MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 Prehistoric
- DAWN OF ARCHITECTURE
-monumental but primitive
- stones

 Ancient Egypt (3050 BC to 900 BC)

-monumental and enormous (powerful)
- feats of engineering

 Classical (850 BC to 476 AD) - GREEK, HELLENISTIC, ROMAN

- Period: from the rise of ancient greece until the fall of roman empire
- W/precise rules
- The Classical Orders, which defined column styles and entablature designs, continue to
influence building design in modern times.
- denotes architecture which is more or less consciously derived from the principles of Greek
and Roman architecture of classical antiquity, or sometimes even more specifically, from the
works of Vitruvius.

 Byzantine (527 to 565 AD)

- Period: Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium (Istanbul)
- Graceful, classically-inspired
- Used brick instead of stone
- Domed roofs, elaborate mozaics, classical forms
- Greatest example: Basilica that was turned into a mosque – Hagia Sophia
-
 Romanesque (800 to 1200 AD)
- Period:Rome spread across Europe
- heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with rounded arches emerged.
- an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by rounded arches.
- term Romanesque describes a gradual evolution of building techniques.
- Churches and castles of the early Medieval period were constructed with thick walls and
heavy piers.
- Romanesque is a transitional architecture that will often have features described as
Byzantine, Gothic, or both. It was the time when building styles and designs developed from
Byzantine to Gothic.
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 Gothic (1100 to 1450 AD)

- a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period.
- It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
- pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and other innovations led to taller, more
graceful architecture
- Gothic ideas gave rise to magnificient cathedrals like Chartres and Notre Dame.

 Renaissance (1400 to 1600 AD)

- A return to classical ideas
- uring the Renaissance, architects were inspired by the carefully proportioned buildings of
Classical Greece and Rome.
- ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy, France, and England.
- demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek
and Roman thought and material culture.
- Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by
Baroque architecture.
- places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are
demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and in particular ancient Roman
architecture, of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of columns,
pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches
and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of
medieval buildings.
- Andrea Palladio and other builders looked the classical orders of ancient Greece and Rome.
- Long after the Renaissance era ended, architects in the Western world found inspiration in
the beautifully proportioned architecture of the period.
-
 Baroque Architecture (sample: Baroque Palace of Versailles)
- 1600 to 1830 AD
- In Italy reflected in opulent and dramatic churches with irregular shapes and extravagant
ornamentation.
- In France, the highly ornamented Baroque style combines with Classical restraint.
- Russian aristocrats were impressed by Versailles in France, and incorporated Baroque ideas
in the building of St. Petersburg.
- took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and
theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church and the absolutist
state. It was characterized by new explorations of form, light and shadow, and dramatic
intensity.
- Elements of the elaborate Baroque style are found throughout Europe.
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 Rococo Architecture (Late Baroque) - Archbishop's Palace, Hradcany, Prague

- 1650 to 1790 AD During the last phase of the Baroque period, builders constructed graceful
white buildings with sweeping curves.
- These Rococo buildings are elegantly decorated with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate
geometric patterns.

 Neoclassicism in Architecture
- 1730 to 1925 AD
- A keen interest in ideas of Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio inspired a return of
classical shapes in Europe, Great Britain and the United States. T
- hese buildings were proportioned according to the classical orders with details borrowed
from ancient Greece and Rome.

 Art Nouveau Architecture

- 1890 to 1914 AD
- Known as the New Style, Art Nouveau was first expressed in fabrics and graphic design.
- The style spread to architecture and furniture in the 1890s.
- Art Nouveau buildings often have asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with
curved, plant-like designs.

 Beaux Arts Architecture

- 1895 to 1925 AD
- Also known as Beaux Arts Classicism, Academic Classicism, or Classical Revival, Beaux Arts
architecture is characterized by order, symmetry, formal design, grandiosity, and elaborate
ornamentation.

 Neo-Gothic Architecture
- 1905 to 1930 AD
- Gothic ideas adapted to modern times
- In the early twentieth century, Gothic ideas were applied to modern buildings.
- Gargoyles, arched windows, and other medieval details ornamented soaring skyscrapers.

 Art Deco Architecture (Chrysler Building)

- 1925 to 1937 AD
- Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create dramatic effect on jazz-age, Art Deco buildings
- Interestingly, many Art Deco motifs were inspired by the architecture of ancient Egypt.
MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 Modernist Styles in Architecture

- 1900 to Present.
- The 20th and 21st centuries have seen dramatic changes and astonishing diversity.
- Modern-day trends include Art Moderne and the Bauhaus school coined by Walter Gropius,
Deconstructivism, Formalism, Modernism, and Structuralism.
- Modernism was not just another style - It presented a new way of thinking
- Modernist architecture emphasizes function.
- It attempts to provide for specific needs rather than imitate nature.
- The roots of Modernism may be found in the work of Berthold Luberkin (1901-1990), a
Russian architect who settled in London and founded a group called Tecton. The Tecton
architects believed in applying scientific, analytical methods to design. Their stark buildings
ran counter to expectations and often seemed to defy gravity

EXPRESSIONISM & NEO EXPRESSIONISM (EINSTEIN TOWER or EINSTEINTURM by Erich

Mendelsohn)
- Expressionism evolved from the work of avant garde artists and designers in Germany and
other European countries during the first decades of the twentieth century. Key features of -
Expressionism are: distorted shapes
fragmented lines
organic or biomorphic forms
massive sculpted shapes
extensive use of concrete and brick
lack of symmetry
many fanciful works rendered on paper but never built

STRUCTURALISM
- Sample: Berlin Holocaust Memorial is a controversial Structuralist work by architect Peter
Eisenman.'
- based on the idea that all things are built from a system of signs and these signs are made
up of opposites: male/female, hot/cold, old/young, etc.
- For Structuralists, design is a process of searching for the relationship between elements.
Structuralists are also interested in the social structures and mental processes that
contributed to the design.
- Structuralist architecture will have a great deal of complexity within a highly structured
framework. For example, a Structuralist design may consist of cell-like honeycomb shapes,
intersecting planes, cubed grids, or densely clustered spaces with connecting courtyards.
MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

FORMALISM (BANK OF CHINA, IM PEI)

- Formalism emphasizes form.
- The architect is interested in visual relationships between the building parts and the work as
a whole.
- Shape, often on a monumental scale, is the focus of attention.
- Lines and rigid geometric shapes predominate in Formalist architecture.

BAUHAUS (SEAGRAM BLDG)

Bauhaus is a German expression meaning house for building. In 1919, the economy in
Germany was collapsing after a crushing war. Architect Walter Gropius was appointed to
head a new institution that would help rebuild the country and form a new social order.
Called the Bauhaus, the Institution called for a new "rational" social housing for the workers.
Bauhaus architects rejected "bourgeois" details such as cornices, eaves, and decorative
details. They wanted to use principles of Classical architecture in their most pure form:
without ornamentation of any kind.
Generally, Bauhaus buildings have flat roofs, smooth façades, and cubic shapes. Colors are
white, gray, beige, or black. Floor plans are open and furniture is functional. Popular
construction methods of the time—steel-frame with glass curtain walls—were used for both
residential and commercial architecture. More than any architectural style, however, the
Bauhaus Manifesto promoted principles of creative collaboration—planning, designing,
drafting, and construction are tasks equal within the building collective. Art and craft should
have no difference.
he Bauhaus school originated in Weimar (1919), moved to Dessau (1925), and disbanded
when the Nazis rose to power. Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and other
Bauhaus leaders migrated to the United States. The term International Style was applied to
the American form of Bauhaus architecture.

FUNCTIONALISM
Yale Center for British Art (Louis Kahn)
When American architect Louis Sullivan coined the phrase "form follows function," he
described what later became a dominant trend in Modernist architecture. Louis Sullivan and
other architects were striving for "honest" approaches to building design that focused on
functional efficiency. Functionalist architects believed that the ways buildings are used and
the types of materials available should determine the design.

Of course, Louis Sullivan lavished his buildings with ornamental details that did not serve
any functional purpose. The philosophy of functionalism was followed more closely by
Bauhaus and International Style architects.
Toward the end of the 20th century, the term Functionalism was used to describe any
practical structure that was quickly constructed for purely practical purposes without an eye
MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

for artistry. However, for Bauhaus and other early Fuctionalists, the concept was a liberating
philosophy that freed architecture from frilly excesses of the past.

Designed by Louis I. Kahn, the Yale Center for British Art in New Haven, Connecticut is an
example of Functionalism in architecture.

INTERNATIONAL STYLE
UN Secretariat Bldg (Oscar Niemeyer & le Corbusier)
International Style is a term often used to describe Bauhaus architecture in the United
States. The name came from the book The International Style by historian and critic Henry-
Russell Hitchcock and architect Philip Johnson. The book was published in 1932 in
conjunction with an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The term is again
used in a later book, International Architecture by Walter Gropius, founder of Bauhaus.

While German Bauhaus architecture had been concerned with the social aspects of design,
America's International Style became a symbolism of Capitalism: The International Style is
the favored architecture for office buildings and is also found in upscale homes built for the
rich.

Features of American International Style:

geometric, monolithic skyscrapers

flat roof
glass curtain wall
no ornamentation
stone, steel, glass construction materials

HIGH TECH
The Centre Pompidou in Paris is a High-tech building by Richard Rogers, Renzo Piano, and
Gianfranco Franchini.

High-tech buildings are often called machine-like. Steel, aluminium, and glass combine with
brightly colored braces, girders, and beams. Many of the building parts are prefabricated in
a factory and assembled later. The support beams, duct work, and other functional
elements are placed on the exterior of the building, where they become the focus of
attention. The interior spaces are open and adaptable for many uses.

The High-tech Centre Pompidou in Paris appears to be turned inside out, revealing its inner
workings on the exterior facade.
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BRUTALISM
The best known early Brutalist architecture is the work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier, in
particular his Unité d'Habitation (1952)

Rugged reinforced concrete construction, or Béton Brut , lead to an approach popularly

known as Brutalism.

The Bauhaus architect Le Corbusier used the French phrase béton brut, or raw concrete, to
describe the construction of his rough, concrete buildings. Brutalism grew out of the
Bauhaus Movement and the béton brut buildings by Le Corbusier and his followers.

Heavy and angular, Brutalist buildings can be constructed quickly and economically.
Common features include:

Precast concrete slabs

Rough, unfinished surfaces
Exposed steel beams
Massive, sculptural shapes

DECONSTRUCTIVISM
The Seattle Public Library by Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas is an example of Deconstructivist
architecture.

Deconstructivism, or Deconstruction, is an approach to building design that attempts to

view architecture in bits and pieces. The basic elements of architecture are dismantled.
Deconstructivist buildings may seem to have no visual logic. They may appear to be made up
of unrelated, disharmonious abstract forms. Deconstructive ideas are borrowed from the
French philosopher Jacques Derrida.

In the summer of 1988, architect Philip Johnson was instrumental in organizing a Museum of
Modern Art (MoMA) exhibit called "Deconstructivist Architecture." Johnson gathered works
from seven architects (Eisenman, Gehry, Hadid, Koolhaas, Libeskind, Bernard Tschumi, and
Coop Himmelblau) who "intentionally violate the cubes and right angles of modernism."

MINIMALISM
One important trend in Modernist architecture is the movement toward minimalist or
reductivist design. Hallmarks of Minimalism include:
Buildings are stripped of all but the most essential elements
Emphasis is placed on the outline, or frame, of the struture
Interior walls are eliminated
Floor plans are open
MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

Lighting is used to dramatize lines and planes

The negative spaces around the structure are part of the overall design
Modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe paved the way for Minimalism when he said,
"Less is more." Minimalist architects drew much of their inspiration from the elegant
simplicity of traditional Japanese architecture.

Minimalists were also inspired by a movement of early twentieth century Dutch artists
known as De Stijl . Valuing simplicity and abstraction, De Stijl artists used only straight lines
and rectangular shapes.
The Mexico City home of the Pritzker Prize-winning architect Luis Barragán is Minimalist in
its emphasis on lines, planes, and open spaces.

Architects known for Minimalist designs include:

Tadao Ando
Luis Barragan
Yoshio Taniguchi
Richard Gluckman

ORGANIC
Sydney Opera House, Utzon
Frank Lloyd Wright said that all architecture is organic, and the Art Nouveau architects of
the early twentieth century incorporated curving, plant-like shapes into their designs. But in
the later half of the twentieth century, Modernist architects took the concept of organic
architecture to new heights. By using new forms of concrete and cantilever trusses,
architects could create swooping arches without visible beams or pillars.

Organic buildings are never linear or rigidly geometric. Instead, wavy lines and curved
shapes suggest natural forms.

Frank Lloyd Wright used shell-like spiral forms when he designed the Solomon R.
Guggenheim Museum in New York City
Artist and architectural designer used ocean motifs when he designed Sea Ranch Chapel in
Gualala, California
Architect Eero Saarinen is known for designing grand bird-like buildings such as the TWA
terminal at New York's Kennedy Airport and Dulles Airport near Washington D.C.
Architect Jorn Utzon borrowed shell-like forms for the Sydney Opera House in
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 Postmodernism in Architecture (EXAMPLE: SWAN & DOLPHIN HOTEL – DISNEY WORLD, Michael
Garves)
- 1972 to Present.
- A reaction against the Modernist approaches gave rise to new buildings that re-invented
historical details and familiar motifs.

Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle, surprise, and even
amuse.

Postmodern architecture evolved from the modernist movement, yet contradicts many of the modernist
ideas. Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle, surprise, and
even amuse. Familiar shapes and details are used in unexpected ways. Buildings may incorporate
symbols to make a statement or simply to delight the viewer.

The key ideas of Postmodernism are set forth in two important books by Robert Venturi: Complexity and
Contradiction in Architecture and Learning from Las Vegas.

Postmodern Architects:

Robert Venturi

Michael Graves

Robert A.M. Stern

Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture

In this groundbreaking book, published in 1966, Robert Venturi challenged modernism and celebrated
the mix of historic styles in great cities such as Rome. ( Compare Prices )

Learning from Las Vegas

Subtitled "The Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form," this postmodernist classic called the "vulgar
billboards" of the Vegas Strip emblems for a new architecture. Published in 1972, the book was written
by Robert Venturi, Steven Izenour, and Denise Scott Brown.