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Overview of Batteries
• specific energy
• energy density
• specific power
• typical voltages
• amp hour efficiency
• energy efficiency
• commercial availability
• cost
• operating temperatures
• self-discharge rates
• number of life cycles
• recharge rates
Overview of Batteries
Energy availability varies with
• ambient temperature
• charge and discharge rates
• battery geometry
• optimum temperature
• charging methods
• cooling needs.
ENERGY STORAGE
• Requirements of Storage Battery
• Safe
• High Power
• High Capacity
• Small and Light
• Long Life
• Low over all Cost
ENERGY STORAGE
• Batteries are electrochemical devices that convert electrical energy into
chemical energy during charging, and convert chemical energy into electric
energy during discharging.
• Battery is composed of several cells stacked together.
• cell is an independent and complete unit that possesses all the electrochemical
properties.
• A battery cell consists of three primary elements:
• two electrodes (positive and negative) immersed into an electrolyte
ENERGY STORAGE
A Typical Battery
ENERGY STORAGE
• Specific Power
• Specific power is defined as the maximum power of per unit battery
weight that the battery can produce in a short period.
Specific power is important in the reduction of battery weight,
especially in high power demand applications, such as HEVs. The
specific power of a chemical battery depends mostly on the battery’s
internal resistance.
ENERGY STORAGE
• Electrochemical Reactions
• It is the most widespread battery technology in today’s automotive applications,
the lead-acid battery case is used as an example to explain the operating principle
theory of electrochemical batteries.
• A lead-acid battery uses an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid as the electrolyte.
The electrodes are made of porous lead (Pb, anode, electrically negative) and
porous lead oxide (PbO2, cathode, electrically positive).
• The processes taking place during discharging are shown in Figure 10.4(a),
• where lead is consumed and lead sulfate is formed. The chemical reaction on
• the anode can be written as
.
ENERGY STORAGE
ENERGY STORAGE
• Specific Energy
• Specific energy is defined as the energy capacity per unit battery
weight (Wt/kg). The theoretical specific energy is the maximum
energy that can be generated per unit total mass of the cell reactant