St Wilfred’s School Panvel

Physical Education On
Football
2019-20

Submitted by Submitted to
Aaditya Sharma Apoorv Agarwal
Roll No - Physical Education Teacher
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my teachers, Mr. Apoorv sir for

guiding me through this project and for their valuable
inputs which provided me with a constant nudge for
improvement.

It is imperative to thank our principal, Mrs. Shachi Jolly for

providing me the opportunity to work on this project.

It goes without saying that my parents have also helped

me in this project. My thanks also goes out to them also.

This project and reading up on the same has provided me

with an in depth and understanding of the topic. It has
nurtured my scientific temperament and curiosity.
→ History
→ Rules and Regulation
→Measurement
→Terminology
→Important Tournaments
→Important Venues
→Important Personalities
→Important Awards
→Basic First- Aid Techniques related to football
The contemporary history of the world’s favourite game
spans more than 100 years. It all began in 1863 in
England, when rugby football and association football
branched off on their different courses and the Football
Association in England was formed.

Both codes stemmed from a common root and both have

a long have a long and intricately branched ancestral tree.
A search down the centuries reveals at least half a dozen
different games varying to different degrees, and to
which the historical development of football has been
traced back. Whether this can be justified in some
instances is disputable. Nevertheless, the fact remains
that people have enjoyed kicking of ball about for
thousands of years and there is absolutely no reason to
consider it an aberration of the more ‘natural’ form of
playing a ball with the hands.
01
On the contrary, apart from the need tom employ the
legs and feet in tough tussles for the ball, often without
any laws for protection, it was recognised right at the
outset that the art of controlling the ball with the feet was
not easy and as required no small measure of skill. The
very earliest form of the game for which there is scientific
evidence was an exercise from a military manual dating
ball with the hands.

This Han Dynasty forebear of football was called Tsu’Chu

and it consisted of kicking a leather ball filled with
feathers and hair through an opening, measuring only 30-
40 cm in width into a small net fixed onto long bamboo
canes. According to one variation of this exercise, the
player was not permitted to aim at his target unimpeded,
but had to use his feet, chest, back and shoulders while
trying to withstand the attacks of his opponents. Use of
the hands was not permitted.
Another form of the game, also originating from the Far
East, was the Japanese kemari, which began some 500-
600 years later and is still played today. This is a sport
lacking the competitive element of Tsu’ Chu with no
struggle for possession involved. Standing in a circle, the
players had to pass the ball to each other, in a relatively
small space, trying not to let it touch the ground.
02
Football (Soccer) is one of the oldest sports in the
world and with that; it’s also one of the most
recognized. The pinnacle of the international game
comes in the form the Football World Cup. There are
also tournament such as the Euro Championships,
Cope America and the African Cup of Nations.
Domestically the strongest leagues come from
England (English Premier League), Spain (La Liga),
Italy (Serie A) and Germany (Bundesliga). In parts of
the world the sport is also known as Soccer.

Object of the Game

The aim of football is to score more goals then your

opponent in a 90 minute playing time frame. The
match is split up into two halves of 45 minutes. After
the first 45 minutes players will take a 15 minute
rest period called half time. The second 45 minutes
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will resume and any time deemed fit to be added on
by the referee (injury time) will be accordingly.

Players & Equipment

Each team consists of 11 players. These are made up

of one goalkeeper and ten outfield players. The pitch
dimensions vary from each ground but are roughly
120 yards long and 75 yards wide. On each pitch you
will have a 6 yard box next to the goal mouth, an 18
yard box surrounding the 6 yard box and a centre
circle. Each half of the pitch must be a mirror image
of the other in terms of dimensions.
Essentially the equipment that is needed for a soccer
match is pitch and a football. Additionally players
can be found wearing studded football boots, shin
pads and matching strips. The goalkeepers will
additionally wear padded gloves as they are the only
players allowed to handle the ball. Each team will
have a designated captain.
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Scoring

To score the ball must go into your opponent’s goal.

The whole ball needs to be over the line for it to be a
legitimate goal. A goal can be scored with any part
of the body apart from the hand or arm up to the
shoulder. The goal itself consists of a frame
measuring 8 feet high and 8 yards wide.

Winning the Game

To win you have to score more goals than that of

your opponents. If the scores are level after 90
minutes then the game will end as a draw apart
from in cup games where the game can go to extra
time and even a penalty shootout to decide the
winner. Players must use their feet to kick the ball
and are prohibited to use their hands apart from
goalkeepers who can use any part of their body
within the 18 yard box (of which more can be found
out in the next section).

05
Rules of Football (Soccer)

• A match consists of two 45 minutes halves with

a 15 minute rest period in between.
• Each team can have a minimum off 11 players
(including 1 goalkeeper who is the only player
allowed to handle the ball within the 18 yard
box) and a minimum of 7 players are needed to
constitute a match.
• The ball must have a circumference of 58-61cm
and be of a circular shape.
• Each team can name up to 7 substitute players.
Substitutions can be made at any time of the
match with each team being able to make a
maximum of 3 substitutions per side. In the
event of all three substitutes being made and a
player having to leave the field for injury the
team will be forced to play without a
replacement for that player.
• Each game must include one referee and two
assistant referee’s (linesmen). It’s the job of the
referee to act as time keeper and make any
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• decisions which may need to be made such as
fouls, free kicks, throw in, penalties and added
on time at the end of each half. The referee may
consult the assistant referees at any time in the
match regarding a decision. It’s the assistant
referee’s job to spot offside’s in the match
throw in for either team and also assist the
referee in all decision making processes where
appropriate.
• If the game needs to head to extra time as a
result of both teams being level in a match then
30 minutes will be added in the form of two 15
minute halves after the allotted 90 minutes.
• If teams are still level after extra time then a
penalty shootout must take place.
• The whole ball must cross the goal line for it to
constitute as a goal.
• For fouls committed a player could receive
either a yellow or red card depending on the
severity of the foul; this comes down to the
referee’s discretion. The yellow is a warning and
a red card is a dismissal of that player
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 • Two yellow cards will equal one red. Once a
player is sent off then they cannot be replaced.
• If a ball goes out of play off an opponent in
either of the side lines then it is given as a throw
in. If it goes out of play off an attacking player on
the base line then it is a goal kick. If it comes off
a defending player it is a corner kick.

The Offside Rule in Football

Offside can be called when an attacking player is in

front of the last defender when the pass is played
through to them. The offside area is designed to
discourage players from simply hanging around the
opponent’s goal waiting for a pass. To be onside
they must be placed behind the last defender when
the ball is played to them. If the player is in front of
that last defender then he is deemed to be offside
and free kick to the defending team will be called.
A player cannot be caught offside in their own half.
The goalkeeper does not count as a defender. If the
ball is played backwards and the player is in front of
the last defender then he is deemed to be no
offside. 08
The length of the football field varies from 100-130
yards or 90-120 meters. The width of the field has to
be more than 50 yards (45 meters) and less than 100
yards (90 meters).

09
The center is drawn with a radius of 10 yards.
Then there is the 18 yard box (18×44 yards) drawn
from the goal post wherein a lot of attacking action
takes place and outside this box the goalkeeper is
not allowed to touch the ball with his hands.
There is a spot inside the 18 yard box which is 12
yards from the goal post which is known as the
penalty spot.
The goal post is 8 feet (2.44 meters) high and 8 yards
(7.32 meters) wide.

10
▪ Attacker: A player whose job is to play the ball
forward towards the opponent's goal area to create
a scoring opportunity.
▪ Back Heel: A ball kicked using the back (heel) of the
foot.
▪ Back Pass: A pass that a player makes back toward
their own goal, usually made back to the goalkeeper.
This is often a defensive move to restart a new
phase of play.
▪ Ball Carrier: The player in possession of the ball.
▪ Bending the Ball: Striking the ball off-center so that
it travels in a curved path, ideally for shots at goal.
▪ Bicycle Kick: A spectacular move in which a player
jumps in the air in a back flip motion, kicking the ball
backward over their head. The name comes from
action which mimics their legs moving as if pedaling
a bicycle.
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▪ Center Spot: The spot marked at the center of the
field from which the kickoff is made.
▪ Confederation: Organization responsible for football
in their region see
▪ Corner Flag: The flag marking each of the four
corners of the field.
▪ Corner Kick: A free kick taken from the corner of the
field by an attacker. The corner kick is awarded
when the ball has passed over the goal line after last
touching a defensive player. The shot is taken from
the corner nearest to where the ball went out.
▪ Cross: A pass played across the face of a goal.
▪ Defender: A player whose job is to stop the
opposition attacking players from goal scoring
▪ Direct Free Kick: A free kick in which a goal may be
scored by the player taking the free kick.
▪ Dribble: Keeping control of the ball while running.
▪ Dummy Run: A run by a player without the ball, to
lure defenders away from the ball carrier.
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▪ Far Post: The goalpost farthest from the ball.
▪ FIFA: The acronym used for the Federation
International de Football Association, the world
governing body for the game of association football,
which is based in Switzerland.
▪ Football: The term used for soccer in Europe and
other countries outside of North America and
Australia.
▪ Foul: Any illegal play.
▪ Free Kick: A kick awarded to an opposition player
when a player has committed a foul. Free kicks can
be either direct or indirect.
Futsal: version of Football played indoors
▪ Give and Go: (also known as a 1-2) When a player
passes the ball to a teammate, who immediately
one-touch passes the ball back to the first player.
▪ Goal Area: The rectangular area in front of the goal.
It is also known as the 6-yard box because of its
dimensions.
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▪ Goal Kick: A goal kick is awarded to the defending
team when the ball is played over the goal line by
the attacking team. It can taken by any player
though it is normally taken by the goalkeeper.
▪ Goal Line: The two boundary lines located at each
end of the field.
▪ Goal Mouth: The area in front of the goal.
▪ Goalkeeper: The specialized player who is the last
line of defense, who is allowed to control the ball
with his hands when in the goal area.
▪ Header: Using of the head to pass or control the ball.
▪ Indirect Free Kick: A free kick awarded to a player
from which a goal may not be scored directly.
▪ In swinger: A kick that curves in toward the goal.
▪ Kickoff: The kickoff is taken from the center spot at
the start of play at the beginning of each half and
after a goal has been scored.

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▪ Man to Man Marking: A defensive system where
defenders are designated one attacking player to
track continuously.
▪ Midfielder: The playing position for players that are
responsible for linking play between attackers and
defenders.
▪ Near post: The goalpost nearest the ball.
▪ Obstruction: Causing obstruction, which is blocking
an opponent with the body, is penalized by awarding
an indirect free kick to the opposition.
▪ Offside Trap: A technique used by defenders to put
attacking players in an offside position, by moving
quickly away from their own goal to leave attackers
offside.
▪ Offside: A player is in an offside position if he is
nearer to his opponent's goal line than both the ball
and the second-to-last opponent. This does not
apply if the players are on their half of the field. An
indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team at
the place where the offside occurred.
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▪ One-Touch Pass: A pass in which the ball is played on
with a player's first touch.
▪ Out Swinger: A kick that swerves away from the
goal.
▪ Penalty Area: The rectangular area in front of the
goal in which the goalkeeper may handle the ball. It
is also known as the 18-yard box because of its
dimensions.
▪ Penalty Spot: The marked spot 12 yards from the
goal line from which a penalty kick is taken.
▪ Penalty: A penalty kick is awarded when a foul has
been committed inside the penalty area in front of
the goal. A penalty is taken by one player opposed
only by the goal keeper.
▪ Pitch: The soccer field of play.
▪ Red Card: A red card is issued to a player when that
player has committed a serious infraction or has
been issued with two yellow cards within the same
game. The red card held up by the referee to signal
that a player is being sent off. The player sent off
cannot be replaced.
 16
▪ Referee: The official who is in charge of the game.
▪ Shot: A kick, header, or any intended deflection of
the ball toward a goal by a player attempting to
score a goal.
▪ Sliding Tackle: A tackle in which the defender slides
along the surface of the field of play before making
one-footed contact with the ball.
▪ Striker: An attacking player whose job is to finish
attacking plays by scoring a goal.
▪ Sweeper: A defensive player whose job is to roam
behind the other defenders.
A sweeper has no specific marking duties and is the
last line of defense before the goalkeeper.
▪ Tackle: To take the ball away from the opponent
using the feet.
▪ Through Pass: A pass played past defenders into free
space to allow a teammate to run onto the ball.
 17
▪ Throw-In: The ball is thrown in after the ball has
crossed the touch line. A player taking a throw in
must have both feet on or behind the touch line,
must maintain contact with the ground, and must
use a two-handed throw made from behind the
head. A goal cannot be score directly from a throw-
in.
▪ Toe Poke: Use of the toe to strike the ball.
▪ Touch Line: The line that defines the outer edge of
the longer sides of the field of play.
▪ Trapping the Ball: Controlling the ball with the sole
of the foot.
▪ Volley: Striking the ball in mid-air with either foot.
▪ Wingers: Attackers who play on the wings/flanks of
the field.
▪ Yellow Card: A yellow card is held up by a referee to
signal a caution for a minor infringement.
▪ Zone Defense: A defensive system where defenders
mark a designated area of the field of play instead of
tracking players across the field.
 18

International Tournaments

FIFA World Cup Federation International de football

Association (FIFA), governed by Swiss law, was
founded in 1904. Gianni Infantino is the President of
FIFA. The 2018 FIFA World Cup, the 21st in number,
that Russia is going to host. The tournaments will be
held from 14th June-15th July. Germany was the
winner of the 2014 world cup.
 19

UEFA Champions League

It was launched soon after UEFA’s first congress,

which was held in Vienna on 2nd march 1955. It was
founded in June 1954. It is simply known as
Champion’s league and is one of the most
prestigious tournaments in the world. This league
begins in mid July. Winner of this league gets
qualified for the UEFA Super Cup and FIFA World
Cup. Real Madrid the most successful club in
competitions’ history have won the tournaments ten
times.
 20

UEFA European Championship

It is the primary association football competition
played by the senior men’s national team of UEFA. It
was founded in 1960 and is held after every four
years. European championship winners get the
opportunity to compete in FIFA Confederations Cup.
Till now 14 European Championship tournaments
have been won by nine different national teams.
One of the six major football union across the globe
viz. CONCAF in North America, Conmebol in Latin
America, CAF in Africa, AFC in Asia, UEFA in Europe
and OFC in Oceania.

21
 Copa America
It is formerly known as South American Football
Championship. It is the oldest international
competition. It is one of the most prestigious
tournaments to be viewed widely in the whole
world. Two trophies, Copa America and Copa Bolivia,
are given at the end of the tournament to the
winners and the runner ups respectively. In 2015, it
was held in Chile and the host country emerged as
the winner whereas Argentina got the trophy of
runner-up. In 2019, Brazil will be conducting the
tournament and in 2023 Ecuador is going to host the
tournament.
 22

Copa Libertadores
This is an annual international club football
competition since 1960. It is one of the most
prestigious tournaments in the world. The winner of
this tournament becomes eligible to play in the FIFA
World Cup. This tournament is sponsored by a group
of multi-national corporations.
 23

Indian tournaments
Federation Cup

It was founded in 1977 in India in which 10 teams

participate. The current champion of this cup is
Bengaluru FC; however Mohan Bagan is the most
successful club with 13 titles. Before formation of I-
League (NFL). In 1997, the federation cup was the
most prestigious football cup in India.
 24

Durand Cup

The Durand football tournament started 128 years

ago in 1888. The number of participating teams
varies. Current champion is Salgaocar Football Club
and Pune football cup was the runner-up. It is one of
the leading prizes in Indian Football.

Indian Super Cup

It was founded in 1997 and it consists of 2

teams.Current championship that was held in New
 25

Delhi, 2011 witnessed East Bengal as a new

champion. The winner team of the game receives
the trophy while players receive individual medals.

Santosh Trophy

It was founded in 1942 and it comprises of 31 teams.

Current champion is Services. The tournament was
held in Maharashtra in 2016. Top six goal- scorers of
this trophy are-

(a) Inder singh (Punjab) 45 goals

(b) Mohammed Habib (Andhra and Bengal) 34 goals

(c) Shyam Thappa (Services and Bengal) 31 goals

(d) P.K.Banerjee (Bengal and Railways) 28 goals;

 26

(e) Surajit Sengupta (Bengal) 26 goals

(f) Biswajit Bhattacharya (Bengal) 26 goals.

IFA Shield

It was organised by Indian Football Association 123

years ago in 1893. Ten teams participate in this
tournament. In 2016 Tata Football Academy
emerged as the winner and AIFF got the trophy of
the runner-up. The most successful club in the
history of this tournament is East Bengal as it has
won it for 28 times.
 27

1. Camp Nou, FC Barcelona

Capacity: 99,354.
The stadium is a home of FC Barcelona team, and
it is Europe’s largest football stadium.
It has been open in 1957 and in has been renewed
for 1989 European Cup final, as well as 1999
Champions League final.
 28
22. Santiago Bernabeu, Real Madrid

Capacity: 85,454. Stadium of Real Madrid and

Spanish national team. Originally opened in 1947,
the Santiago Bernabeu has since been renovated
twice—in 1982 and 2001—to match the ambitions
of the Galacticos.

3 3. Old Trafford, Manchester United

 29

Capacity: 75,731.

Old Trafford is a stadium hosting Manchester United team.

Opened in 1910 and renewed in 2006 it is England’s largest club stadium.

44. Allianz Arena, FC Bayern Munich

Capacity: 71,437.
The Allianz Arena is a football stadium of
Bayern Munich team.
Opened in 2005 the stadium is home to both
Munich-based football teams: Bayern Munich and
1860 Munich.
It is the only stadium across the Europe that can
change colors to reflect which of the two teams are
playing—red for Bayern and blue for 1860 Munich.
 30
5

5. Signal Iduna Park, Borussia Dortmund

Capacity: 80,645.

Opened in 1974 Signal Iduna Park is the home of Borussia Dortmund is the
largest stadium in Germany.

66. San Siro, AC Milan

Capacity: 80,018. Stadio Giuseppe Meazza in Milan also known as San Siro is a
home of AC Milan and Internazionale teams.

Construction of the stadium finished in 1925 in the district of Milan named San
Siro. Since then the stadium has been renewing for 1965 and 1970 European
Cup finals as well as 2002 Champions League final.
 31
3131313177. Anfield, Liverpool F.C.

Capacity: 45,276. Opened in 1884 is home to Liverpool F.C. team.

Though not a huge stadium regarding capacity by any means it has the
legendary atmosphere making it one of the greatest stadiums in the world.

88. Celtic Park, Glasgow

Capacity: 60,355. Open in 1892 Celtic Park is the

oldest and largest stadium in Scotland.
32
9

329. Juventus Stadium, Turin

Capacity: 41,254. Opened in 2011 is a home

of Juventus F.C.
1010. Estadio Da Luz, Benfica Lisbon

Capacity: 65,647. Open in 2003 the stadium hosts

Benfica Lisbon club.
 33

Football is a global game, and whatever your views

might be on money in football, there’s no denying
that football as a sport has produced many
celebrities. These have been, more often than not,
iconic figures who brought about positive change
through their success, although many have been
happy to parlay their fame into money (and there’s
nothing wrong with that!).
DAVID BECKHAM

The Godfather of self-publicity, Goldenballs has taken the world

by storm and astutely cultivated ‘friendships’ with countless
movers and shakers from the world of showbiz and politics alike.
The first player to transform himself into a global brand. 34
LIONEL MESSI

Wholesome, devout and not half bad with the ball at his feet,
the little Argie is an advertiser’s wet dream. Messi may not be
the most charismatic individual but he lets his football do the
talking while his agents continue to strike multi-million
endorsement deals.

ROMAN ABRAMOVICH
 35

The Russian oligarch may not actively court publicity

but whenever he does put his head above the
parapet, he’s news. Abramovich changed the
football landscape when he bought Chelsea and his
air of mystery has only heightened his myth.

JOSE MOURINHO

The Special One is like a cult leader, hypnotising his

disciples with a heady mixture of personality and
arrogance. Mourinho plays the media like a fiddle as
we wait on his every word with bated breath.
 36

WAYNE ROONEY

Wazza may look like Shrek but England’s desperate

need for a national icon to succeed Beckham has
propelled the irate Scouser into the football
celebrity elite and with mates like 50 Cent and The
Stereophonics, he’s already mixing in showbiz circles.

CRISTIANO RONALDO
 37

Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro is a Portuguese

soccer superstar. By 2003 — when he was just 16
years old — Manchester United paid £12 million
(over $14 million U.S. dollars) to sign him, a record
fee for a player of his age.

In the 2004 FA Cup final, Ronaldo scored

Manchester's first three goals and helped them
capture the championship. He set a franchise record
for goals scored in 2008, before Real Madrid paid a
record $131 million for his services the following
year.

Among his many accomplishments, he has won a

record-tying five Ballon d'Or awards for player of the
year, and led Portugal to an emotional victory in the
2016 European Championship. In July 2018, Ronaldo
embarked on a new phase of his career by signing
with Italian Serie A club Juventus.

38

MARADONA

Love him or loathe him, Maradona still bestrides the

football world like a crazed colossus. A living saint in
Argentina, neither time nor controversy has
diminished his legend and his every move remains
headline news.
RYAN GIGGS
 39
Giggs’ longevity at the highest level has earned him
a reputation as the game’s elder statesman and
there’s surely no fan in the world who hasn’t heard
of the flying Welshman. His name check on The
Simpsons says it all.

THIERRY HENRY
His playing powers may have dramatically declined
since his heyday but Henry remains one of the
game’s most bankable assets and his recent switch
to the MLS will see him following in Beckham’s
footsteps and trying to break America.

40

KAKA
The Brazilian’s a good-looking but clean cut fella
and, like Messi, he’s perfect for flogging anything
from Playstation games to energy drinks. Brazilian
players are ten-a-penny in Europe these days but
the Real Madrid star remains the most famous of
them all.

41

The Ballon d'Or ("Golden Ball") is an

annual football award presented by France Football.
It has been awarded since 1956, although between
2010 and 2015, an agreement was made
with FIFA and the award was temporarily merged
with the FIFA World Player of the Year, and known
as the FIFA Ballon d'Or. However, the partnership
ended in 2016 and the award reverted to the Ballon
d'Or, while FIFA also reverted to its own separate
annual award
The Conceived by sports writer Gabriel Hanot, the
Ballon d'Or award honours the male player deemed
to have performed the best over the previous year,
based on voting by football journalists, from 1956 to
2006.[1] After 2007, coaches and captains of national
teams were also given the right to vote. Originally it
was an award for players from Europe. In 1995 the
42
Ballon d'Or was expanded to include all players from
any origin that have been active at European clubs.
The award became a global prize in 2007 with all
professional footballers from around the world
being eligible.
The FIFA World Player of the Year was an association
football award presented annually by the sport's
governing body, FIFA, between 1991 and 2015.
Coaches and captains of international teams and
media representatives selected the player they
deem to have performed the best in the previous
calendar year.
Originally a single award for the world's best men's
player, parallels awards for men and women were
awarded from 2001–2009. The men's award was
subsumed into the FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2010 while
the women's award remained until 2015. After 2015
both men's and women's awards became part
of The Best FIFA Football Awards.
During the men's era, Brazilian players won 8 out of
19 years, compared to three wins – the second most
43
– for French players. In terms of individual players,
Brazil again led with five, followed by Italy and
Portugal with two each. The youngest winner
was Ronaldo, who won at 20 years old in 1996, and
the oldest winner was Fabio Cannavaro, who won
aged 33 in 2006. Ronaldo and Zinedine Zidane each
 won the award three times, while Ronaldo
and Ronaldinho were the only players to win in
successive years. From 2010 to 2015, the equivalent
men's award was the FIFA Ballon d'Or, following a
merging of the FIFA World Player of the Year and
the France Football Ballon d'Or awards. Since 2016,
the awards have been replaced by The Best FIFA
Men's Player and The Best FIFA Women's
Player awards.
Eight women's footballers – three Germans, three
Americans, one Brazilian, and one Japanese – have
won the award. Marta, the youngest recipient at age
20 in 2006, has won five successive awards, the
most of any player. Birgit Prinz won three times in a
row and Mia Hamm won twice in a row. The oldest
44

winner is Nadine Angerer, who was 35 when she

won in 2013; she is also the only goalkeeper of
either sex to win.
The UEFA Team of the Year is a football award given
by UEFA through a poll on its official website. This
award started in 2001 to allow users and visitors of
the organization's website to choose their own
eleven players and a coach based on their overall
performances in European club football and
international competitions.

The Professional Footballers' Association Men's Players' Player

of the Year (often called the PFA Men's Players' Player of the
Year, the Players' Player of the Year, or simply the Player of the
Year) is an annual award given to the player who is adjudged to
have been the best of the year in English football. The award has
been presented since the 1973–74 season and the winner is
chosen by a vote amongst the members of the players' trade
union, the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA). The
current holder is Virgil van Dijk, who won the award on 28 April
2019.
45
The first winner of the award was Leeds
United defender Norman Hunter. As of 2019, only Mark
Hughes, Alan Shearer, Thierry Henry, Cristiano
Ronaldo and Gareth Bale have won the award on two occasions,
and only Henry and Ronaldo have won the award in consecutive
seasons. Of the five, only Shearer won his two awards playing
for different teams. Although there is a separate PFA Young
Player of the Year award for players under the age of 23, young
players remain eligible to win the senior award, and on three
occasions the same player has won both awards for a
season, Andy Gray in 1976–77, Ronaldo in 2006–07 and Bale in
2012–13.
Every spring, each member of the association votes for two
players. A shortlist of nominees is published in April and the
winner of the award, along with the winners of the PFA's other
annual awards, is announced at a gala event in London a few
days later. The award is regarded by the players themselves as
extremely prestigious, with Teddy Sheringham describing it in
2001 as "the biggest personal award you can get in the
game", and John Terry stating in 2005 that he considered it "the
ultimate accolade to be voted for by your fellow professionals
whom you play against week-in and week-out".

World Soccer is an English language football magazine published

by TI Media. The magazine was established in 1960. It specialises
in the international football scene. Its regular
46

contributing writers include Brian Glanville, Keir Radnedge, Sid

Lowe and Tim Vickery. World Soccer is a member of
the European Sports Magazines (ESM), an umbrella group of
similar magazines printed in other languages. Other members
include A Bola, Don Balón, Kicker, La Gazzetta dello
Sport and Sport Express. The members of this group elect a
 European "Team of the Month" and a European "Team of the
Year".
Since 1982, World Soccer has also organised "Player of the
Year", "Manager of the Year" and "Team of the Year" awards. In
2005 awards for the best "Young Player of the Year" and
"Referee of the Year" were also introduced. In the December
1999 issue of World Soccer, a readers' poll listing the 100
greatest football players of the 20th century was published.
The magazine marked its 50th anniversary in 2010 with a series
of articles looking back on the past 50 years in international
football.

The Golden Boot or Golden Shoe Award goes to the top

goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup. While every World Cup had a
ranking of the goalscorers, the first time an award was given was
in 1982, under the name Golden Shoe. It was rechristened
Golden Boot in 2010. FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of
previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners.
If there is more than one player with the same number of goals,
since 1994 the tie-breaker goes to the player without a penalty
47
goal, if none has a penalty then the tie breaker goes to the
person with more assists - with the FIFA Technical Study Group
deciding whether an assist is to be counted as such. If there is
still more than one player, the tie-breaker since 2006 goes to
the player who has played the least amount of time, which
translates to a higher goal average.
48
Fortunately, the most common football injuries are things like bruises, sprains and
strains – none of which are particularly serious. Severe injuries are rare, but it is
important to know how to recognize these so that you can act appropriately. For
this reason, there is no substitute for proper first aid training and a qualified first
aider should always be present. Training courses in sports first aid are widely
available.

That said, even if you’re not a qualified first aider yourself there is still lot you can
do to limit the harm caused by run-of-the-mill bumps and knocks. There are just a
few common sense principles to bear in mind. (And, obviously, all these tips apply
equally well to other sports.)

Bruises
Treatment for minor bruises may include ice and elevation to limit internal
bleeding. Immediately cooling and elevating the area will help to limit swelling by
preventing fluid from collecting there. Elevation is easy – just hold the affected
limb up (preferably above the level of heart.) Instant ice packs are probably the
best and most convenient form of ice for use on the sideline. They require no
refrigeration; you just shake them up and they instantly become very cold.

The best outcomes tend to be achieved when the injury is cooled down and
elevated immediately. Following this, rest and protection from re-injury will help a
rapid recovery from bruising.

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 Bleeding (cuts, grazes or scratches etc…)
Proper care is essential to avoid infection or other complications when treating
bleeding cuts. Wash and dry your hands then cover any cuts on your own hands
and put on disposable gloves before treating the injury.

Minor cuts can be treated with a simple plaster

The wound can be cleaned under running water or with a saline solution such as
an eyewash pod. Pat dry with a sterile dressing or clean lint-free cloth. If the cut
or graze is bleeding heavily you should stop the bleeding by applying pressure to
the area using a bandage or a dressing for about 20 minutes. If possible elevate
the injury by propping the limb up so that it is above the level of the heart.
Cover the cut temporarily while you clean the surrounding skin with soap and
water and then pat dry the cleaned skin. Cover the cut completely with a sterile
dressing or plaster to keep the wound clean.
Muscle and joint injuries (e.g. strains and sprains)
In the case of a muscle or joint injury on the field use the PRICE protocol as quickly
as possible to minimise the effects of the injury. P.R.I.C.E. is an acronym for the
most important elements of first aid for many injuries:

• P is for Protection – Prevent further damage by using padding and

protection. For instance, crutches to avoid bearing weight on the injury, or
splints to immobilise and support the injury. If a fracture or dislocation is
suspected, try to stabilise and protect in the current position.

50
• R is for Rest – Allow the injury time to heal – which is important even in the
case of a minor injury – by ensuring that the injured body part is rested as soon
as the injury has taken place. Continued exercise or other activity could cause
 • further injury and stimulate bleeding, which will delay healing and increase
pain.
• I is for Ice – Applying cold to an injury will limit swelling, bleeding and tissue
damage, which improves recovery and reduces loss of function. Cold also
numbs pain. First aid guides usually suggest using an ice pack for up to 20
minutes at a time. After this, allow the skin to warm for 15 minutes before
cooling it again (if necessary). The pack may sit directly on the injured part, or it
may be wrapped in place.
• C is for Compression – Compression of the injury site will help to reduce the
swelling by slowing bleeding and accumulation of fluid around the injury. Use a
stretch bandage, such as cohesive or crepe, and begin wrapping below the
injured area and extend above the injured area. Be careful not to wrap the area
so tightly that the blood supply is impaired. Check the tightness every few
minutes, because continued swelling can quickly cause excessive tightening of
the compression.
• E is for Elevation – Elevate the iced, compressed area in whatever way is most
convenient to decrease swelling and pain at the injury site. For instance, an
injured leg can be propped up on a solid object. You could elevate an injured
arm by placing it on the chest with the arm folded across. If the patient is lying
down, you could also prop up the injured limb on rolled up coats, training bibs,
tracksuits etc…
Tackle injuries with a fully stocked First Aid Kit

Being able to treat a player immediately is vital to ensure the best outcome from

51
 injury. Having a fully stocked first aid kit will help the team first aider safely treat
minor injuries effectively and this helps to minimise the effects of injury.

Typically, the minimum football first aid kit recommended by county FAs will look
something like this:

• 1 x Medium Dressing
• 1 x Large Dressing
• 2 x Triangular Bandage
• 1 x Eye Pad with Bandage
• 2 x Crepe Bandage 5cm x 4.5m
• 1 x Low Adherent Dressing 5cm x 5cm
• 1 x Low Adherent Dressing 10cm x 10cm
• 20 x Washproof Plasters
• 1 x Microporous Tape 2.5cm
• 6 x Safety Pins
• 1 x Instant Cold Pack
• 2 x Eye Wash Pod 20ml
• 2 x Clinical Waste Bag
• 1 x Foil Blanket
• 10 x Antiseptic Wipes
• 2 x Pair of Medical Gloves
• 1 x Pair of Scissors
In practice, you will want to have a larger kit that contains more ‘spares’ so you
have enough equipment to cover most eventualities – it’s easy to imagine a
situation where you need more than one ice pack or more than one sterile
dressing. We recommend a more comprehensive Pitch Side First Aid Kit to all
sports teams.Waiting until an injury occurs on the pitch is not the best time to
discover you don’t have all the first aid items you need, so it’s important to be
prepared with the right kit. The coach, or those responsible for the provision of
first aid, should routinely inspect the first aid kits to ensure that they are fully
stocked.

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