Math 1310: Integral Calculus and Applications

Winter, 2018

Instructor: Shu Xiao Li

Jan. 15, 2018

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Areas between curves

Areas between curves

Left end of the region, a

Reft end of the region, b
For each x, the height of the cross-section, f (x)
Z b
Area of the region is f (x)dx.
a

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Areas between curves

Examples
Find the area bounded by y = e x and y = x between x = 1 and
x = 2.

Solution

2
x 2 2 22 12
Z      
x x 2 1
Area = e − xdx = e −  = e − − e −
1 2 1 2 2

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Areas between curves
Examples
Find the area bounded by y = x 2 − 1 and y = −x 2 + 1.

Solution

The intersections are (−1, 0) and (1, 0). Hence, Area =

Z 1 Z 1  
2 2 2 2 3 1
(−x + 1) − (x − 1)dx = 2 − 2x dx = 2x − x 
−1 −1 3 −1
! !
2 2 8
= 2− − −2 + =
3 3 3 4 / 27
Areas between curves
Examples
Find the area of the shaded region.

Solution
Z 1
y3
 
1
Area = e y − (y 2 − 2)dy = e y − + 2y  =
 −1   3 −1
1 1 1 1 10
e − +2 − + −2 =e − + .
3 e 3 e 3
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Areas between curves

Examples
Find the area bounded by x = y 2 − 2 and y = x.

Solution

The intersections are (−1, −1) and (2, 2), left end point is (−2, 0).
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Areas between curves

Solution
√
Writing√y in terms of x, x = y 2 − 2 gives y = x + 2 and
y = − x + 2.
Z −1
√ √ √
Z 2
x + 2 − (− x + 2)dx + x + 2 − xdx
−2 −1
Z−1 √
Z 2 √
Z 2
= 2 x + 2dx + x + 2dx − xdx
−2 −1 −1
4 −1 2 2 1 2
= (x + 2)3/2  + (x + 2)3/2  − x 2 
 
3   −2 3   −1  2 −1
4 16 2 1 9
= −0 + − − 2− = .
3 3 3 2 2

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Areas between curves

Another Solution
Integrate with respect to y , we have
Z 2
y − (y 2 − 2)dy
−1
Z2
= −y 2 + y + 2dy
−1
 
1 3 1 2 2
= − y + y + 2y 
3 2 −1
   
8 1 1 9
= − +2+4 − + −2 = .
3 3 2 2

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Areas between curves
Examples
1
Find the area bounded by y = and y = −2x + 3.
x

Solution

The intersections are (1, 1) and (1/2, 2).

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Areas between curves

Solution
Integrate with respect to x, we have
Z 1
1 1
(−2x + 3) − dx = (−x 2 + 3x − log x)

1/2 x 1/2
 
1 3 1 3
=(−1 + 3 − 0) − − + − log = − log 2.
4 2 2 4

Integrate with respect to y ,

we have
Z 2   2 
y 3 1 y 3 2
− + − dy = − + y − log y 
1 2 2 y 4 2 1
 
1 3 3
=(−1 + 3 − log 2) − − + − 0 = − log 2.
4 2 4

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Volumes of Solids

Disk Method

Left end of the solid, a

Reft end of the solid, b
For each x, the area of the cross-section, A(x)
Z b
Volume of the solid is A(x)dx.
a

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Volumes of Solids

Example 1
Find the volume of the cylinder obtained by rotating about the
x-axis the region under the curve y = r from x = 0 to x = h. Solid

Solution
For each x, the cross section is a disk of radius f (x) = r . Hence,
the area of cross section is A(x) = πr 2 . Therefore, the volume is
Z h h
πr dx = πr x  = πr 2 h.
2 2 
0 0

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Volumes of Solids

Example 2
Find the volume of the cone obtained by rotating about the x-axis
the region under the curve y = x from x = 0 to x = 1. Solid

Solution
For each x, the cross section is a disk of radius f (x) = x. Hence,
the area of cross section is A(x) = πx 2 . Therefore, the volume is
Z 1
2 π 3 1 π
πx dx = x  = .
0 3 0 3

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Volumes of Solids

Example 3
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the x-axis
the region bounded by the curves y = x and y = 1 from x = 0 to
x = 1. Solid

Solution
For each x, the cross section is a ring with inner radius x and outer
radius 1. Hence, the area of cross section is A(x) = π(1 − x 2 ).
Z 1  π  1 2π
Therefore, the volume is π(1 − x 2 )dx = πx − x 3  = .
0 3 0 3

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Volumes of Solids

Example 4
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y -axis
the region bounded by the curves y = x, x = 0 and y = 1. Solid

Solution
In this case, we integrate with respect to y .
For each y , the cross section is a disk with radius y . Hence, the
area of cross section is A(y ) = πy 2 . Therefore, the volume is
Z 1
π 1 π
πy 2 dy = y 3  = .
0 3 0 3

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Volumes of Solids

Example 5
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the x-axis
√
the region bounded by the curves y = x 3 and y = x. Solid

Solution
√
The intersections of y = x 3 and y = x are (0, 0) and (1, 1).
For each x, the cross section is a ring with inner radius x 3 and
√
outer radius x. Hence, the area of cross section is
A(x) = π(x − x 6 ). Therefore, the volume is
Z 1 π π  1 5π
π(x − x 6 )dx = x2 − x7  = .
0 2 7 0 14

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Volumes of Solids

Example 6
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y -axis
√
the region bounded by the curves y = x 3 and y = x. Solid

Solution
√
The intersections of y = x 3 and y = x are (0, 0) and (1, 1).
We integrate with respect to y and the two curves becomes
√
x = 3 y and x = y 2 .
For each y , the cross section is a ring with inner radius y 2 and
√
outer radius 3 y . Hence, the area of cross section is
p
A(y ) = π( 3 y 2 − y 4 ). Therefore, the volume is
Z 1 p  
3 2 4 3π 5/3 π 5 1 2π
π( y − y )dy = y − y  = .
0 5 5 0 5

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Volumes of Solids

Example 7
Find the volume of a sphere of radius r . Solid

Solution
A sphere of radius r can be considered as the solid obtained by
rotating about the x-axis the region
√ bounded by the curve
2 2 2
x + y = r , or equivalently y = r 2 − x 2 . √
For each x, the cross section is a disk of radius f (x) = r 2 − x 2 .
Hence, the area
Z of cross section is A(x) = π(r 2 − x 2 ). Therefore,
r  π  r 4
the volume is π(r 2 − x 2 )dx = πr 2 x − x 3  = πr 3 .
−r 3 −r 3

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Volumes of Solids

Example 8
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the x-axis
1
the region under the curves y = on x ≥ 1. Solid
x

Solution
1
For each x, the cross section is a disk of radius f (x) = .
x
π
Hence, the area of cross section is A(x) = 2 . Therefore, the
Z ∞ x
π π ∞
volume is dx = −  = π.
1 x2 x 1

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Volumes of Solids

Example 9
Let S be a solid whose base is the region bounded by y = x 2 − 1
and x-axis, cross sections perpendicular to x-axis are equilateral
triangles.

Solution
For each x, the cross section is an equilateral triangle with side
length 1 − x 2 . √
3
Hence, the area of cross section is A(x) = (1 − x 2 )2 . Therefore,
4
the
Z 1 volume
√ is √  √
3 3 2x 3 x 5 1

2 2 4 3
(1 − x ) dx = x− +  = .
−1 4 4 3 5 −1 15

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Volumes of Solids

Example 10
Find the volume of a tetrahedron whose base is a triangle with
area A and whose height is h.

Solution
Ax 2
The area of cross section is A(x) = 2 . Therefore, the volume is
h
Ax 2
Z h
Ax 3 h Ah
dx =  = .
0 h2 3h2 0 3

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Volumes of Solids

Cylindrical Shell method

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Volumes of Solids

Cylindrical Shell method

Left end of the region, a
Reft end of the region, b
Fix an x, the height of the cylinder, f (x)
The circumference of the base, 2πx
The surface area of the cylinder, A(x) = 2πxf (x)
Z b
Area of the region is A(x)dx.
a

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Volumes of Solids

Example 1
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y -axis
the region bounded by the curves y = x 2 and y = 1 from x = 0 to
x = 1. Solid, Shell

Solution (Shell method)

For each x,Z the height of the cylinder is 1 − x 2 . Therefore, the
1  π  1 π
volume is 2πx(1 − x 2 )dx = πx 2 − x 4  = .
0 2 0 2

Solution (Disk method)

Integrate with respect to y . For each y ,Zthe area of the cross
1
π 1 π
section is πy . Therefore, the volume is πydy = y 2  = .
0 2 0 2

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Volumes of Solids
Example 2
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y -axis
sin x
the region under the curves y = from x = 0 to x = π. Solid,
x
Shell

Solution (Shell method)

sin x
For each x, the height of the cylinder is . Therefore, the
Z π x
sinx π
volume is 2πx dx = −2π cos x  = 4π.

0 x 0

Solution (Disk method)

sin x
Not applicable because the inverse function of is not
x
elementary.
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Volumes of Solids

Example 3
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about x = 3 the
region bounded by the curves y = x 2 and y = x + 2.

Solution (Shell method)

The intersections are (−1, 1) and (2, 4). For each x, the radius of
base circle is 3 − x and the 2
Z 2height of the cylinder is x + 2 − x .
45
Therefore, the volume is 2π(3 − x)(x + 2 − x 2 )dx = π.
−1 2

Solution (Disk method)

Exercise.

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Volumes of Solids

Exercises
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region
bounded by the curves y 2 − x 2 = 1 and y = 2 about
the x-axis
the y -axis
x =2
y =1

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