1

Stormwater Runoff in Pacific Grove: Mitigation Techniques and Public Outreach

Eleanor Markarian, Jordan McCabe, Kevin Weaver, Shannon Skidmore

Abstract
The City of Pacific Grove is currently estimated to have a 44% cover of impervious
surfaces within the watershed areas that discharge into the Area of Special Biological
Significance (ASBS) and the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS). To address
the detrimental environmental impacts of urban stormwater runoff to the ASBS and the
MBNMS, this project examines existing combative methods and public education established
and implemented within the city of Pacific Grove. Urban stormwater runoff mitigation
techniques implemented elsewhere were also researched to provide suggestive models for the
city. A survey of general stormwater knowledge among Monterey Peninsula residents was
conducted and the results were examined to consider effective areas of public education. Results
of such assessment imply and direct the need for public education and outreach and applied
stormwater runoff mitigation methods within the city. Recommendations for current and future
stormwater management practices were given based on the city’s current infrastructure.

Introduction
The area of impervious ground cover in coastal watersheds increases with urbanization.
Stormwater runoff from such surfaces is known to transport toxins, pesticides, excess nutrients
and debris to coastal outflows. Excess levels of pollution in stormwater runoff have been
strongly correlated with large watershed size and high percentage of impervious surface cover
(Mallin et al. 2000). The City of Pacific Grove consists of multiple watersheds that drain
directly into a 3.2 mile long, State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) defined Area of
Special Biological Significance (ASBS) and the federally protected Monterey Bay National
Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS). As a majority of the City’s infrastructure was developed prior to
1939, adequate stormwater quality management within regulated parameters poses a challenge.
(Watson et al. 2011). Through contextual application of publicly monitored water quality in the
Pacific Grove ASBS and the MBNMS, along with a publicly conducted survey to assess
stormwater understanding among Pacific Grove residents, this project will assess the need for
additional stormwater runoff mitigation efforts and public outreach and education.

Background
The Central Coast of California has a Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers
and cool, wet winters. While rainfall totals vary from year to year, the rainy season generally
occurs between October and April. Pacific Grove receives an average of 18 inches of rain per
year and more than half of that total falls between December and February (Pacific Grove, CA,
2019). The City of Pacific Grove was established in 1875 and later incorporated in 1889. The
City of Pacific Grove’s population has grown from 1,336 residents in 1890 to 15,388 in 2015.
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The entire city covers an area just under 4 square miles (U.S. Census Bureau, 2019). As the
population of Pacific Grove has expanded over time, houses, businesses and schools were built,
roads were paved, and parking lots were constructed. This led to a high percentage of the land
being covered by impervious surfaces.
Impervious surfaces include obvious ones like roads and buildings and less obvious sites
like playing fields and walking paths. These are made effectively impervious through
compaction as explained in Scott Huler’s, On the Grid, which explains that compacted soil can
only absorb 1.9 inches per hour compared to 12.4 inches of rain per hour undisturbed forest can
absorb. As the absorption rate decrease the runoff rate increases. This can greatly increase the
amount of pollutants carried to the ocean. When water soaks into the soil, many of the pollutants
it carries are filtered out as they slowly percolate through the soil
In the past, Pacific Grove has looked into updating its stormwater infrastructure. The
city’s efforts have been aided by students and faculty from California State University Monterey
Bay (CSUMB). In 2011, an extensive report was constructed (Watson et al., 2011) by members
of an upper division watershed class at CSUMB. The report focused on possible upgrades to the
existing stormwater mitigation methods for the city of Pacific Grove. The report is
comprehensive and focuses on upgrading areas of the city with more efficient methods of
combating runoff issues. The GIS maps generated within this study are especially intuitive
because they show the different watershed locations around the city. This is in viewing the
multiple watersheds that flow into particular stormwater drains. By visualizing which drain
corresponds to which watershed, our group was able to pinpoint areas we would recommend to
construct our analysis and proposal of Low Impact Design solutions, The report also describes
biological mitigation methods that could be implemented in the city to naturally reduce
stormwater pollutants. Bioswales and bioretention cells are discussed in length, and the report
also outlines what these types of systems would cost (Watson et al., 2011).

Table 1: Stormwater Event Timeline

Date Event

1991-2000 -1997 (Established) Monterey Bay Sanctuary Citizen Watershed

Monitoring Network.
-1998 Model Urban Runoff Program (MURP).
-2000 First Flush Event Monitoring by the Sanctuary Citizen Watershed
Monitoring Network begins.
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2001-2010 -2002 Model Urban Runoff Program: A How-To guide for Developing
Urban Runoff Programs for Small Municipalities revised by the
California Coastal Commission.
-2002 Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) for the Monterey Regional
Stormwater Pollution Prevention Program.
-2005 CASQA California Ocean Plan, Areas of Special Biological
Significance, Waste Discharge Prohibition.
-2006 Proposition 84 Areas of Special Biological Significance (ASBS)
Grant Program (The Safe Drinking Water, Water Quality and Supply,
Flood Control, River and Coast Protection Bond Act).
-2006 MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc. for Phase III dry
weather and stormflow runoff into Pacific Grove area of ASBS.
-Annual Reports: Monterey Regional Stormwater Management Program
(MRSWMP).
-Low Impact Development (LID) technologies implemented as Best
Management Practices BMPs throughout the watershed.

2011-Recent -2010 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan (IRWMP). Monterey

Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay Integrated Regional
Water Management Regional Acceptance Process Materials.
-2011 Report and data on Pacific Grove Stormwater Outfalls.
-2012 Greenwood Park Monitoring by CSUMB.
-2012 (March 19) Request for Proposals (RFP): Design, Environmental
Review and Permitting of a Stormwater Treatment System at Greenwood
Park.

Issue
Polluted, urban stormwater from the City of Pacific Grove enters the Monterey Bay
National Marine Sanctuary and the Pacific Grove Area of Special Biological Significance
through the city’s 34 stormwater outfalls. At monitored outfalls, pollutant levels have been
found to exceed regulatory limits. Due to the city’s extreme slope, high percentage of
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impervious ground cover and extremely variated soil composition, alleviating the effects of
stormwater pollution in the MBNMS and ASBS is a complex issue (Watson et al. 2011).
The conversion of pervious land into urban or developed land typically increases
stormwater runoff volumes. In addition to increased volume of runoff, pollution levels are
customarily elevated by urban influence. Among the contents of generated urban stormwater
runoff are suspended sediments and associated pollutants that will inevitably impact receiving
waters (Olson, 2013). Stormwater runoff can often harbor bacteria that are detrimental to
specific fish species (McIntyre, 2015). Such sediments and pollutants include heavy metals,
nutrients, oil and grease, pesticides, herbicides, and regulated toxic substances known as
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Olson, 2013). Figure 1, below, delineates watershed
boundaries in the City of Pacific Grove and displays impervious cover percentage within City
boundaries (Watson et al., 2011).
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Figure 1

Along with an increased impervious land cover percentage, urban development generally
involves soil compaction. Such compaction has been noted to reduce the amount of pore space
in soil, resulting in decreased permeability and water-holding capacity (Olson, 2013). Surface
soil types within the watershed boundaries of Pacific Grove are predominantly sand, with
variable, yet dominantly high drainage rates. Figure 2, below, exhibits the various surface soil
types in the City of Pacific Grove (Watson et al., 2011).

Figure 2
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The impact of urban stormwater runoff in the City of Pacific Grove influences a variety
of stakeholders including ecological systems within the federally protected marine sanctuary, and
in the long run, local government systems and property owners within city limits.

Current Local Mitigation and Monitoring Efforts

Under the federal Clean Water Act, and the State of California’s ASBS regulations, the
City of Pacific Grove is required to adhere to a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permit. The MS4 permit, under which the City operates requires the development and
implementation of a Stormwater Management Plan with the objective to reduce the discharge of
pollutants from the City (Stormwater Regulations, 2019). Management Plans are designed to
specify best management practices (BMPs) as they pertain to specific program areas including;
illicit discharge detection and elimination, construction and post-construction, public education
and outreach and good housekeeping for municipal operations. The City complies with its permit
in conjunction with the Monterey Regional Stormwater Management Program (MRSWMP).
The Stormwater Resource Plan (SWRP) for the Monterey Peninsula was developed in
2018, by the Monterey Regional Stormwater Management Program (MRSWMP) and partners.
The effort was funded by a Planning Grant from the State Water Resources Control Board, the
City of Monterey’s Neighborhood Improvement Program, and the Monterey Peninsula Water
Management District. The culminating plan identifies public lands where stormwater capture
projects could potentially be established efficiently. Such stormwater capture projects would
collect, store and treat not only stormwater runoff, but also excess irrigation runoff and dry
weather flows. Community and environmental benefits that would result from the successful
implementation of such a project include: Provision of water for recharging groundwater
aquifers, improving water quality in local creeks, streams, and rivers, and more sustainable
irrigation methods (Stormwater Resource Plan, 2107).
In addition to the Stormwater Resource Plan, The City of Pacific Grove employs the
RainScapes Rebate Program, a technical and financial assistance program tailored to enhance
stormwater quality while reducing flows into the City’s stormwater system. Funding support
from the State Water Resources Control Board is used as rebate incentive to encourage property
owners to implement LID techniques on their properties (Stormwater, 2019).
The Monterey Bay Sanctuary Citizen Watershed Monitoring Network (the Network) is
comprised of citizen monitoring groups that observe and track the condition of eleven
watersheds that discharge into Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. The Network was
established in 1997 and has since provided support, training, and a central forum for long term,
integrated, and volunteer-based citizen quality monitoring programs within Monterey Bay
National Marine Sanctuary and its ancillary watersheds. Created by the Ocean Conservancy and
the Coastal Watershed Council (CWC) in association with the Sanctuary's Water Quality
Protection Program (WQPP) and with assistance from a Clean Water Act 319 grant, the Network
currently receives its funding from Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and is overseen by
a committee of local water quality agencies, non-profits, and educational institutions. The goals
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of the Network are to enhance the frequency and quality of citizen monitoring data, expand
public and agency access to data, and to accrue purposeful use of data by established
communications between citizen monitors and government agencies. the Network coordinates
three regional monitoring events: Snapshot Day in the spring, Urban Watch during the summer
months, and First Flush in the fall (Monterey Bay Sanctuary Citizen Watershed Monitoring
Network, 2019).
Snapshot Day is an annual, sanctuary-wide, water quality monitoring event during which
volunteers from San Mateo County to San Luis Obispo County examine the condition of the
rivers and streams that flow into Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Field measurements
of dissolved oxygen, temperature, transparency or turbidity, conductivity, and pH are taken by
trained volunteers. Water samples are also collected for laboratory analysis of bacteria and
nutrient levels (Monterey Bay Sanctuary Citizen Watershed Monitoring Network, 2019).
First Flush, another annual water quality monitoring event, collects and inspects
stormwater samples during the first significant rainstorm of the season to identify where urban
pollutant concentrations are highest. Samples are collected by volunteers for laboratory analysis
of nutrients, bacteria sediments and metals. Field measurements are also collected for
temperature, pH, conductivity, and transparency (Monterey Bay Sanctuary Citizen Watershed
Monitoring Network, 2019).
The Urban Watch Water Quality Monitoring Program, established in 1998, is a
collaboration between the Cities of Monterey, Pacific Grove, Capitola, the Coastal Watershed
Council, and Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. The goal of Urban Watch is to provide
local residents and community members with the opportunity to expand their comprehension of
water quality and urban pollution issues and to assist in the collection and testing of urban
runoff. Urban Watch volunteers use an EPA approved Storm Drain Pollution Detection Kit and a
Hach photometer to detect the presence of detergents, chlorine, ammonia, and orthophosphate in
field analyses of collected water samples (Monterey Bay Sanctuary Citizen Watershed
Monitoring Network, 2019).
Efforts of the various groups comprising the Monterey Bay Sanctuary Citizen Watershed
Monitoring Network yield functional data with the potential to catalyze public education and
action. First Flush data has been utilized by local cities as factual support and grounds for
addressing elevated pollutant concentrations resulting from stormwater runoff. Mitigation
methods conducted under these findings included cleaning storm drains, installing dry weather
diversion and debris removal systems and identifying opportunities to slow runoff through
vegetation and permeable surfaces. The Urban Watch program is responsible for helping the City
of Pacific Grove identify and implement targeted educational programs and projects to address
the transport of urban pollutants into the MBNMS (Monterey Bay Sanctuary Citizen Watershed
Monitoring Network, 2019).
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Survey Results
We conducted a survey of Monterey County residents with three goals in mind: 1. Gauge
residents basic knowledge of stormwater, 2. Provide the City with feedback on their website and,
3. Collect email addresses to send out educational information on stormwater management. We
collected surveys at the Monterey and Pacific Grove Farmers Markets during the month of
November and received a total of 52 responses. Below are relevant results.
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93% of residents surveyed were aware that stormwater was not treated and that it flows
directly into waterways and the ocean. 35% of residents claimed that they had done something
on their property to manage stormwater. These efforts to manage stormwater included rainwater
harvesting, redirecting downspouts towards the garden and reducing pesticide use, among other
things. As surveys were conducted, several people verbally expressed to us that they would like
to do something to manage stormwater on their property, but they felt limited because they either
did not own their home or they lived in an apartment managed by a Homeowners Association
that did not allow modifications of the sort. 73% of those who completed the survey expressed
that they have never accessed or visited the pacific grove website, and of the 27% who have,
only 22% have visited the pages related to stormwater management. This is important feedback
for the city because their website has a lot of important information related to stormwater
management, but if no one knows to look there then it’s not reaching its target audience.
The results of this survey show there is a lack of understanding of stormwater and a need
for more community outreach and education. This also included important feedback for the City
of Pacific Grove because their website has informational pages on stormwater management, but
this survey showed that they are under utilized. In order to reach their targeted audience, the
information displayed on Pacific Grove’s website may be better distributed to residents or
displayed elsewhere.

Contextual Implementation
Current efforts can be improved by the implementation of suggested mitigation
techniques. The Monterey Peninsula Stormwater Management Plan constructed by the Monterey
Regional Stormwater Management Program specifies BPMs and identifies public lands where
stormwater capture projects could potentially be established efficiently, however the execution of
such practices and projects is relatively minimal within the city of Pacific Grove. The
application of Low Impact Designs (LIDs) and Green Concrete Alternatives (GCAs) that have
proven effective to mitigate stormwater runoff elsewhere could also improve current city efforts
to attenuate environmental impacts of stormwater runoff. We hope to encourage the City of
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Pacific Grove to pursue continued implementation of stormwater runoff mitigation and public
education by presenting this research and illustrating the city’s potential for improvement.

Recommendations: Low Impact Designs and Green Concrete Alternatives

Green concrete alternatives such as interlocking concrete blocks, porous asphalt and
pervious concrete are utilized to minimize impervious areas, increase percolation rates, and in
turn reduce negative environmental impacts of urban stormwater runoff to enhance sustainable
city systems. Urban stormwater runoff tends to contain more pollutants in particulate form than
in dissolved form. Stormwater treatment wetlands efficiently remove particle-bound
contaminants such as trace metals, bacteria, and nutrients through sedimentation (Davies and
Bavor 2000; Walker and Hurl 2002; Birch et al. 2004). In a coalition of treatment wetlands and
detention ponds, a detention pond (deeper with emergent vegetation restricted to edges) will
store runoff and remove larger particles before a treatment wetland receives the water and further
remediates it through nutrient cycling and sedimentation. Vegetation in treatment wetlands
serves to slow the transport of such sediment and contributes to improved water quality through
biological and chemical processes such as plant uptake and nutrient cycling (Watson et al. 2011).
Bioretention Cells, another green concrete alternative, commonly utilized in parking lots
and on streets, are patches of vegetation within an urban area, designed to retain and filter
stormwater. Variable designs including stormwater planters, rain gardens, and bioswales. These
designs are all contrived to process stormwater in similar ways and are all considered forms of
green concrete alternatives. Bioretention methods, used in conjunction with Green Stormwater
Infrastructure (GSI), have been shown to reduce deleterious pollutants that kill juvenile salmon
and other important fish species (McIntyre et. al. 2015). Due to the high percentage of well
draining soil types comprising total surface soil in the City of Pacific Grove, green concrete
alternatives may be easily implemented and prove successful in polluted stormwater runoff
mitigation efforts (Watson et al. 2011).
Evidence shows that there are well over 1300 different types of pollutants that can form
or have been captured in different storm water systems (Göbel et al. 2007). These findings
include various types of heavy metals found in stormwater, that are the byproduct of
impermeable roof surfaces. Runoff caused by roof surfaces is a major cause for concern in the
city of Pacific Grove. Additional forms of impermeable surfaces commonly existing in urban
areas have the potential to add to the level of pollutants in stormwater runoff. Other
infrastructure systems in Pacific Grove should be examined more in depth so that any further
developments do not harmfully affect the area’s water systems. As LID technology advances,
the potential of such designs to mitigate the transport of harmful pollutants caused by stormwater
runoff expands (Göbel et al. 2007).
There are many LID techniques to help increase percolation rates. For example, the
bioswale, which helps retain and filter pollutants like oils and pesticides, while also capturing
debris. Bioswales are frequently applied in parking lots and along streets, where pollutants from
roadways settle. Four locations where bioswales would be effective are located along Ocean
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View Boulevard at the intersections of 1st street, 6th street, 8th street, and Fountain Avenue. As
seen in Figure 3, these bioswales could be built around the existing storm drains by cutting and
removing the surrounding asphalt, adding soil, cobble stones, and finally rushes and native
grasses. These are designed with an overflow so in extreme rain events they will not cause
flooding. These locations are ideal because they are at low points and near the ends of various
watersheds. Being Ocean View Boulevard runs along the perimeter of Pacific Grove, it collects
stormwater from 26 different watersheds making this street a particularly beneficial location for
bioswales.

Figure 3

To further prevent litter sized debris from entering the Monterey Bay ASBS and
MBNMS, it is recommended that street sweeping efforts are increased. Street sweeping happens
across the entirety of Pacific Grove, reaching each zone roughly once per month. If proven to be
economically feasible, doubling the street sweeping rate in select locations (primarily along
coastline) to increase the frequency at which litter sized debris is cleared from the pathway of
stormwater runoff is recommended. In addition, a simple solution to managing a fraction of this
debris is to arrange that a city employee cleans up the litter which sits at storm drain outfall pipes
just feet away from the ocean. During rainfall events, some of the litter gets trapped by rocks on
our beaches. It was observed that litter was present in almost every storm drain catch,
moderately along the streets, and at most storm drain outfall pipes. The efforts of city employees
to remove such debris before it enters the Monterey Bay ASBS or MBNMS would reduce the
amount of litter and associated pollutants currently entering federally protected waters and
support the City of Pacific Grove’s transition to a sustainable city system.

Recommendations: Public Outreach and Education

It is apparent from the survey results that Pacific Grove residents have a basic
understanding of where stormwater runoff in their city goes, but many have done little to
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mitigate their impact. To bridge this discernable gap between residents and local government,
educating and supporting a focus group of city contractors, landscapers, and local businesses has
the potential to be an impactful element in the expansion of public outreach and education. As
landscapers and contractors tend to work more intimately with residents, it is likely that they
would be able to efficiently provide information and assistance on the implementation of greener
alternatives to property owners. When provided with the proper information, training, and
compensation, landscapers and contractors have the potential to serve as productive liaisons in an
effort to reduce stormwater runoff and create a sustainable city system.
The City of Pacific Grove may also increase efforts to enhance public education and
outreach by creating and sustaining methods of ongoing communication associated with newly
discovered or administered mitigation techniques. Keeping citizens of Pacific Grove up to date
on the ways they can make a difference, be it through a recurring email thread or notice of
incentives to employ stormwater management techniques, would serve to endorse sustainable
city system goals. Ensuring that Pacific Grove residents are informed of the stormwater
monitoring and management practices required by the city, would also reinforce the city’s
sustainability objectives.

Conclusion
The purpose of our project was to help enhance awareness of the environmental impacts
that stormwater runoff is known to cause, as well as to propose a few recommendations to the
city of Pacific Grove. Our project was met with plenty of limitations and obstacles. Throughout
the process we were given little direction and even less feedback from our partner city. That
being said, we feel like our project could have the potential to impact all the stakeholders
involved. The results from the survey show that the City could benefit from a modification of
existing outreach techniques. As the pages on the City website related to stormwater
management do not seem to be utilized efficiently, they are not reaching their full potential. The
city itself would benefit from such changes, as they would be able to mitigate the amount of
pollutants that flow into the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, as well as the Pacific
Grove Area of Special Biological Significance. Mitigation efforts would assist the city to stay
within the state mandated regulations (EIR, 2014). Implementation of proposed bioswales would
also cost the city less than than adding a treatment plant or changing the city’s pipes and existing
infrastructure.
The importance of protecting biologically significant areas is to preserve existing wildlife
to maintain important species that are crucial to these fragile ecosystems, In Pacific Grove, and
the surrounding Monterey Bay, most of the economy is based on ecotourism. As water quality
levels continue to degrade, the impact of urban stormwater runoff has the potential to impact
such economic benefit for the city. These conclusions suggest that successful mitigation of
urban stormwater runoff and implementation of public outreach and education are in the best
interest of all stakeholders involved.

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