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PI = LL – PL
PI
= 67 – 32 Ac =
= 35 C
Ac = 35/80 = 0.44
- Such as:
⇒When soil is used as a
Highway embankments
Railway embankments foundation material, it is
Earth dams desirable that the in-place
Highway/Airfield pavements material possess certain
Backfilled trenches
properties.
Landfills
Honeycombed
Loose Dense
soil, Very Loose
Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Compaction of cohesion-less soils
Soils in loose or honeycombed state are avoided,
or compacted before being built upon, since they
are prone to densification when subjected to
vibratory or shock loading (as from earthquakes or
vibrating machinery)
= f(water content)
Platelet particles
Scope
This method covers the determination of the
relationship between the moisture content and
density of soils compacted in a mould of a given
size with a 2.5 kg rammer dropped from a height of
305 mm.
25 × 3 × 2.5 × 0.305 kg m kJ
Compactive Effort = −6
= 57187.5 3 = 594 3
10 ×10
3
m m
γd, max
OMC
Recall that: Gs γ w
γd =
1+ e
The more compacted a soil is:
-The smaller its void ratio will be and thus
-The higher its dry unit weight γd will be
Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Principle of compaction and moisture-
density relations
Air-Void lines:
Gs (1 − na )
γd = γ w
1 + wGs
na = n(1 − S r ) = nac
ac = Va/VV na = Va/V
Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Saturation Line or Zero Voids Line
4.5 × 0.45 × 5 × 25 kg m
Compactive Effort = = 253125
103 × 10-6 m3
Prof. B V S Viswanadham, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Dry Density-Moisture content curve
1
γd = γw
1 + w
Gs
Compactibility
or ease with which
soils can be
compacted will
depend on the soil
type
More compaction
energy can be
beneficial especially
for soils dry of OMC
E
Highly
B Dispersed
D
A
Highly
C
Flocculated
Dispersed
High strength, more k, less Low strength, low k, more
shrinkage, more swelling shrinkage, less swelling
Smooth-wheel rollers
Vibratory rollers
Pneumatic-tire rollers
Sheepsfoot rollers
Pneumatic type
• Compaction is by tamping
and kneading