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Keywords:
Complete asymptotic expansion
Sequences
Integrals
1. Introduction
bj
Let (an )n≥1 be a sequence of real numbers. Following Poincaré, see e.g., [1, pag. 5], [2–4], a series
∑∞
j=0 nj , convergent or
divergent, is called a complete asymptotic expansion of the sequence (an ) if, for each integer k ≥ 0,
k
− bj
an = + o(n−k ), as n → ∞,
j =0
nj
Theorem 1 ([6]). If f : [1, ∞) → R is continuous such that the limit limx→∞ x f (x) exists and is finite,
a ∞
f (x)
∫ ∫
lim n f (x ) dx =
n
dx,
n→∞ 1 1 x
for any a > 1.
0893-9659/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.aml.2011.01.018
1018 A. Novac / Applied Mathematics Letters 24 (2011) 1017–1019
f (x)
Theorem 2 ([7, Theorem 1]). Let f : [0, 1] → R be a continuous function such that limx↘0 x
exists and is finite. Then for any
continuous function g: [0, 1] → R the following relation holds.
1 1
f (x)
∫ ∫
lim n g (x) f (xn ) dx = g (1) dx.
n→∞ 0 0 x
Theorem 3 ([8, Proposition 2]). If f : [0, 1] is continuous and g: [0, 1] → R is continuously differentiable, then the following
relation is satisfied.
∫ 1 ∫ 1
lim n xn f (xn )g (x) dx = g (1) f (x) dx.
n→∞ 0 0
A deeper result was given by Păltănea in [9]. He obtained the following asymptotic expansion of order 2.
For similar problems and exercises, see also [10], [11, 1.3.22] and [12, pp. 144–148]. For basics of asymptotic expansions
of integrals see, e.g., [13].
1The aim of this note is to generalize Paltanea’s result (1) by obtaining the complete asymptotic expansion of the sequence
( 0 f (xn ) dx)n≥1 .
2. Main result
Remark 1. In [6–9] the authors use one of the classes H1 and H2 . We note, however, that the classes H1 , H2 and H3 are
equal to each other. Throughout this paper we will use the class H3 .
The following theorem is the main result of the paper.
Theorem 5. Let f ∈ C [0, 1] be differentiable at 0. The following complete asymptotic expansion holds true
f (t ) − f (0)
∫ 1 ∞ ∫ 1
− 1
f (x ) dx ∼ f (0) +
n
(log t )j dt (n → ∞).
0 j=0
nj+1 j! 0 t
Proof. Let ε ∈ (0, 1). First, let us assume that f (0) = 0. We define the function
f ′ (0), t = 0,
f ∗ (t ) =
f (t )/t , t ∈ (0, 1].
1
Since the improper integrals 0
logj t f ∗ (t ) dt, j = 1, 2, . . ., are convergent, for ε → 0, we obtain
k
1
logj t ∗
∫ ∫ 1
− 1
f (x ) dx =
n
f (t ) dt + Rk (n)
0 j =0
j! n 0 nj
f (t )
1 k 1
‖f ∗ ‖∞
∫ ∫
− 1
f (xn ) dx = logj t dt + ρn ,
0 j =0
nj+1 j! 0 t nk+2
−1 ≤ ρn ≤ 1, k ≥ 0, n ≥ 1.
In the case when f (0) ̸= 0, we can write
∫ 1 ∫ 1
f (xn ) dx = f (0) + (f (xn ) − f (0)) dx
0 0
Remark 2. The reader could decide for him/herself whether or not a complete asymptotic expansion for the sequence
∫ ∞
f (e−nt ) dt ,
0 n∈N
which looks similar to a Laplace integral, leads to a more elegant formulation of the main result.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Professor M. Ivan for advice and helpful comments on an earlier version of the paper.
The author also thanks the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions.
References
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