Problem 1 (5 points).

The Fibonacci sequence Fn is defined by F0 = 0, F1 = 1 and

Fn = Fn−1 +Fn−2 for all n ≥ 2. The first few Fibonacci numbers are 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, . . .
Let
 
1 1
A= .
1 0
Use induction to prove that
 
n Fn+1 Fn
A =
Fn Fn−1
for all n ≥ 1.
Solution 1. We prove the claim
 
n Fn+1 Fn
A =
Fn Fn−1
by induction on n.
Base case: For n = 1 the claim holds since
   
F2 F1 1 1
= = A.
F1 F0 1 0

Induction step: Assume that n > 1 and that

 
Fn Fn−1
An−1 = .
Fn−1 Fn−2
Then
      
n n−1 Fn Fn−1 1 1 Fn + Fn−1 Fn + 0 Fn+1 Fn
A =A A= = = .
Fn−1 Fn−2 1 0 Fn−1 + Fn−2 Fn−1 + 0 Fn Fn−1
We conclude that  
n Fn+1 Fn
A =
Fn Fn−1
holds for all n ≥ 1.
 Problem 2 (5 points). Let L1 be the line in R3 through the points
   
2 1
P = 9  and Q =  7 .
−9 −6
Let L2 be the line in R3 with parametric equations
x = 7 + 2t
y = −1 − t
z = 4 + t.
(See Chapter 4.1 of the textbook.)
(a) Find parametric equations of the line L1 .
(b) Determine if L1 and L2 intersect. If so, find their intersection point S.
Solution 2. We first compute a direction vector v of the line L1 .
   
→ 2−1 1
v = PQ = Q − P =  9 − 7  =  2 
−9 − (−6) −3
The line L1 can now be described by
     
x 2 1
y  = P + sv =  9  + s  2  ,
z −9 −3
or equivalently by
x=2+s
y = 9 + 2s
z = −9 − 3s.
The lines L1 and L2 intersect if and only if there exists a point (x, y, z) that satisfies
both parametric equations. We obtain the system of linear equations
7 + 2t = 2 + s
−1 − t = 9 + 2s
4 + t = −9 − 3s.
We can solve this system using Gaussian elimination, however, the system is so simple
that we can write down the solution more or less immediately. The first equation yields
s = 2t + 5
Substituting this into the second equation yields
−1 − t = 9 + 4t + 10 ⇔ −20 = 5t ⇔ t = −4
Thus s = 2(−4) + 5 = −3. Since
4 + (−4) = 0 = −9 − 3(−3)
the sequence (−3, −4) satisfies the third equation and really is a solution. The lines L1
and L2 intersect.
 To obtain the intersection point of L1 and L2 we substitute s = −3 into the parametric
equation of L1 (or alternatively, t = −4 into the parametric equation of L2 ).
   
2 + (−3) −1
S = P − 3v =  9 + (−3)2  =  3  .
−9 + (−3)(−3) 0
 Problem 3 (5 points). Consider the following directed graph D:

v1 v2

v3

(See Chapter 2.3 of the textbook.)

(a) Find the adjacency matrix A of D.
(b) Compute A3 . How many paths of length three are there that start in v2 ? How many
paths of length three are there that end in v2 ?
Solution 3.a. The i, j-entry of A is 1 if there is a directed edge from vj to vi , and 0
otherwise. Therefore  
0 1 1
A = 1 0 0 .
0 1 1
Solution 3.b. We first compute
        
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 2
A3 = 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 0 1 1 1 0 0 = 1 1 1 .
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 2
Let bi,j denote the i, j-entry of A3 . Then bi,j is equal to the number of paths of length
3 from vj to vi . Thus the number of paths of length 3 that end in v2 is given by
b2,1 + b2,2 + b2,3 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3.
The number of paths of length 3 that begin in v2 is given by
b1,2 + b2,2 + b3,2 = 2 + 1 + 2 = 5.

To convince ourselves that the computed numbers are correct, we can also find these
paths directly in D. The paths of length 3 that end in v2 are
v1 → v2 → v1 → v2
v2 → v3 → v1 → v2
v3 → v3 → v1 → v2 .
The paths of length 3 that begin in v2 are
v2 → v1 → v2 → v1
v2 → v1 → v2 → v3
v2 → v3 → v1 → v2
v2 → v3 → v3 → v1
v2 → v3 → v3 → v3 .
 Problem 4 (5 points). A linear map f : R2 → R2 is called isometry if kf (v)k = kvk
for all v ∈ R2 .
Let Rθ : R2 → R2 denote counterclockwise rotation about the origin through the
angle θ. Use the matrix of Rθ to show that Rθ is an isometry.
(Hint: (sin θ)2 + (cos θ)2 = 1.)
Solution 4. The matrix of Rθ is
 
cos θ − sin θ
.
sin θ cos θ
We compute the length of Rθ (v) as follows.
kRθ (v)k
   
cos θ − sin θ v1
=
sin θ cos θ v2
 
v1 cos θ − v2 sin θ
=
v1 sin θ + v2 cos θ
p
= (v1 cos θ − v2 sin θ)2 + (v1 sin θ + v2 cos θ)2
q
= v12 (cos θ)2 − 2v1 v2 cos θ sin θ + v22 (sin θ)2 + v12 (sin θ)2 + 2v1 v2 sin θ cos θ + v22 (cos θ)2
q
= v12 (cos θ)2 + v22 (sin θ)2 + v12 (sin θ)2 + v22 (cos θ)2
q
= v12 (cos θ)2 + (sin θ)2 + v22 (sin θ)2 + (cos θ)2



q
= v12 + v22
= kvk
We conclude that Rθ is indeed an isometry.