Chapter One

Introduction

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(1-1)Energy Saving in Buildings
The highly recognizable term of energy was a question held to be answered
among several centuries. Here, fire and sun were a suggested answer, but were
insufficient for the needy environment. Human beings started thinking of using all
forms of air, water, waves to generate electricity.

The inventions continued until it reaches this level of using energy in all aspects
of life. Energy resources are formed in different ways; these sources are divided
into renewable and nonrenewable, which are been used to produce electricity .
Aspects of energy can be concluded in many ways, as consumer energy means
life that cannot be resumed with its loss, for engineers it is the dynamics of
machinery, generators and heat for industrial furnaces, and for economists it is the key
that is essential for national prosperity and without energy the economic development
will stop. [1]
After the hyper attendance of renewable energy, several of concerned researchers
and engineers aim to find a new effective and sufficient system of energy to compete
the path created by renewable energy. [1]
Attached with this economical track, in recent years power consumption has
increased rapidly with the development of industry. The availability and the prices for
such energy resources become the main concern all over the world and international
organizations starts calling for the rationalization of energy consumption and
promoting environmental awareness, thou ENERGY SAVINGS were efficiency
tested till it was proved worldwide and requested as an elementary factor to achieve
highly recorded results in studies and researches. And this prompts us to construct a
base for energy saving and inserting the energy efficient improvements in all life
levels not only to make life more comfortable, but also it can yield for a long term
financial rewards by reducing the utility bills.
Energy savings cover most life fields, individual and group consumptions and
include various elementary resources.
Energy savings means ideal use, without reducing energy taken but by developing
new methods and economical techniques in energy consumption, such as waste stop,
loss avoids and cost.

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(1-2) Energy Saving in Hospitals
The aim of this project is to enhance the energy management in hospitals through
energy saving, because Hospitals have an extreme energy use and high energy bills.
So we want to study the technologies that can be employed to lower them
significantly and to know where and how energy can be saved effectively.

Hospitals are generally large consumers of energy due to their need for a
continual supply of power, the extensive use of technical equipment and the
requirement for a carefully controlled internal climate. Given that hospitals operate
twenty four hours a day, all year round. Hospitals with several hundred beds use a
great deal of energy for heating, hot water, air conditioning and running electronic
equipment. So any energy saving measure must retain the highest standard so as to
ensure continuing health provision. [2]&[3]

Figure (1-1) “breakdown of energy usage for a hospital “[4]

A closer look for figure (1-1) it can be shown that how energy consumption can be
broken down according to its major applications in a hospital. The precise split
depends upon type of hospital and the extent and complexity of equipment and
services.

3
 Patients in hospital expect to find competent physicians and modern medical
equipment. Yet, those medical systems will not function without infrastructure.
Energy supply is a critical component in patient care. It ensures that the lift works, the
operating theatre is heated and continually ventilated and the electronic equipment has
a failsafe energy supply. [3]

Energy supply requirements are constantly changing, for instance when a hospital
is renovated or enlarged or if it starts specializing in specific medical applications.

Others
33%
HVAC
67%

Figure (1-2):“Percentage energy consumed by HVAC system for hospitals “

Anyone looking to reduce cost must first acquaint himself with the structures and
know what the factors that influence energy consumption are. In the past, very few
people collected this kind of data. Now a research project will provide the information
needed to optimize energy consumption. As shown in figure (1-2) the HVAC system
consumes about 70% of the total energy needed for the hospital, so it is meaningful
thinking to save energy in this stream.

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 (1-3) Building Description and Site Plan:
Our case study is (Al-Kiewit specialized hospital) located in Ramallah city (32o
North) in the West Bank, at a 850 m above the sea level and it consists of 5 floors
(Ground Floor, 1st Floor and 2nd Floor ), the floor data are shown in table below .the
total area of the 3 floors is 2800 m2.

Now the case study consists of two floors and a ground floor. We chose this
hospital because it is built and designed in a high efficient construction and it is a
good project for designing heating and cooling since it is the definite approach for
everyone.

Ground floor:
This floor is the most important floor in the hospital because it contains all things
that any person wants, Dangerous case are directed to floors according to patient’s
cases.
Table (1-1):-“Ground floor area, height and volume.”
Zone Area[m2] Height[m] Volume[m3]
total floor area 1000 4 4000
Doctor testing room 190 4 760
Wait stations 85 4 340
Accounting offices 60 4 240
Education
conference hall 70 4 280
manager dep. 120 4 480
Pharmacy 40 4 160
Toilet 40 4 160
Cafeteria 70 4 280
Entrance 150 4 600
Sum 825 4 3300
Other 175 4 700

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 First floor:-
This floor contains patient’s rooms, service station and nurse station.
Table (1-2):-” First floor area, height and volume.”
Zone Area[m2] Height[m] Volume[m3]
total floor area 900 4 3600
Single patient
room 200 4 800
double patient
room 205 4 820
relatives lounge 55 4 220
store 70 4 280
nurse station 60 4 240
toilet 40 4 160
sum 630 4 2520
other things 270 4 1080

Second floor:-
This floor is similar to first floor with a surgery room and pharmacy added.

Table (1-3):-” Second floor area, height and volume.”

Zone Area Height Volume
[m2] [m] [m3]
total floor area 900 4 3600
single patient room 200 4 800
Conference care
unit(surgery room) 150 4 600
changing room 30 4 120
store 50 4 200
nurse station 80 4 320
toilet 40 4 160
sum 550 4 2200
other things 350 4 1400