Body Size Relationship to Foraging Range of Bees

Compared to smaller ones, bees with larger physique tend to have a longer
foraging distances. The distance covered non-linearly increases with the size of the bee’s
body. The strength as well as the shape of the body size - foraging distance relationship
was determined using a power function rather than limiting it to a linear form. A predictive
relationship was then developed between the foraging distance and body size. Then,
using a second data set, they compare the observed to the predicted data.

96 published records for foraging distances and 62 species of bees within six
families (Melittidae, Megachilidae, Halictidae, Colletidae, Andrenidae, and Apidae) were
reviewed. Two categories divided the data. First, the records which estimates the
maximum distance reached by foraging bees, and second, the foraging distance
observed with no regard to its relationship with the body size. For the regression analysis,
they only considered the data at the first category and the second were used to compare
he predicted and observed foraging distances (Greenleaf, Williams, Winfree, & Kremen,
2007).
Honey Bee Foraging Behavior and its Genetic Determinants
Apis mellifera, was the most commonly used subject for mechanistic and
ecological studies. The pollens it stored have a selectable trait. Low and high strains of
stored pollen for five generations of two-way selection had resulted into a six-fold
difference in the amount of stored pollens. By comparing hybrid crosses, at colony level,
the behavior exhibiting high pollen-hoarding was passed as a recessive trait. The hybrid
bee colonies exhibited an over dominant trait in storing significant amounts of honey.

At the individual level, the foraging behavior demonstrated a pattern to which,

pollen foraging were specialties of high-strain workers, nectar for low-strain workers, while
hybrid-workers specialized more in nectar collection compared to the low-strain workers
(Page, Waddington, Hunt, & Kim Fondrk, 1995).
Detection, Classification, and Counting of Vehicles in Realtime

Using two cameras in different perspectives, arranged in a stereo vision, and a

raspberry pi, the system was able to perform vehicle detection, classification, and
counting.
 Haar like features was used as a descriptor to detect the vehicles viewed by each
camera. Then the matching features captured by each camera was compared, and a
match is found the device will do the counting. The data produced were sent to a network
for a display in a web application.

Both the right and left camera will take an image of the vehicles passing. Using the
Haar classifier cascade the features of the object will be extracted. A box was drawn to
each object detected to which serve as a feature to be compared within each camera.
When there is a matching feature, the classification and counting will be initiated based
on the height and width of the box. The distance between the two cameras as well as its
distance to the detection area are defined by a limiting line, which are both established
beforehand.
The algorithm of the system was defined to be;
1. Using Haar Classifier Cascade for feature extraction in stereo vision camera
system.
2. Use a ratio test (NSSD) to find the matching features. To find the perspective
transportation, find the location of matching key points.
3. Use a RANSAC algorithm to verify and identify errors made during the matching
phase. The good (inliers) and bad (outliers) were classified by the algorithm.

The device performance was tested on different scenes such as weather, time,
and traffic conditions. For time, the study considered night, morning, and noon time.
Sunny and cloudy was used as weather conditions and no congestions, half-congested,
and traffic jams were considered in traffic conditions.

The proposed execution time was longer and the device produce unfavorable
results as the illumination of the detection area changes (Mohammad Iqbal, Rudi Trisno
Yuwono, Hadyan Mardhi Fadlilah, 2017).
Realtime People Detection, Tracking, and Counting

The proposed system used MATLAB Simulink toolboxes to implement a prototype

model. It uses to main hardware components, Raspberry Pi 2 and NoIR Camera board.
The algorithm was implemented using the computer vision toolbox while the capturing
and result display utilizes Raspberry Pi toolboxes.
 The algorithm is divided into 3 major blocks.

1. People Detection
2. People Tracking
3. People Counting

First, the images were taken using the NoIR camera board. RGB to grayscale
conversion was applied to the image and converted into grayscale. Using the background
subtraction method, the moving people were detected from the images in binary format.
Blob analysis was then used for counting. Rectangular boxes were drawn on the objects
then counts the presence of blobs.

Kalman filtering algorithm was applied for tracking. The resulting frames were
viewed in an SDL display through a laptop screen as well as the number of detected
people. The number of people counted is announced through a speaker.

The system produced accurate result in detecting, tracking and counting the
people present based on the captured images. It can be furthered improve by adding face
detection and database mechanism to the system which strengthens the security it can
provide (Mustafa & Jilani, 2017).