CHAPTER I

PRRELIMINARY

A.) Background
In this era of increasingly advanced technology development, computer use is very
widely used. With the rapid development of computers, we need to know about the
components contained in computers, thus we can find out about the state or condition
of the computer, and we can find out how to properly care for computers

B.) Problem Formulation

1. What is meant by hardware and software?

2. What are the components available in hardware and software?

 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

1. Hardware
hardware is one component of a computer whose properties can be seen and
touched by humans directly or in a real form, which functions to support
computerized processes. Physically, the computer consists of several components
which are a system. Systems are components that work together to form a unity.
If one component does not function, it will cause a computer to malfunction
properly. This computer component is included in the category of hardware
elements. Based on its function, computer hardware is divided into 3:

1. Input Unit (InputDevice)

This unit serves as a medium for entering data from outside into a memory
and processor to be processed to produce the information needed. Data
entered into a computer system can take the form of signal input and
maintenance input. Input signals in the form of data entered into a computer
system. While maintenance input takes the form of a program used to process
the data entered.
So, inputdevice besides being used to enter data can also be used to enter
programs. Based on its nature, input equipment can be classified into 2,
namely:
1) Direct input cancellation, ie input entered directly processed by the
processing tool. Examples: keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, light pen, digitizer
graphics tablet, scanner.
2) Indirect input equipment, input through certain media before an input is
processed by a processing device. For example: punchedcard, diskette, hard
disk.
This input unit or input equipment consists of several types, namely:

1.) Keyboard
The keyboard is the most important input unit in processing data with a computer. The
keyboard can function to enter letters, numbers, special characters and as a medium for users
(users) to do other commands as needed, such as saving files and opening files.
The creation of a computer keyboard came from a typewriter model that was created and
patented by Christopher Latham in 1868, and in 1887 was produced and marketed by the
Remington company.
The keyboard used today is a type of QWERTY in 1973. This keyboard was inaugurated as a
standard ISO keyboard (International Standard Organization). The number of keys on this
keyboard is 104 keys. The keyboard now that we know has several types of ports, namely
serial port, ps2, usb and wireless.

 Keyboard Types:
1) QWERTY
2) DVORAK
3) KLOCKENBERG

 QWERTY keyboard has four parts, namely:

1) Typewriterkey
2) Numerickey
3) Functionkey
4) Specialfunctionkey.
5) Mouse

2.) Mouse

The mouse is an input unit The function of this tool is to move the pointer or
cursor quickly. In addition, it can be a practical and fast command compared
to a keyboard. Mouse starts to be used maximally since the operating system
is based on GUI (GraphicalUserInterface).

Electrical signals as input mouse services are produced by small balls inside
the mouse, according to the shift or movement. Most of the mouse consists
of three buttons, generally only two buttons are used, the left and right
buttons. Currently the mouse is also equipped with a scroll button (scroll),
where the location of this button is located in the middle.
The term left button suppression is called click (click) where this emphasis will
function if the mouse is on the designated object. But if it is not on the
designated object this emphasis will be ignored. In addition, there is also
another term called drag that is pressing the left mouse button without
releasing it while being shifted.
This drag will cause the object to move or copy to other objects and other
possibilities. Pressing the left mouse button twice quickly and regularly is
called a double click (double click) while pressing the right mouse button
 once called the right click (mouse right mouse) consists of several ports
namely serial mouse, ps / 2 mouse, usb and wireless.

2. Processing Unit (Device Process)

Data processing devices are used to process data. Data processing includes a central
processing unit (CPU / Central Processing Unit) and also a microprocessor. The CPU
(Central Processing Unit) is a tool that functions as a data processor. The CPU contains a
circuit that stores data processing and storage instructions.
Some of these circuits include Motherboards, Processors, Memory (RAM), Graphic Cards
(VGA Cards), Sound Cards (SoundCard), Hard disks, Floopy Disk Drive, DVD Room,
Power Supply, CMOS batteries, Fan, Heatsinks, etc.
The processing unit that is in the computer is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The
CPU is the brain or regulator of a system that processes so that it produces information.
Three important elements in the CPU, namely primary storage, arithmaticlogical units
and control units.
1) Primary storage is a large measure of processor or commonly called main memory.
2) Arithmatic logic unit is a device that is tasked with carrying out calculations in a
computer
3) Control unit is a control device that is on a computer that tells the input unit about
the type of data, the time of entry, and the storage in primary storage.
4) Control unit is also tasked with informing arthmaticlogic units about the operations
that must be performed, where data is obtained, and where the results are placed.

Equipment of process equipment and equipment, namely as follows:

1) Casing
Casing is a box wrapping hardware (hardware) inside the CPU to avoid dirt and touch of
the hand.

2) Power supply
Power Supplay provides electric current for various CPU powersup devices that convert
electricity and provide a steady flow of electricity for computer use. The quality of
powersup plays determines the quality of computer performance. Power of 300-400 wat
that is channeled by powersupplay is usually enough for a computer that is used for
typing or graphics. Meanwhile, 400-500 watts of power are needed if the computer
works using a lot of peripherals (additional units).
3) Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer to install the processor,
memory and other devices.

4) Processor
Processors are often referred to as brains and computer control centers supported by
other components. Processor is an IC that controls the overall course of a computer
system and is used as the center or brain of a computer that functions to perform
calculations and carry out tasks. The processor is located on the socket that has been
provided by the motherboard, and can be replaced with another processor provided
that it matches the socket on the motherboard. One of the very large effects on
computer speed depends on the type and capacity of the processor. The processor is a
chip that is often called a "Microprocessor" which now has a Gigahertz (GHz) size. This
size is a calculation of processor speed in processing data or information. Processors
that are widely circulated in the market are AMD, Apple, Cyrix VIA, IBM, IDT, and Intel.
Parts of the Processor The most important part of the processor is divided into 3,
namely: a. Aritcmatics Logical Unit (ALU) b. Control Unit (CU) c. Memory Unit (MU)

5) Memory
Memory is a tool that functions to process data and instructions and store information.
The greater the memory capacity used, the more data and commands that can be
stored below, some memory types are based on the order of the fastest access to the
slowest.
a. Memory register Is a type of memory where the access speed is the fastest,
this memory is found in the Cpu / processor. Example: Data register, address
register, stackpointer register, MemoryAddress Register, I / O Address Register,
etc.
b. Cache memory Limited-capacity, high-speed memory that is more expensive
than memoryutama. This cache memory is between the main memory and
processing registers, so that indirect processors refer to main memory so that
performance can be improved.
There are 2 kinds of cache memory, namely:
 Cache Memory contained in the internal Processor, this type of memory
is very high access speed, and the price is very expensive. Can be seen
on processors such as P4, P3, AMD-ATHLON etc. The higher the L1
capacity, the L2 Cachememory, the more expensive and faster the
processor.
 Memory cards that are located outside the processor, which are located
on the motherboard, this type of memory access speed is very high,
although not as fast as the first type of cachememory (which is on the
 internal processor). The greater the capacity, the more expensive and
faster. Memory capacity is 256 KB, 512 KB, 1 Mb, 2 Mb etc. c) Main
memory This memory serves to store data and programs.

3. Output Unit (OutputDevice)

1) Printer
Printer is a printer with paper media, the results contained in a computer are in the
form of softcopy so that it can be viewed without using a computer, it needs to be
printed on paper with a printer. Components: Drum, Toner, Coronawire, Fuser, Laser
scanner, Roller

2) Monitor
Function: To display images, movies, and writing. Components: Backlight, Liquid
Crystals

3) Headphones
Function: Same as the speaker which is sound but in a smaller capacity compared to
the speaker. Components: Speaker, DAC, DSP.

B.Software

Software is another name for the software which means that a program code is
structured in such a way as to systematically achieve a goal. On each computer
system there must be software because without software the interaction between
brainware (explanation is below) with hardware is not possible which we can see but
cannot be touched.

1. Operating System
An operating system is software that is first read by a computer when
booting as the basis for operating a computer. There are 2 types of
operating systems based on the interface to the user (user interface),
which is CUI (CharacterUserInterface) and GUI (GraphicalUserInterface)
based. CUI based operating systems, for example: DOS (DiskOperating
 System) and UNIX and Linux Operating Systems in terminal or console
mode. While the GUI-based operating system, for example: Microsoft
Windows 9x, 2000, NT, XP, and UNIX and Linux operating systems that
have supported the GUI.

2. Program assistance or Utility

An auxiliary program (utility) is a program that is used to fill in the
shortcomings or re-display files of an deleted operating system. PC Tools
and Norton Utilities are examples of this program. One of DOS's
weaknesses is not being able to work on a network system. Therefore
some companies make additional programs that can change the DOS
system (singleuser or standalone system) into an operating system that
can be used by many users (multiuser). Netware, Tokens and Lantastic
include examples of this program.

3. Computer Language
ComputerLanguage is the language used to make computer programs.
Called language because computer computer has vocabulary and
grammar that must be adhered to by the usage included in this type are:

 Low Level Language, is a low level language because it is

difficult to understand and can only be understood by the
author. Included in this program are assembly language
language.

 High Level Language, is a high level language because it uses

words that are easy to understand. Examples of these programs
are BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRAN, etc.
4. Application Program
The application program is ready-made software that will later be used to
help carry out the user's work. This application is prepared as needed.
The application program can be divided into:
1) Word Processing
2) Desktop Publishing
3) Speadsheet program
4) Graphics
5) ETC

5. Programming language
Programming languages, or often termed computer languages, are standard
command / instruction techniques for governing computers. This
programming language is a set of syntax and semantic rules used to define
computer programs. This language allows a programmer to determine exactly
which data will be processed by the computer, how this data will be stored /
forwarded, and what type of steps will be exactly taken in various situations.
 CHAPTER III
Conclusion
1. A computer is a series or group of electronic machines consisting of
thousands and even millions of components that can work together, and
form a neat and meticulous work system.
2. Hardware is one component of a computer whose properties can be seen
and touched directly or in a real form, which functions to support
computerized processes.
3. Computer hardware is divided into:
· Inputdevice (input unit)
· Processdevice (Processing unit)
· Outputdevice (output unit)
4. Software is another name for the software, which means that a program
code is structured in such a way as to systematically achieve a goal.
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 Yeyen, (2011). Pengertian Hardware dan Software. [online].

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