustice and
social oppression through preaching and teaching.
Extremist Muslim groups use this concept to legitimate the idea of armed
Holy War. Terrorism is not necessarily related to religion, let alone to
Islam.
Terrorism: the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a
non-state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal
through fear, coercion, or intimidation. It was first used during the French
Revolution to describe the actions of Jacobins.
In the 19th century, the actions of terrorists were motivated by anarchism,
whereas in the 20th century nationalism was the main cause.
Even when religion is related to terrorism, it does not necessarily mean
the Islam: “The majority of the violence seen with Islamic fundamentalists
should be attributed to the religio-political environment instead of the
religion itself” (Cassandra Rausch)
Historical Background
● Byzantine Empire and Islamic Empire in the 11th century:
Christian Crusades to conquer the Holy City, project which ended
up failing.
● Francis Robinson says that from the eighth till the eighteenth
century, “the community of believers created by God’s revelation
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 to humankind through the Prophet Muhammad was regarded as ● In the public mind, Islam started to be fundamentally associated
walking hand in hand with power.” with terrorism.
● Islamic civilization as the leader in terms of creativity: great ● There must be dialogue that leads to the true understanding of
achievements in science, poetry and general literature. other civilizations: “Muslims need to explain Islam to non-Muslims
● However, Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt in 1798 marked the and non- Muslims need to make an effort to be responsive to them”
transference of leadership to the West.
● By the 1920’s, the Caliphate had been abolished.
● Throughout the 20th century, western rule widely replaced the
Muslim one with their own culture and values.

This phenomenon encouraged the birth of some totalitarian/

revolutionary Islamic perspectives against secular leaders: Example of the
Iranian Revolution 1979.
Impacts of September 11th

● Dialogue of Civilizations: an idea proclaimed by the Iranian

president Muhammad Khatami in the United Nations General CHAPTER 8: GLOBAL CITIES
Assembly in 1998.
● However, the possibilities of dialogue were greatly shaken by the Cities are ecosystems for businesses and innovation.
September 11th What changed the concept of a city?
● USA declares war on terror: Afghanistan was invaded. Iraq, Syria ● Technology
and Iran were pointed afterwards as the “other terrorist states” ● Cultural Exchanges
and were observed as potential targets. ● Migration
● Economic Progress

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 ● Personal Mobility
What factors contributed? (Kearnery, 2017)
● The strength of an urban center’s network of businesses
● The talent of its citizenry
● The stability of political institutions
● The creativity of cultural organizations
What is a City?
● A critical site for analyzing dynamic and dialectic articulations of
global and local processes.
● Through a worldwide network of cities, an emerging global
system of production, finance, telecommunications, culture, and
politics is being socially and spatially articulated. (Scott, 2011)
Major cities function as command and control nodes in the global
reach of large corporations and have been coined as global cities.
How does Global Cities affect Globalization?
● Restructuring cities as globally competitive places.
● Wherein global, national, and local processes and forces
encounter each other, merge, and create a new politics of place
making under the conditions of globalizing capitalism.
What is a Global City?
● Also known as alpha city or world center.
● A primary node in the global economic network. (Alderson and
Beckfield, 2004)
● Pertains to an urban centre that enjoys significant competitive
advantages and that serves as a hub within globalized economic
system.
● It comes from the idea that globalization is created, facilitated,
and enacted in strategic geographic locales. (Smith, 2003)
● Serves as an important focal point for business, global trade,
finance, tourism, and globalization to exist. (Sassen, 1994)
● Linked with globalization was the idea of spatial reorganization
and the hypothesis that cities were becoming key loci within
global networks or production,
● Highly globalized and competitive metropolitan economies.
● The “Big Six” include London, New York, Paris, and Tokyo.
ESSENTIAL TRAITS OF A GLOBAL CITY
1. There is an apparent presence of a variety of international
financial services notably in finance, insurance, real estate,
banking, accountancy and marketing
2. Headquarters of several multinational corporations
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 3. The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and
major financial institutions
4. Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area.
5. Major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities
6. Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a
global level
7. Centers of new ideas and innovation in business, economics,
culture and politics
8. Focal point of media and communications for global networks
9. Dominance of the national region with great international
significance
10. High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and
information sector
11. High quality educational institutions, including renowned
universities, international student attendance and research
facilities
12. Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal,
medical, and entertainment facilities in the world
13. High diversity in language , culture, religion, and ideologies
ANALYZING GLOBAL CITIES
Global Cities Index
● Provides a comprehensive ranking of the leading global cities
from the world.
● Designed to track the way cities maneuver as their populations
grow and the world continues to shrink.
● The assessment is based on a country’s economic standing,
globalization rate, human capital, information and technology,
cultural experience, and political engagement.
Migration Mobility and the Global City
● The rise of globalization created avenues for people to migrate
(Hall and Pain, 2006).
● Borderless world enables easier flow of resources such as human
capital
● With globalization, increasing economic activities demand for
new territorial centralization of top-level management and
central corporate functions.
● Because corporate functions such as human resources and
technology are becoming more complex, global firms outsource
them become more efficient.
● Global cities are attractive to firms and business due to the
possibility of being able to hire diverse pool of skilled workers.
● The migrants are also determined by the business needs in
particular city
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GLOBAL CITY AND MOBILITY

● A diverse city provides employment.

● Increasing migrations leads to urban problems
○ Mobility of people
○ 70% of people will live in cities by 2050
○ Overpopulation

Example. Traffic, school congestion, public transportation, hospitals

● Environmental problems
○ Land, water and air pollution
● Leads to health problems
● Reduces manpower in rural areas for agricultural production.
INVESTING PUBLIC TRANSITS
CHAPTER 9: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
● Reducing Traffic Congestions
○ Number Coding Scheme What is “Demography”?
○ Parking Lots ● “Demo” means People
○ Side Walks ● “Graphy” means Measurement
○ Bus Stations (Loading and Unloading Areas)
● Investing in Public Railways - Since the Industrial Revolution, What is Global Demography?
● The Rise of Globalization occurred through Public Railways. ❖ Pertains the Composition and Distribution of Human Population
1. Composition: Age and Gender
2. Distribution: Of which Territory?

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 ❖ Studies the statistics of the following:
➢ Births
➢ Deaths
➢ Income
➢ Diseases
How does the study of Global Demography help build nations and
countries?
Example: The planning of health services in different towns can benefit
the study of demography of a country.
❖ Planning answers the following questions:
a. How many health units do we need?
b. How to distribute them to the community?
c. What type of manpower is needed?
PATTERNS OF GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE
Examples:
1. World population of 7.2 billion is projected to increase by 1
billion over the next 12 years and reach 9.6 billion by 2020
(United Nations report).
2. Global Population is currently growing at a rate of 76
million people a year.
Developing countries are expected to be at the forefront in adding the
population with the 50 least developed countries to double or even triple
their population. In contrast, the developed countries are projected to
remain steady and even a population decline in some countries.
The Global Monitoring Report (GMR) also shows that these global trends
and patterns vary dramatically across countries and levels of
development. Today, 87 percent of the world’s poor live in countries
that will still experience burgeoning working-age population shares,
and are expected to have rapid population growth. If these countries
are able to accelerate their job creation to keep pace with their growing
working-age population they have the potential to boost their growth and
poverty reduction in coming years.
As the GMR argues, the demographic changes within countries and
differences across countries present real opportunities to boost growth
and poverty reduction. In particular, freer capital flows, migration and
trade can help respond to growing demographic imbalances globally. With
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demography-informed policies, countries – old and young, developing and 1. Empowerment of Women
developed – have the chance to turn the past fears of the population bomb 2. Declining Child Mortality
into development opportunities for the future. 3. Cost of Bringing up Children

CRUDE BIRTH AND DEATH RATES INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY DECLINE

● One of the simplest ways to consider population growth in the
analysis of demographic trends
● Based on the number of births and deaths per 1,000 people per
year on a given region
● On a worldwide basis the difference between these rates is the rate
of population growth
● Within regions or countries, population growth is also affected by
emigration and immigration.
GLOBAL FERTILITY
● It measures the average number of children per woman every 5
years
● In 1950, Women had more than 5 children, but in today’s time it
was halved (avg of 2.5 children per woman). Why?
Three reasons why the Global Fertility rate went down.
UN Sustainable Development Goals No. 3.2: Reduce Child Mortality. It is
defined as the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000
live births.
GLOBAL LIFE EXPECTANCY
● The average expected living age of individuals has steadily
increased.
● In most Asian Societies like the Philippines, there exists a high
regard for the elderly as they are mostly accrued an esteemed
position in the family.
● As a result of global decline in fertility, and because people are
living longer, median age is rising.
● The proportion of the elderly in the total population is rising
sharply.
● The proportion of individuals aged 80 or over is projected to rise
from 1 to 4 percent of the global population by 2050.

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 ● Population aging is occurring in both developed and developing
countries
WORKING AGE POPULATION
● Baby Boomers: the generation born between 1946 to 1964
● Fall in Mortality rates and increase in birth rates result in a Boom
Generation
● The Baby Boom creates particular challenges and opportunities for
countries
● During and following a baby boom, there will be a large population
of youth
● The Youth Cohort is to be educated for the long term economic
growth and ease of entry into the working age
DEMOGRAPHIC RATE OF THE PHILIPPINES
● Census: An official count or survey of a population, typically
recording various details of individuals.
IMPACTS OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES TO GLOBALIZATION
Based on Roser (2018) the world's population is ageing. One
example is people in china. 31% of its population will be aged 60 or over.
World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 72.0 yrs was the average
life expectancy at birth of the global population.
International migration will still continue though the flow of
migrants will still be impossible to count or predict. There is an addition
of 3 billion people in the global population. While in 2050 they have
predicted that the population would stabilize at 9 billion. Managing this
would give a big challenge but failure could mean a very big consequence.
CHAPTER 10: GLOBAL MIGRATION
Global Migration: It is the movement of people from one region to
another for the purpose of settlement.
Immigration: The process by which people move into a country to settle.
Emigration: The process by which people move out a country to settle
in another.
GLOBAL MIGRATION AND GLOBALIZATION
Compiled by Dugay and Macatangay
 ● Influence of technology on transportation and communication
● Push - Pull factors MIGRATION PROS AND CONS
○ Push factors are negative aspects of the sending country.
○ Pull factors are the positive aspects of the receiving Pros
country. 1. Better standard of living
2. Quality education
Reasons for Migration 3. Political stability and security
➔ Political
◆ To escape conflict and persecution Cons
◆ Refugee: someone who has left their home and does not 1. Social dysphoria
have a home to go. 2. Discrimination
➔ Economical 3. Distant from family
◆ Living conditions or job opportunities are not sufficient
◆ Remittances : funds that emigrants earn abroad and send
back to their home countries to support their family
◆ Brain-drain experience
➔ Environmental
◆ Livelihood of people threatened by natural disasters
◆ Negative effects of global climate change
➔ Social
◆ Discrimination among nations
◆ Racism, sexism, religion
◆ To seek quality education
◆ Health, Marital status

Compiled by Dugay and Macatangay