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NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Also called normal curve, is distribution of data where the mean, median, and mode are equal,
the distribution is clustered at the center, the graph is a bell-shaped curve, and symmetrical.
1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.

2. The curve is symmetrical about its center.

3. The mean, median, and the mode coincide at the center.

4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution.

5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always approaching
the axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to the base line.

6. The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability or proportion or the
percentage associated with specific sets of measurement values.

A standard normal curve is a


probability distribution that has a
mean 𝜇 = 0 and a standard deviation 𝜎
= 1.
The Z-Score

The areas under the normal curve are given in terms of 𝑧-values or
scores.

Where: 𝑋 = given measurement


𝜇 = population mean
𝜎 = standard deviation

EXAMPLE 1: Given the mean 𝜇 = 50 and the standard deviation, 𝜎 = 4 of a


population of Reading scores. Find the 𝑧-value that corresponds to a score X
= 58.
𝑋−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
58 − 50
𝑧=
4
𝒛=𝟐

Figure 1: Normal Curve showing z-scores and Raw


Scores
EXAMPLE 2: Find the 𝑧-value of the following set of data.
Tell whether the score is above or below the mean.

1.𝜇 = 45, 𝜎 = 6, X = 39 z = -1 Below

2.𝜇 = 40, 𝜎 = 8, X = 52 z = 1.5 Above

3.𝜇 = 75, 𝜎 = 15, X = 82 z = 0.47 Above

EXAMPLE 3: Find the area under the standard normal


curve between 𝑧 = 0 and the following 𝑧-scores. (use the
Table of Areas under the Normal Curve)

a. 𝑧 = 0.96 or P (0 < 𝑧 < 0.96)


Step 1: Express the z-value into 3-digits.
Step 2: In the table, find the first two digits on the row
Step 3: Match the third digit with the appropriate column
heading
Step 4: Read the area (or probability) at the intersection of the
row and the column
EXAMPLE 3: Find the area under the standard normal
curve between 𝑧 = 0 and the following 𝑧-scores. (use the
Table of Areas under the Normal Curve)
b. 𝑧 = 1.45 or P (0 < 𝑧 < 1.45)

A = 0.4265

EXAMPLE 3: Find the area under the standard normal


curve between 𝑧 = 0 and the following 𝑧-scores. (use
the Table of Areas under the Normal Curve)
c. 𝑧 = 2.38 or P (0 < 𝑧 < 2.38)

A = 0.4913
EXAMPLE 3: Find the area under the standard
normal curve between 𝑧 = 0 and the following 𝑧-
scores. (use the Table of Areas under the Normal Curve)

d. 𝑧 = -1.89 or P (-1.89 < 𝑧 < 0)

A = 0.4706

EXAMPLE 4: Find the area under the standard normal curve


bounded by the following pairs of 𝑧-scores. (use the Table of
Areas under the Normal Curve)
a. 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑧 = 2 or P (1 < 𝑧 < 2)
The area of the region in
between:
𝑧=1 ➔ A = 0.3413
𝑧=2 ➔ A = 0.4772

0.4772 – 0.3413 =
0.1359
EXAMPLE 4: Find the area under the standard
normal curve bounded by the following pairs of 𝑧-
scores.
b. 𝑧 = (use
2.16theand
Table𝑧 of Areasor
= 3.43 under the Normal
P (2.16 < 𝑧 < Curve)
3.43)

The area of the region in


between:
𝑧 = 2.16 ➔ A = 0.4846
𝑧0.4999 – 0.4846 = 0.0153

EXAMPLE 4: Find the area under the standard


normal curve bounded by the following pairs of 𝑧-
scores. (use the Table of Areas under the Normal Curve)
c. 𝑧 = -1.91 and 𝑧 = 3 or P (-1.91 < 𝑧 < 3)

The area of the region


in between:
𝑧 = -1.91 ➔ A = 0.4719
𝑧=3 A=
0.4719 + 0.4987 = 0.9706
EXAMPLE 5: Find the area or proportion (probability) indicated by each
item. (use the Table of Areas under the Normal Curve)
a. Above 𝑧 = -1 or P (𝑧 > -1)

The area of the region in


between:
𝑧 = -1 ➔ A=

0.3413
Half of the Normal Curve ➔ A =

0.5
0.3413 + 0.5 = 0.8413

EXAMPLE 5: Find the area or proportion (probability) indicated


by each item. (use the Table of Areas under the Normal Curve)
b. To the left of 𝑧 = -1.5 or P (𝑧 < -1.5)

The area of the region in


between:
𝑧 = -1.5 ➔ A=

0.4332
Half of the Normal Curve ➔ A =

0.5

0.5 – 0.4332 = 0.0668

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