! | ero: 320 Chapter S- Stitiness Analysis of Frames—I1 2. Morizontal load. Lette uy and noting that, by antisymmet, 0, 8, ltiness equations roay De waite: Pa) [25] ‘ooo 1200080 fue Pool fol. saxae 0 osxie lly, Pe[ 7 }2s{~ 2%) sym. nots. 12000 |} Pan) (0 14x10 fla ‘Simplify the first two equations and solve for Ly @ JF 25) yf 0480 $2000 If fi}-mfcie? Sd a) {3} - (cai aa} 53. SELE-STRAINING--INITIAL AND THERMAL STRAIN CONDITIONS Aseltst ined structure may be defined as any system that is internally strained and {na state of stess while at rest and sustaining no external load. Several examples are illustrated in Figuee 5.7, A bar fabricated overly long and forced into place between. fined ends is one case (Figure 5:72). To ensure tightness in the diagonal bracing of truss systems, some tension bare may be fabricated short and then drawn into position, producing selfsiraining of the type indicated in Figure 5.7. If, for some season, beam is fabricated with an upward bow and then pulled into place, asin Figure 5.7e, pn —_—— 1 poeta tack o ated positon Zona ition ° igure 817 Selfstrained structures. (a) Compressed ft (3) Draw of te rod (Fabricated tow.53. SelSralning—Iniial and Thermal Stain Conditions 121 self-straining occurs. Shrink-ft problems, prestressed concrete girdess, and cable Stayed bridges, in which the cables are adjusted to produce a bow in a gieder that is fabricated stenight, are other examples of self-strained structures. The analysis of all tof these circumstances is within the scope of the approach to be described below. The Sate of rida stress that may exist n an unloaded member that has previously been fonded until part of the system has yilded is another example of sell-straining, but it js not one that is treated in this chapter (Example 10.7 illustrates this type of sel- straining). "Temperature changes with respect to the unloaded, stress-free state of a structure say also cause self-straining, Ifthe natural expansion or contraction ofa system undes Such temperature changes is resistedia any way, internal forces develop and the system nay be self-strained. If the bar in Figure 5.8 is heated, it tres to expand an amount BL = al-1, where a is the coefficen! of thermal expansion and T's the temperature ‘Ghange, presumed to be uniform in the illustration. If this expansion is prevented by fixed ends, an axial force is transmitted to the bar and itis correspondingly stressed. Figure 58 Temperstuce rests. ‘All of the structures in Figures 57 and 5.8 have one thing in common, they are statically indeterminate, It is impossible fora statically determinate clastic structure to be selfstrained. In the statically determinate, pin-jointed truss of Figure 5.92, an im- posed shortening or leagthening of any bar, from any cause, may be accommodated by a stress-fiee change of geometry. Likewise, the right end of the simply supported eam in Figure 5.9 ean settle, or the end can expand or contract thermally, without any sttess change. Although no stresses are produced in such cases, design require tents might prompt the calculation ofthe displacements that occur. "At this point itis important to zecall that strain is = kinematic quantity. As defined by Love (Ref. 52, p. 32): “Whenever, owing to any cause, changes take place in the relative positions of the parts of a bedy the body is sad to be strained." In almost ail Of the problems treated eatlir, the causative agent was stcess. But siress is not nec ovary. Strain may also result from temperature change, for example. As soon as we recognize temperature change as a souree of strain, it becomes clear that we must ANE a ah © o igure £9 Displacements of taticaly determinate structure. () Simple {utss result of elongation of bar ab. (0) Simple beam-—result of beam cexpension and support stlement.122. Chapter S_Stitnese Analysts of Frames ‘measure strain from some reference temperature and the geometry of the system at that temperature. Fom this itis simple step to the recognition that any geometrical configuration of a system that is differeat from a defined reference configuration and that is aot the result of rigid body motion must be the result of the strain, that is, changes in the relative positions of the parts of the body. To illustrate these concepts, we define the assembled (solid line) configuration of each of tho structures in Figures 5:7 and 5.8 as its reference configuration. Bach can bye viewed as having undergone a stsin prior to assembly. Inthe members ab of Figures 57a and 5.76, for example, the displacements AL can be regarded as having arisen because of unit etrsins ALL. Initial strains can likewise be regarded asthe source of the curved fabricated state of the beam in Figure 5.7e. The thermal expansion of the member in Figure 5.8 is due to a unit thermal sirsin a. The forces required for the assembly of these initially strained members cause further strains throughout the sys tem, Hence, the reference configuration is internally strained and in a state of stress ‘hile sustaining no extemal load; that is, iis seltstrained, The strains bath prior and subsequent to assembly must bo accounted for in the structural analysis 5341 Initial Strain Problems Structural analysis for the effects of self-straining can be accomplished through an ‘approach that, in principle, is identical to the one developed earlier for loads applied between nodal points: 4, We first assuine the presence of fettious constraints at each of the degrees of xeedom of the reference configuration. We then determine the magnitude of the {orces required of these constraints to counteract the source of the initial strain ‘and maintain compatibility in the reference state with no nodal point displace ‘meal, tha is, in a fixed-end condition. For example, suppose one bar of an in- 10°5(-20 sin 30 = —1200 KN hy = -Flg = — Bg = BE 08 45° Be = 200 4 10° 1.2 X 10" ~20)eos 4S* —135.8 KN es a Fe Be 1 Displacements Record dceston angles, dtection casines, and products multiplied by AIL, (Gee Example 54). AZ in in mm, See Figure 53 for definition of ditection angles. Member ape mie (AME) —RCAIE) mR (AIL) tem ( AL) am “110081000 ° e150" 08560 S000 06250 O4GBB 1563. OTG a4 0700107071 0.800 400004000 2.4000 D088 15568 e298 Stiffness equation for displacement a a (see Equation 34): Ci} (he aeleiss SSSI} felts eo Si) sng rs i, ()- {aes} : 2, Reasons, Use negatives of member influence eveticints in the above table Res ° ° Ra 2880] | 2740 Re -2o79| _|-rn8\ Ru nano") 102 Ra uss] | 738 Re uss) ( 1738,53 Sel Staining—Inkal and Thermal Siruin Conditions 128 2. Nullfy displacements. Net, thermal, Gxed-end forces must be zer. For uniform temperature ‘change and fxed geometry (tess configuration), Gxed-end forces are a function ofthe bar freas alone (see Fquation 523), Thus we have Aue €08 30+ Ayy 608 45 = Age Sin 30-4 Agg sin 45 = 6000 TORO A, + OFUTI Ay = 0 05000 Ay + 0.7071 Agy = 6000 = 4308 mnt Aas = 5380 a? In Example 5.13 the differential heating of a continuous beam is studied. Although ‘point of inflection appears in the beam, the beading moment is positive throughout. Stressing may be thought of as occuring as the beam is strained from the position it ‘would assume ifthe thermal deformation were permitted to occur in some unrestrained ‘way (ay, through removal of staticaly redundant supports). ‘gues ‘The beam is the same a in Example 56, The depth of span ab is = 400 rn and hat of span be is 200 mm. The bottom surface of both Bait gaat Fai Deira spansisheated 10°Cand the top surface 20°C, witha uniform gradient in between. = 12X10" maninur’C. 1. Calculate the displacements ata and 2, Calculate the resetions ‘Fised-end forces (ee Equation 524): 7200" ——) g 2 200 X 200% 108 x 1.2 x 10X10), G2 i aye, = OO SOK IOP X12 104-10) | MMi = == a -L. Displacements. Uso the sitfness equations of Pxample 6: ex} Gh-aemselas BD {eee sae) MME = Mg = 60x 10 Nm130 Chapter S Stittess Analysis of Frames—It Solving forthe dgplacemeats, Le 8a = (0008609 40505217 rd 2, Renetions. See Fxample 56. bets Ry W875 18.5 0 Beh agg) 3875-635 { ozo) ° Be 0 ~1200 |{-nooasar7| o Ros Don x10 5 x 1 127 -252KN 1254N 3913 * 10° ema, = -——— js91 kN a 107 Ne ae Lara asthe anew coosss ade enon (0.000522 ra, $4 PROBLEMS ‘As in the previous chapters, its suggested that, in several of the following problems, ‘computer program suck a5 MASTAND2 be used and the results checked manually SL In the sketches below, the x and z axes are horizontal and the y axis i ve In part a of the figure the 2'y' plane makes a dibedral angle of 75° with the vertical plane through OA and in part b the x’y" plane makes a diheural angle of 90" with the ‘vertical plane, Determine the direction cosines forthe two elements OA.