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Group I4-EE-A
1. Show how the ratio of Q and P in a Q-meter circuit can determine whether the power
factor is lagging, leading or unity
𝑄
• If the ratio of > 0.5 the power factor is lagging
𝑃
𝑄
• If the ratio of < 0.5 the power factor is leading
𝑃
𝑄
• If the ratio of = 0.5 the power factor is unity
𝑃
2. Why is the approximation 1kVA = 1 Horsepower often used to estimate motor load if
one horsepower is only 0.764kW?
• Because the typically efficiency and power factor value are difficult to obtain
for rotating machine particularly induction motors operating below nameplate
rating, as is often the case. So, it makes the 1KVA = 1Hp
3. Why are fault detection and fault isolation more complicated with a networked
distribution system than with a radial distribution system?
4. Why must the X/R ratios be considered in sizing most types of circuit breakers and
fuses?
• Using this X/R ratio estimate to calculate interrupting current will always
produce a value slightly more severe than the actual interrupting current,
thereby yielding conservative results.
• Interrupting rating is the current that a fuse, circuit breaker, or other electrical
apparatus is able to interrupt without being destroyed or causing an electric arc
with unacceptable duration.
Tcu = 394
By formula
𝑇+𝑡2
𝑅2 = × 𝑅1
𝑇+𝑡1
394+80
𝑅2 = × 2.35
394+40
𝑅2 = 2.5665Ω
2.5665−2.35
%= × 100 = 9.21%
2.35
69-kV
SCA = 1800 A
14 MVA
12.47-kV
SCAMax = 5500A
Answer
Primary
Sbase = 14 MVA
Vbase = 69 KV
Sbase 14 106
I base = = = 117.14
3Vbase 3 69 103
1800
I SCA = = 15.366 pu
117.14
V 1
ZS = = = 0.065 pu
I SCA 15.366
Secondary
Sbase = 14 MVA
Vbase = 12.47 KV
Sbase 14 106
I base = = = 648.18
3Vbase 3 12.47 103
5500
I SCA,max = = 8.485 pu
648.18
V V
I SCA,max If = =
Zf Z S + ZT
V
ZT − ZS
I SCA,max
1
ZT − 0.065 = 0.0528 pu
8.485
138/13.8kV
12/16/20 MVA
Reactance = 5.42%
Answer:
𝑆
𝑋𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋𝑜𝑙𝑑 × ( 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑤 )
𝑜𝑙𝑑
10
𝑋𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 0.0542 × (12)
𝑋𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 0.0451𝑝𝑢
Backup protection is intended to operate when a power system fault is not cleared, or an
abnormal condition is not detected in the required time because of failure or inability of
other protection to operate or failure of the appropriate circuit-breaker(s) to trip. The
backup protection is, by definition, slower than the main protection.
b. What do you mean by maloperation due to loss of selectivity between the primary
and the back-up relaying?
It can be that the back-up protection in the case issues trip command to its breaker without
waiting for the primary protection to do its job. This results in operation of both the
primary and the back-up, resulting in a longer and unnecessary disruption to the system.
It is said that with every additional relay used, there is an increase in the probability of
maloperation.
• Power Quality Improvement: One way to reduce the effects and related economic
losses of voltage sags that originate from short circuits in the power system is to
reduce the sag duration; i.e., reduce the time to clear the fault (or short circuit). This
can be accomplished with the application of high-speed line protection.
• Power System Stability Improvement: Power system stability is one of the main
reasons for pursuing faster transmission line protection. Clearing faults faster than
the critical fault-clearing time ensures the stability of power systems and avoids
blackouts. Faster fault clearing increases the amount of power that can be
transferred.
• Protective of equipment: The transformer is one of the most critical assets in a
transmission substation. Repairing or replacing a transformer is a very expensive,
difficult, and time-consuming task, so it is very important to keep the transformer
healthy.