Microelectronics Journal 95 (2020) 104665

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Microelectronics Journal
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mejo

Efficient power distribution model for IoT nodes driven by energy harvested
from low power ambient RF signal
P. Prakasam *, T.R. Suresh Kumar, T. Velmurugan, S. Nandakumar
School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In IoT scenario, wireless sensor nodes are acquiring data from remote location and transmitting it to the
Low power IoT nodes centralized node which process the data. Energy scavenging from the ambient RF source is the reliable, low cost
NASH bargaining model approach and it keep node alive. Since available power is around
30 dbm for ambient RF, effective usage of
Energy harvesting
battery by the node is important. In this paper, a power distribution method based on NASH bargaining solutions
Ambient RF energy harvesting
Rectenna
is proposed to efficiently use the nodes with the least available. Also the available antenna technologies are
reviewed and optimal design is suggested for maximum extraction of energy from the low power RF signal. Using
this approaches battery-powered sensor nodes can meet the design goals of life span, total price, special power
perceiving, transmission coverage and consistency. The proposed method is validated with other reported
methods and it has been found that the proposed NASH bargaining method significantly improve the energy
efficiency, network life time and throughput rate.

1. Introduction
As the transformation from 4G to 5G is expected in few years, avail-
ability of high bandwidth is expected to have major impact on IoT. But
powering up remotely placed low bandwidth wireless sensor node is still
a challenge. Replacing batteries for such wireless sensor nodes are very
difficult, especially in the situation in which sensors are organised in
aggressive environments. Due to this energy inadequacy, which repre-
sents one of the key restrictions of wireless sensor networks, many re-
searchers have concentrated on energy harvesting technique to exploit
ambient energy available in nature. Recently, wireless power transfer
(WPT) technique has drawn an increasing attention due to its ability to
power wireless nodes over the air, where the nodes can harvest energy
remotely from the radio frequency signals from the dedicated power
beacons (PBs) [1–3].
Batteries at remote nodes can be recharged using solar, thermal, ki-
netic, electromagnetic energies. Due to size, cost, and maintenance
constraints each approach has its own merit and demerit. Energy har-
vesting from ambient will increase the operation life of sensor low power
nodes by approximately 510% for randomly distributed multi-hop to-
pology [4]. When low cost implementation is the major requirement,
ambient EM energy harvesting is the better solution since it reuses the
Tx/Rx antenna for the energy harvesting. For this purpose the WSN
should consist of antenna and RF to DC conversion circuit which together
as called rectifying antenna (Rectenna). This paper proposes an efficient
power distribution algorithm that is suitable for operating the WSN
which is running in very low power extracted. Also the possible antenna
types which can be used for such low ambient power is suggested based
on the reported literature.
Traditional energy harvesting techniques depends on the available
energy sources externally which are not a part of wireless sensor net-
works. For example, solar power, wind energy, etc. [2,5]. Hence inorder
to overcome the above, a modern approach for energy harvesting method
has been described which involves accumulating energy from ambient
RF signals [6–8], so that existing wireless mediums can be used as for
transfer both information and energy simultaneously. This will indirectly
reduce the cost of implementation. This has been motivated many works
different from the ideal case.
1.1. Summary of contribution
This paper discusses about an energy efficient harvesting antenna and
optimal power distribution model for IoT in a low energy harvesting
scenario. The authors claims that planar antenna can be suitable in

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: prakasamp@gmail.com (P. Prakasam), trsureshkumar@gmail.com (T.R. Suresh Kumar), tvelmurugan@vit.ac.in (T. Velmurugan), snandakumar@
vit.ac.in (S. Nandakumar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2019.104665
Received 21 August 2019; Received in revised form 11 November 2019; Accepted 15 November 2019
Available online 19 November 2019
0026-2692/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
P. Prakasam et al.
Ambient RF signal and proposed NASH bargaining methods provides the
better power distribution in hostile environment. The remaining part of
the article is organised as follows. Section 2 discusses about the various
literature related to suitable antenna for energy harvesting and various
power distribution methodologies. Mathematical model and problem
formation is explained in Section 3. Section 4 presents the solution for the
problem stated in section 2 and explains the proposed NASH bargaining
method. The simulated results and performance of the proposed method
is analysed in Section 5. Concluding remarks and scope for future
enhancement is described in Section 5.
2. Related work
The four major energy harvesting sources (solar/light, thermoelectric
power, mechanical motion and electromagnetic radiation) were
reviewed in Ref. [9] based on the characteristics, amount of generated
energy and application. Among them EM radiation is a constant available
source of energy which is not varying with time, location, and weather
conditions. Since in the WSN scenario the nodes are kept at a far distance
from the central processing unit, the rectenna converts the farfield EM
wave into DC. The type and the size of the antenna depend on the energy
scavenged from AM, FM, GSM, CDMA signals available at the WSN node.
Among the available sources, the amount of energy that can be extracted
from ambient RF in the order of μW to nW, which is the lowest among
other possible sources. This can be increased by using antennas which are
high gain [10]. As fixed nodes are considered in this discussion, the
available power density from the ambient RF signal is not varying
significantly, even the fluctuations due to environment and propagation
path effects considered.
A new technique for maximum energy harvesting of solar energy
using a micro-scale photovoltaic cell has been presented in Ref. [11]. But
how ever this system attained only 63% efficiency. Zohaib Hameed and
Kambiz Moez [12] presented an innovative method for designing an
impedance matching circuits to maximize the harvested energy with
known range of input power levels. But the developed radio frequency
energy harvester demonstrated with a maximum energy conversion ef-
ficiency of 32%. A robust beam forming technique for the multi-antenna
wireless communications with concurrent information and power
broadcast has been proposed in Ref. [13].
Feng-Seng Chu et al. [14] recommended a mechanism to reduce the
circuit energy for UEs by turn off the circuits for the period of the slots
without receiving anything and the same can be validated. The simulated
results show that this algorithm can easily decrease more than 60% UE
energy consumption. The resource allocation between users that orga-
nize multiple networks, most likely over many routes, wherever every
association is subject to bottleneck management [15]. During an initial
proposal, cooperative users regulate their range of spirited connections
supported congestion price from the transport layer. We have a tendency
to show that this management attains straight line convergence to the
optimum user central allocation. For the instance of non-cooperative
users, to demonstrate that network stability and user-centric fairness
will be prescribed by a utility-based admission management dead at the
network edge. Tong Wang et al. [16] presented a method to design linear
receivers and the power allocation parameters through an optimization
method subject to dissimilar power constraints. Two MAC protocols,
namely Harvesting at the Dedicated Timeslot (HDT) and Harvesting at
the Header of Timeslot (HHT) have been proposed for RF energy har-
vesting [17]. This proposed system has been analysed using the various
parameters and it has been found that the HDT protocol performance is
better than HHT protocol.
3. Mathematical model and problem formulation
The block diagram of an embedded wireless energy harvesting system
is illustrated in Fig. 1. From the ambient resources, energy harvesting
antenna scavenges the energy. The impedance between the antenna and
2
Microelectronics Journal 95 (2020) 104665
Matching RF to Energy Storage
Circuit DC in a Node
Energy Harvesting
Planar Antenna
Fig. 1. Block diagram of an embedded wireless energy-harvesting prototype.
the receiving circuits is matched using matching circuit. Interface circuits
known as RF to DC converter converts the received RF ambient energy in
to DC energy to store in the base node and all sink nodes.
Then the energy stored in each node is optimized using the proposed
NASH bargaining method, which will be explained in the following
sections.
3.1. Various antennas
The antenna used for Tx/Rx of signal and energy harvesting can be
directive antenna or isotropic radiator. While directive antenna is used it
can receive large amount of incident power if it is aligned toward the
transmitted antenna. If the direction of the transmitting antenna is not
known, then isotropic antenna can be used as the energy harvester which
will receive comparatively less power. The rectenna consist of RF an-
tenna, impedance matching circuit, RF to DC rectifier shown in Fig. 1.
In Ref. [18] an antenna is designed for rectenna applications at the
UMTS, from 1.92 to 2.17 GHz with mean efficiency of 58%. The pro-
posed antenna is the combination of planar dipoles, printed on dielectric
substrate with double negative EM properties.
In Ref. [19] harvester is designed to scavenge at four different bands
from 0.3 to 3 GHz range which designed to operate power level around

25 dBm. Here linear polarized folded dipole antenna with 4.5 dBi gain
is used. A dual-band rectenna is presented in Ref. [20], uses quasi 1  4
Yagi array antenna, with gain of 1.85 dBi and 10.9 dBi at 2.15 GHz and
1.85 GHz respectively. A broadband Rectenna is reported in Ref. [21]
over the frequency band from 1.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz using dual-polarized
cross-dipole antenna with realized gain between 2.5 dB and 4.5 dB.
The system is design with measured power sensitivity of
35 dBm and
the conversion efficiency reaches 55%. A Light weight multiband (be-
tween 0.79 and 2.7 GHz) RF energy harvester may be fabricated on a
paper substrate which can operate at
20 dBm input power [22].
Two annular slot antennas are printed on one side and rectifier is
printed on the other side of paper substrate. Energy harvester using a
traveling wave grid-array antenna with two isolated ports and two
symmetrically tilted beams is proposed in effective in a wide-angle range
at 2.45 GHz [23]. Coplanar stripline-based rectifier allows planar fabri-
cation. From the above literature it is inferred that, when IoT nodes are
placed at far distance, energy harvesting can be done from the GSM,
CDMA, UMTS mobile signals which can reach several kilometres of dis-
tance. To reduce the size of the rectenna, printed planar directive/non
directive antennas with moderate gain can be considered. If required
array of antenna can be used to increase the gain. Since the available
power is as low as
25 dBm, the matching circuit and rectifier circuit’s
conversion efficiency will play a vital role.
3.2. Energy model
The energy consumption of sensor node can be divided into two
phases, the energy cost for data sensing and data transmission. In each
phase, a sensor node senses some data and selects a next-hop sensor node
or the sink to transmit data.
Let gi,j and pi,j is the amount of sensing data and the transmit power of
sensor node i at the time slot of j respectively. The energy consumption of
i at time slot j can be expressed as:
ei;j ¼ pi;j τ þ gi;j μ (1)
P. Prakasam et al.
where τ length of the time slot of sensor node, μ is the per-unit data
sensing energy cost. In each phase, the energy supply of a sensor node is
the sum of energy beams of all power beacons.
Let the received power for a sensor node i from power beacon p at
time slot j is wi,p,j and it is defined in (2) as:
α
wi;p;j ¼ λPp;j Gi;p;j d

i;p
where λ is a constant determined by antenna heights of the power bea-
con. Pp,j denotes the transmitted power of power beacon p at time slot j.
Gi,p,j represents the signal gain factor between power beacon p and sensor
node i at time slot j. di,p is the distance between points p and i, and α is the
channel loss exponent.
Taking the energy conversion efficiency into consideration, the total
amount of energy that sensor node i can harvest at time slot j can be
derived, shown in (3)as:
X u ¼ fu1 ; u2 ; u3 ; ……:: uN g;
hi;j ¼ τ0 γ wi;p;j
p where u 2 U in a utility area. A bargaining method can be seen as the
where γ denotes the energy conversion efficiency factor, τ0 is the average
duration of energy transfer phase. For an ideal case, let us consider the
battery-less model for the sensor nodes and assume the energy harvested
at the energy transfer phase can be only used in the data transfer phase of
the same slot. To prevent battery outage from occurrence, the energy
consumption should not exceed the amount of harvested energy, i.e., it
can be represented as
hi;j  ei;j
3.3. Problem formulation
Considering a time period consisting of j time slots, we first define (5)
the utility of the data collection network as
X X   
U¼ ρi log gi;j
i j
where ρi is a non-negative weight factor for sensor node i, and logarithm
function is utilized to maintain stable data sensing rate over time.
The energy of the network can be expressed using (6)
XX
E¼ Pp;j τ0
p p
Up to now, we define the network energy efficiency of the data
collection network as the average utility per Joule consumed energy. The
main objective of this research paper is to formulate the optimal power
allocation policy to maximize the energy efficiency of the wireless
network. Hence, this optimization problem can be defined using (7)as
U
P0 :
E Algorithm 1
4. Proposed Nash Bargaining solution for optimal power
distribution
In order to obtain the optimal power allocation, the problem is first
modelled and examined as two-person bargaining game. The NASH [24]
bargaining is the gaming method to share the surplus resources between
players. For example, the two person bargaining problem studies how
two agents share an excess that they can jointly earned. In many situa-
tions, the excess money earned by the two players can be shared in
numerous ways, either compelling the players to negotiate which divi-
sion of payoffs to choose or voluntarily contribute. Binmore et al. [25]
explained further dynamic non-cooperative games for which the coop-
erative Nash solution provides a better approximation of their equilib-
rium positions. Hence the Nash bargaining solution seems to be an
Microelectronics Journal 95 (2020) 104665
appropriate model for analysing the resource sharing outcome within any
network which changes depends on the environment.
This method creates an interest to interrelate between two parts of
research with independent backgrounds and inspirations. Bargaining
theory actually has been in the background of economics, while relative
resource allocation method has a background in communications and
(2) networking. The negotiation model for power sharing scheme is
described as follows.
The aim is to find an optimal solution over preferable power sharing
for different nodes in a non-cooperative wireless sensor network. The
bargaining power or resource sharing capacity is the relative capacity of
the end nodes to exert influence over each other and control the re-
sources to get benefits.
Let us assume there is N sensor nodes deployed in a dynamic envi-
ronment and this can be denoted as
(8)
(3)
mutual or cooperative agreement on some of the utility point u from a
convex feasible set U. The N users (denoted as nodes) cooperate in order
to achieve a solution outcome ϕðU; Pmin Þ which is component-wise
greater than the disagreement point Pmin 2 U. Where Pmin is the mini-
mum power requirement for the node to be in active stage.
To maximize the power allocation for all the nodes, let consider two
nodes as ui, and uj and maximizing using the Nash Bargaining solutions as
maxN  
(4) ¼ ðui
Pi Þ* uj
Pj (9)
ui ; uj
where Pi and Pj are the measured power in the particular node. Our main
objective of this method is to maximize the surplus power (Ps) between
two nodes so that surplus power can be shared with other node.
The proposed NASH Bargaining based optimal power distribution
strategy for energy harvesting in IoT is shown in Fig. 2.
The harvested energy from RF ambient source can be distributed to
(5)
multiple nodes in a single cluster of network. If sufficient energy required
has been harvested from RF ambient source then it has been distributed
to the multiple nodes. Otherwise, the required energy has been harvested
again and the distribution will take place. Hence, the real world envi-
ronment is dynamic and non-cooperative, the cooperative resource
allocation environment has been created using the well-known Nash
(6) Bargaining solution. Any random node from the cluster has been selected
as sample node and the power is compared with power of all remaining
nodes to share the excess power available with them. If this situation is
agreed with Nash bargaining solution defined in eqn. (9), then the excess
power is shared with that particular node. The same process is repeated
for all node whose power is equal to Pmin in order to bargain the excess
power available from other nodes. The proposed algorithm for NASH
bargaining solution to maximize the power is described below.
(7)
For Nash Bargaining Method
1. Initialization:
2. Initialize N, τ, e, γ, η, μ, Pmin
3. Update the parameter value using eqn. (1)
4. Check the condition using eqn. (4)
5. If it satisfies
6. Define the utility using (8)
7. Else go to step 2 and repeat
8. Choose a node
9. Measure the power of any particular node Pj
10. For i ¼ 1 to N
11. If eqn (8) satisfies
12. Pj ¼ Pjþ(Ps/2), Pi ¼ Pi-(Ps/2) go to step 15
13. Else
14. Pj ¼ Pj, Pi ¼ Pi and Repeat step 9
15. Go to step 8 and repeat for all nodes.
3
P. Prakasam et al. Microelectronics Journal 95 (2020) 104665

Table 1
RF Ambient Source Experimental parameters.
Parameters Value

Harvested Energy Number of Nodes (N) 25

(hi,j) Energy required to sense data (e) 50 nJ
Minimum power required (Pmin) 1 nW
Cluster size (Radius) 8m
Length of time slot (τ) 0.2 s
Energy conversion efficiency factor (γ) 1
No If hi,j ≥ ei,j Per unit data sensing energy cost (μ) 0.2 μJ

Yes harvesting and sharing methods described in the preceding sections has
been assessed.
Choose a random node j The performance of the developed system has been compared with
and measure its power (Pj) two existing methods such as Co-operative SWIFT Scheme (CSS) and
Non-cooperative WPT Scheme [3]. The performance has been investi-
gated with different metrics. The probability of nodes becomes failure
for i = 1 to N-1 due to low power, has been investigated using the mutual outage prob-
ability and outage probability which is defined as the point at which the
power of the receiving node power falls below the fixed. The outage
probability pout (u1, u2, … uN) of Wireless Sensor Network is given in (10)
Measure the power of ith
node (Pi) pout ðu1 ; u2 ; ……::uN Þ ¼ Pr½SNR < T (10)

i = i+1 If it does not satisfied, easily it can be understand that the receiver
node is not in the range of base station in a wireless sensor network. The
performance results obtained in the proposed system has been tabulated
No in Tables 2–4. Also the simulated results have been illustrated in
Figs. 3–5.
From the above tables and figures, it has been found that when SNR
Nash Bargaining increases, the outage probability of the proposed method decreases very
Method fastly. For example for SNR of 30 & 40, the decreasing rate of the Non-
Yes cooperative WPT Scheme, CSS [3], and proposed NASH bargaining
Power Sharing methods are 85%, 98.9% and 99.98% respectively. Also the rate de-
Pj=Pj+(Ps/2) creases very rapidly if the energy constant is greater than 1. From the
Pi=Pi-(Ps/2) above validation it has been found that the distributed power allocation
strategies with NASH Bargaining method attains faster decay rate when
SNR increases.
Second, the energy efficiency of the proposed system has been eval-
No
If Checked uated for different energy conservation efficiency and it is shown in
all nodes Fig. 6. Form the figure it has been found that the energy efficiency in-
creases when the energy conservation efficiency increases. This is due to
Yes harvesting more energy from RF ambient source for higher energy con-
servation efficiency. Also it has been observed that the proposed NASH
Stop bargaining method exhibits high energy efficiency of 32% and 10.4%
over reported methods, non-cooperative WPT scheme and CSS respec-
Fig. 2. Flow diagram of the proposed Nash Power Bargaining Method. tively [3]. This is because of the energy bargaining and sharing with
other nodes with in the cluster.
Next, the performance of the proposed NASH bargaining method has
been investigated using the energy harvesting efficiency with a different
This proposed algorithm presents an evolutionary bargaining model cluster size. The cluster size is increased from 8 m to 16 m and 25 nodes
between two nodes i.e users. Two wireless nodes are randomly picked to are uniformly distributed in a circular cluster. It has been observed from
play the Nash demand algorithm. Over the long period, each and every Fig. 7 that the energy efficiency decreases when the cluster size increases.
node will gain the required power for the transmission from the neigh-
bourhood node. Hence this method will allocate powers to all users based
on their requirements. Thus to every users have their allocated band- Table 2
widths that can reduce traffic in transmission. Outage Probability of the proposed method with energy conservation factor 1.
SNR Outage Probability
5. Results and discussion (dB)
Non-cooperative WPT CSS Proposed NASH Bargaining
Scheme Method
The developed Nash Bargaining optimal power distribution strategy
10 1 1 1
has been simulated and validated using NS2 simulator. The simulation
20 0.85  10
1 0.8  0.7  10
1
environment has been defined for the various experimental parameters 10
1
has been illustrated in Table 1. 30 0.4  10
2 0.15  1  10
3
Also let assume that all nodes have the same weight and all trans- 10
2
40 0.15  10
3 0.3  0.2  10
5
mission path has constant AWGN noise. The performance of the energy
10
5

4
P. Prakasam et al. Microelectronics Journal 95 (2020) 104665

Table 3
Outage Probability of the proposed method with Energy Constant 1 and 0.1
SNR Outage Probability (Energy Constant ¼ 1) Outage Probability (Energy Constant ¼ 0.1)
(dB)
Non-cooperative WPT CSS Proposed NASH Bargaining Non-cooperative WPT CSS Proposed NASH Bargaining
Scheme Method Scheme Method

10 1 1 1 1 0.95 0.95
20 8.5  10
1 8  10
1 7  10
1 7.5  10
1 6.5  10
1 5  10
1
30 4.5  10
2 1.5  10
2 1  10
2 4  10
2 1.3  10
2 1  10
2
40 0.8  10
3 0.6  10
3 1  10
4 0.8  10
4 2.5  10
5 2  10
5

Table 4
Mutual Outage Probability of the proposed method.
SNR Outage Probability
(dB)
Non-cooperative WPT CSS Proposed NASH Bargaining
Scheme Method

10 1 1 1
20 0.7  10
1 0.6  0.5  10
1
10
1
30 0.2  10
2 0.1  0.4  10
4
10
3
40 0.1  10
4 0.1  0.5  10
6
10
5

Fig. 4. Outage performance achieved for different Energy Constant (1 & 0.1).

Fig. 3. Outage probability of wireless sensor node with energy conservation

factor 1.

This is because when the cluster size increases the average distance be-
tween two nodes also increases, which leads a decreasing in the channel
power gains. Hence, the energy harvesting by each node decreases when
the radius increase. But it has been observed that proposed NASH bar-
gaining performs better as compared with other reported methods.
To estimate the scalability of the NASH bargaining method, the
impact of network radius on energy efficiency for various nodes has been
investigated. This has been computed for the various cluster size from 8
m to 16 m and for 25, 50 and 74 nodes. From Fig. 8, it has been observed
that if the network size is increased in order to maintain the same energy
efficiency, the number of nodes also should be increased. In particular, if
the network has been increased to 10 m and 12 m from 8 m, the number
of node also should be increased to 50 and 75 respectively to maintain
the same energy efficiency. Hence it has been seen that upscale or down
scale the cluster size can be done in a simple manner.
Next, the performance of the proposed method has been verified with
the network life time. It is defined as the maximum time duration of the
Fig. 5. Mutual Outage Probability of the proposed system.
network during which deployed sensors have the capability of moni-
toring the environment. The computed network life time has been
illustrated in Fig. 9. Form Fig. 9, it has been found that to increase the
network life time with the fixed harvested energy from the RF ambient
source, the number of nodes can be increased. However, as compared
with other reported methods, the network life time of the proposed
NASH bargaining method is 32% and 7.6% is higher as compared with
non-cooperative WPT Scheme and CSS respectively.
Transmission Latency is the time taken for a data packet to transmit
from source node to destination node. Next, the transmission latency
metrics has been used to analyse the performance of the proposed
method. Transmission latency has been computed for various nodes and

5
P. Prakasam et al. Microelectronics Journal 95 (2020) 104665

Fig. 6. Energy efficiency vs energy conservation efficiency.

Fig. 9. Network Lifetime Vs number of nodes.

Fig. 7. Energy efficiency vs cluster size.

Fig. 10. Transmission latency.

Fig. 8. Scalability of the proposed method.

is shown in Fig. 10. From the figure, it has been seen that the proposed
NASH bargaining method has lower transmission latency when
compared with non-cooperative and CSS methods. If the transmission
latency time is low then the method is said to be more efficient. Hence,
the proposed method is found to be more efficient.
At the last, the performance has been examined using throughput
rate. It is the rate at which packets are successfully delivered to the
Fig. 11. Throughput rate of the proposed method.
destination node. Throughput rate has been simulated for various nodes
ranging from 25 to 150 and is illustrated in Fig. 11. Fig. 11 shows that the
proposed NASH bargaining method has the higher throughput rate of 6. Conclusion
20% and 8.2% as compared with reported non-cooperative and CSS
methods respectively. This is because the proposed NASH bargaining In this research article, different energy harvesting methods for IoT
method makes the node to bargain and share the required power from applications has been carefully reviewed and suitable Ambient Space RF
neighbour nodes if more number of nodes is deployed in a single cluster antenna has been suggested for the hostile environment. Also a distrib-
network. uted power allocation strategies with NASH Bargaining method has been

6
P. Prakasam et al.
proposed for better power optimization. From the test results it has been
found the proposed method attains faster decay rate if SNR increases as
compared with other reported power allocation schemes. Also it has been
found that the proposed method demonstrated the higher energy effi-
ciency, throughput and better network life time. Also the expansion of
this proposed method in a large scale can be done in an easy manner.
Hence it has been concluded that the proposed optimal power distribu-
tion strategy using NASH Bargaining methods achieves it’s goals. For
further enhancement, antenna can be designed and deployed in the real
time environment. Also many metrics can be included in the performance
analysis basket and expanded with higher cluster size.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://do
i.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2019.104665.
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