Cours BY PART 3

Cours HCIA Routing & Switching
Part 3
Pr. Balboul Younes
Docteur en Télécommunications et Ingénieur Télécoms Radio Mobile
HUAWEI Certified Academy Instructor
Part 3 : Cours HCIA Routing & Switching
1) Establishing a Single Switched Network
2) Spanning Tree Protocol
3) Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
4) Questions HCIA Routing & Switching
Pr. Balboul Younes

Docteur en Télécommunications et Ingénieur Télécoms Radio Mobile
HUAWEI Certified Academy Instructor
Certifié : HCIA Switching & Routing (2019-2022)
Building a Single Switched Network
Switch A
G0/0/1
G0/0/2 G0/0/3
Host A Host B Host C

IP: 10.1.1.1/24 IP: 10.1.1.2/24 IP: 10.1.1.3/24
MAC:00-01-02-03-04-AA MAC:00-01-02-03-04-BB MAC:00-01-02-03-04-CC
⚫ Switches operate within the scope of the data link layer.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 3
The Initial State of The Switch
Switch A MAC Address Table
MAC Interface
G0/0/1
G0/0/2 G0/0/3

IP: 10.1.1.1/24 IP: 10.1.1.2/24 IP: 10.1.1.3/24
⚫ Each switch uses a MAC table for making forwarding decisions.

MAC Address Learning
Switch A
MAC Address Table
MAC Interface
G0/0/1
00-01-02-03-04-AA G0/0/1
G0/0/2 G0/0/3

IP: 10.1.1.1/24 IP: 10.1.1.2/24 IP: 10.1.1.3/24
⚫ The source MAC addresses of received frames are recorded.

Forwarding The First Data
Switch A
G0/0/1
G0/0/2 G0/0/3

IP: 10.1.1.1/24 IP: 10.1.1.2/24 IP: 10.1.1.3/24
⚫ Frames destined for unknown link layer destinations are flooded.

The Destination Reply
Switch A
MAC Interface
G0/0/1
00-01-02-03-04-AA G0/0/1
G0/0/2 G0/0/3
00-01-02-03-04-CC G0/0/3

IP: 10.1.1.1/24 IP: 10.1.1.2/24 IP: 10.1.1.3/24
⚫ Frames are forwarded to destinations based on the MAC table.

Basic Configuration
Switch A Host A
G0/0/1
<SWA>system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[SWA]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[SWA-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo negotiation auto
[SWA-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]duplex full
[SWA-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]speed 100

Basic Configuration Verification
Switch A Host A
G0/0/1
[SWA]display interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1

GigabitEthernet0/0/1 current state : UP
Line protocol current state : UP
……
Speed : 100, Loopback: NONE
Duplex: FULL, Negotiation: DISABLE

Layer 2 Redundancy
Switch A Switch B
Switch C Switch D Switch E
⚫ Redundancy in a switching network minimizes connection failure but generates potential

switching loops.

Broadcast Storms
Switch B
Host A
G0/0/3
G0/0/2
00-01-02-03-04-AA
Switch A
Host B
Switch C
00-01-02-03-04-BB
⚫ Switching loops allow for broadcast storms to occur and

duplication of frames to be received by end stations.
MAC Instability
Switch B
Host A
G0/0/3
G0/0/2
00-01-02-03-04-AA
Switch A
MAC Interface
00-01-02-03-04-AA G0/0/3
00-01-02-03-04-AA G0/0/2
Host B
Switch C
00-01-02-03-04-BB
⚫ Receiving previously forwarded frames generates false MAC

entries, and instability within the MAC address table.
Resolving Layer 2 Redundancy Issues
Switch B
Host A
G0/0/3
G0/0/2
00-01-02-03-04-AA
Switch A
Host B
Switch C
00-01-02-03-04-BB
⚫ Loops are eliminated by restricting traffic flow over redundant paths.

The Spanning Tree Root Bridge Les commutateurs Spanning-Tree échangent
régulièrement (2s. par défaut, en Multicast
Root
01:80:c2:00:00:00) des informations (appelées des
BPDU - Bridge Protocol Data Unit) afin qu’une
éventuelle modification de la topologie puisse être
adaptée sans boucle.
Non-Root Non-Root
Non-Root Non-Root Non-Root
⚫ An inverted tree architecture is created as a result of STP.
⚫ The root bridge represents the base of the spanning tree.

Bridge ID Bridge ID : 16 bit priority / 48 bit MAC address
(16 bits, multiples de 4096),
par défaut HUAWEI 32768
4096 00-01-02-03-04-AA
Root The highest priority (smallest
bridge ID) is elected as the
32768 00-01-02-03-04-CC 32768 00-01-02-03-04-BB
root bridge for the network
32768 00-01-02-03-04-DD 32768 00-01-02-03-04-EE 32768 00-01-02-03-04-FF
⚫ Bridge Identifiers are used to select the root bridge.
⚫ The bridge priority can be manipulated to force root selection.

Bridge Protocol Data Unit
Root
BPDU BPDU
BPDU Root Bridge Port Message Max Hello Fwd

PID PVI Flags RPC
Type ID ID ID Age Age Time Delay
Configuration TCN

2) Spanning Tree Protocol BPDU Root Bridge Port Message Max Hello Fwd
PID PVI Flags RPC
Bridge Protocol Data Unit Type ID ID ID Age Age Time Delay

Path Cost
Root
RPC 0 RPC 0
20000 20000
RPC 20000 20000
20000
20000
RPC 20000 RPC 20000 RPC 20000
20000 20000 20000
20000
⚫ Root path cost is carried in the BPDU and used to determine the shortest path to
the root.

Path Cost Standards
Path Cost
Port Speed 802.1D 802.1t
Legacy
10 Mbps 99 1999999 1999
100 Mbps 18 199999 199
1 Gbps 4 20000 20
10 Gbps 2 2000 2
⚫ STP supports various path cost standards.
⚫ The 802.1t is the default standard used by Huawei switches.

Spanning Tree Port Roles
Root
RPC 0 RPC 0
D D
R RPC 20000 R
A D
RPC 20000 RPC 20000 RPC 20000

D D D
R R R
⚫ Spanning tree supports designated, root and alternate port roles.
⚫ The root path cost enables port roles to be determined.

Port ID
4096 00-01-02-03-04-AA 32768 00-01-02-03-04-BB
RPC 0 128.1
D R
Root
D A
D RPC 0 128.2
D 128.3
A 128.2
R
128.1
32768 00-01-02-03-04-CC
⚫ Where the root path cost is equal, a port identifier is used to determine the active
and alternate paths to the root.

Timers
BPDU Interval MSG Age: 0
(2 seconds) MAX Age: 20
MSG Age: 1 MSG Age: 1

MAX Age: 20 MAX Age: 20
MSG Age: 2 MSG Age: 2

MAX Age: 20 MAX Age: 20
⚫ The MAX Age represents the aging timer of a BPDU.
⚫ BPDU are discarded when Message Age exceeds MAX Age.

Root Election Process
Switch A
32768 00-e0-fc-16-ee-43
BPDU BPDU
BPDU BPDU
BPDU
Switch B Switch C
32768 00-e0-fc-41-42-59
BPDU 32768 00-e0-fc-41-43-69
⚫ All STP switches advertise BDPU to peers with self as root.

Port Role Establishment Process
Switch A
32768 00-e0-fc-16-ee-43
Root
G0/0/1 G0/0/2
D D
RPC 0 RPC 0
Root Port Root Port

G0/0/1 RPC 20000 G0/0/1
D A
Switch B Switch C
G0/0/2 G0/0/2
32768 00-e0-fc-41-42-59 RPC 20000 32768 00-e0-fc-41-43-69
⚫ The Bridge ID and Root Path Cost are used to elect port roles.
Port State Transition
Disabled
① ⑤
⑤
③
Forwarding Blocking
⑤ ③
③
④ ⑤
Learning Listening
④

Port State Transition

Root Failure
Switch A
Root
MAX Age MAX Age

BPDU
Switch B Switch C
BPDU
⚫ Non root bridges wait for MAX Age before assuming loss of root.
⚫ Re-convergence is then initiated, beginning with root election.

Indirect Link Failure
Switch A
Root
BPDU
Switch B Switch C
A
BPDU
⚫ Switch B begins root election, but BPDU is ignored by Switch C.
⚫ Root BDPU is propagated to switch B after MAX Age expires.

Direct Link Failure
4096 00-01-02-03-04-AA 32768 00-01-02-03-04-BB

RPC 0 128.1
Switch A D R Switch B
Root
D A
D RPC 0 128.2
D
A
R Switch C
32768 00-01-02-03-04-CC
⚫ Switch B detects failure and switches alternate port to root port.
⚫ STP converges after 2x forward delay (30 seconds by default).

Topology Change MAC Instability
Switch B
Host A
G0/0/3
G0/0/2
A 00-01-02-03-04-AA
Switch A
MAC Interface
00-01-02-03-04-AA G0/0/3
00-01-02-03-04-BB G0/0/2
R
Host B
Switch C
00-01-02-03-04-BB
⚫ Changes in the STP topology may invalidate MAC table entries.
⚫ MAC table entries expire only after 300 seconds by default.

Topology Change Process
Root
BPDU BPDU
TCN BPDU
BPDU BPDU BPDU
TCN BPDU
TCN BPDU BPDU
⚫ Topology Change Notification informs root of topology change.
⚫ Root flushes MAC entries using BPDU with TC bit set.


Topology Change MAC Refresh
Host A
Switch B
G0/0/3
G0/0/2 00-01-02-03-04-AA
Switch A G0/0/1 D
MAC Interface
00-01-02-03-04-AA G0/0/3
00-01-02-03-04-BB G0/0/2
Root G0/0/1
R 00-01-02-03-04-BB G0/0/1
Switch C Host B
00-01-02-03-04-BB

STP Modes
Switch A
Switch B Switch C
[SWA]stp mode ?
mstp Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) mode
rstp Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) mode
stp Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) mode
[SWA]stp mode stp

Assigning The Root
Switch A 4096 00-01-02-03-04-AA
Switch B Switch C
32768 00-01-02-03-04-BB 32768 00-01-02-03-04-CC
[SWA]stp priority 4096

Apr 15 2016 16:15:33-08:00 SWA DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID
1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.25.191.3.1 configurations have been
changed. The current change number is 4, the change loop
count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.
⚫ Root can be set manually or by defining the switch as primary.

Assigning Path Cost
Switch A 4096 00-01-02-03-04-AA
Switch B Switch C
32768 00-01-02-03-04-BB 32768 00-01-02-03-04-CC
[SWC]stp pathcost-standard ?
dot1d-1998 IEEE 802.1D-1998
dot1t IEEE 802.1T
legacy Legacy
[SWC]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[SWC-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]stp cost 2000

Root Protection
Switch A 4096 00-01-02-03-04-AA
Switch B Switch C
32768 00-01-02-03-04-BB 32768 00-01-02-03-04-CC
[SWA]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1

[SWA-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]stp root-protection
⚫ Root protection prevents changes to the topology as a result of

root bridge transition, caused by receiving higher priority BPDU.

Configuration Validation
[SWA]display stp
-------[CIST Global Info][Mode STP]-------
CIST Bridge :4096 .00-01-02-03-04-BB
Bridge Times :Hello 2s MaxAge 20s FwDly 15s MaxHop 20
CIST Root/ERPC :4096 .00-01-02-03-04-BB / 0
CIST RegRoot/IRPC :4096 .00-01-02-03-04-BB / 0
CIST RootPortId :0.0
BPDU-Protection :Disabled
TC or TCN received :37
TC count per hello :0
STP Converge Mode :Normal
Share region-configuration :Enabled
Time since last TC :0 days 0h:1m:29s
……

[SWA]display stp
……
----[Port1(GigabitEthernet0/0/1)][FORWARDING]----
Port Protocol :Enabled
Port Role :Designated Port
Port Priority :128
Port Cost(Dot1T ) :Config=2000 / Active=2000
Designated Bridge/Port :4096.00-01-02-03-04-BB / 128.1
Port Edged :Config=default / Active=disabled
Point-to-point :Config=auto / Active=true
Transit Limit :147 packets/hello-time
Protection Type :Root
……

STP Weakness
STP RSTP
Convergence Timers Proposal & Agreement

(30-50 seconds) Immediate Negotiation

RSTP Port Roles

RSTP Edge Ports
D R
Root
D A
D D
A
R
Edge Port
⚫ Systems that do not participate in RSTP connect to edge ports.
⚫ Edge ports do not receive BDPU and can instantly forward data.
Port States of RSTP
STP RSTP Port Role
Disabled Discarding Disabled
Blocking Discarding Alternate or Backup
Listening Discarding Root or Designated
Learning Learning Root or Designated
Forwarding Forwarding Root or Designated

RST BPDU
BPDU Root Bridge Port Message Max Hello Fwd

PID PVI Flags RPC
Type ID ID ID Age Age Time Delay
Bit7 Bit6 Bit5 Bit4 Bit3 Bit2 Bit1 Bit0

TCA Agreement Forwarding Learning Port Role Proposal TC
Port Role = 00 Unknown

01 Alternate/Backup Port
10 Root Port
11 Designated Port
⚫ Unused fields of the STP BPDU are active within RSTP.
⚫ New capabilities are introduced as part of RSTP.

RST BPDU
Switch A
RST BPDU RST BPDU
Switch B Switch C
RST BPDU
⚫ Designated switches generate their own BDPU at Hello time,

regardless of whether an RST BPDU has been received.
RSTP Convergence
Switch A
32768 00-e0-fc-16-ee-43
D D
D D
D D
Switch B Switch C
32768 00-e0-fc-41-42-59 32768 00-e0-fc-41-43-69
⚫ All RSTP enabled switches begin as root and send RST BPDU.
⚫ Ports are set to a designated role and a discarding state.

RST BPDU Proposal
Switch A
32768 00-e0-fc-16-ee-43
D D
RST BPDU
RST BPDU
D D
D D
Switch B Switch C
32768 00-e0-fc-41-42-59 32768 00-e0-fc-41-43-69
⚫ Proposals are sent in RST BPDU during root election.
⚫ A switch will ignore a proposal if it has a better bridge ID.

RSTP Synchronization Process
Switch A
32768 00-e0-fc-16-ee-43
D D
RST BPDU
D D
D
Switch B Switch C
32768 00-e0-fc-41-42-59 32768 00-e0-fc-41-43-69
⚫ Upon receiving a superior BPDU, Switch B will cease to send

RST BDPU containing proposals and begin to synchronize.
RST BPDU Agreement
Switch A
32768 00-e0-fc-16-ee-43
D D
RST BPDU
R D
D
Switch B Switch C
32768 00-e0-fc-41-42-59 32768 00-e0-fc-41-43-69
⚫ Once all downstream non-edge designated ports have been

blocked, Switch B will send an agreement with the RST BPDU.
RSTP Converged Link
Switch A
32768 00-e0-fc-16-ee-43
D D
RST BPDU
R RST BPDU D
D D
Switch B Switch C
RST BPDU
32768 00-e0-fc-41-42-59 32768 00-e0-fc-41-43-69
⚫ The downstream port is again unblocked and a new round of

synchronization occurs between Switch B and Switch C.
Link/Root Failure
Switch A
32768 00-e0-fc-16-ee-43
RST BPDU
D D
Switch B Switch C
RST BPDU
32768 00-e0-fc-41-42-59 32768 00-e0-fc-41-43-69
⚫ Loss of upstream RST BPDU signals link/device failure.
⚫ Proposal and agreement based convergence will ensue.

Switch A
32768 00-e0-fc-16-ee-43
RST BPDU
RST BPDU
D R
Switch B Switch C
32768 00-e0-fc-41-42-59 32768 00-e0-fc-41-43-69
⚫ During the sending of an agreement, addresses are flushed for

all ports except the port on which the RST BPDU was received.






STP Inter-Operation
Switch A
32768 00-e0-fc-16-ee-43
D D
RST BPDU BPDU
R R
STP Enabled
D A
Switch B Switch C
BPDU
32768 00-e0-fc-41-42-59 32768 00-e0-fc-41-43-69
⚫ RSTP switch ports will revert to STP when connected to a LAN

segment containing an STP enabled device.
Setting the Mode
Switch A Switch B
Root
[SWA]stp mode rstp
Switch C
⚫ The stp mode rstp command allows all ports of the switch to
generate RST BPDU.
[SWA]display stp
-------[CIST Global Info][Mode RSTP]-------
CIST Bridge :32768.00-e0-fc-16-ee-43
Bridge Times :Hello 2s MaxAge 20s FwDly 15s MaxHop 20
CIST Root/ERPC :32768.00-e0-fc-16-ee-43 / 0
CIST RegRoot/IRPC :32768.00-e0-fc-16-ee-43 / 0
CIST RootPortId :0.0
BPDU-Protection :Disabled
TC or TCN received :37
TC count per hello :0
STP Converge Mode :Normal
Share region-configuration :Enabled
Time since last TC :0 days 0h:14m:43s

Setting the Edge Port
Switch A Switch B
Root
G0/0/3
Edge Port
Switch C
[SWC-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]stp edged-port enable
⚫ Allows for transition of the edge port to forwarding without delay.
⚫ Interfaces on the S5700 are non-edge ports by default.

Setting the Edge Port
Switch A Switch B
Root
G0/0/3
Edge Port
Switch C
[SWC]stp edged-port default
⚫ All ports on the switch will be configured as edge ports.
⚫ Care should be taken with this command to avoid STP loops.

BPDU Protection
Switch A Switch B
Root
BPDU
Switch C
[SWC]stp bpdu-protection
⚫ BPDU protection prevents the malicious injection of BPDU into RSTP.

Loop Protection
Switch A Switch B
Root
BPDU
A
R
G0/0/1
Switch C
[SWC-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]stp loop-protection
⚫ If BDPU fail to be received by the downstream switch, the root

port is blocked to prevent switching loops from occurring.
[SWC]display stp interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1

----[CIST][Port1(GigabitEthernet0/0/1)][FORWARDING]----
Port Protocol :Enabled
Port Role :Root Port
Port Priority :128
Port Cost(Dot1T ) :Config=auto / Active=20000
Designated Bridge/Port :32768.00-e0-fc-16-ee-43 / 128.1
Port Edged :Config=default / Active=disabled
Point-to-point :Config=auto / Active=true
Transit Limit :147 packets/hello-time
Protection Type :Loop
Port STP Mode :RSTP
Port Protocol Type :Config=auto / Active=dot1s
BPDU Encapsulation :Config=stp / Active=stp
……

1) In STP, the priority of the STP root switch rage from 0 to 65536
True or false
2) Network storms may occur if there is a loop on a switched network
True or false
3) In RSTP mode, both alternate and backup port cannot forward user traffic but can receive,
process and send BPDU
True or false
4) In STP the root switch in selected by comparing switch priority, In RSTP, both the priority
and MAC addresses of switches are compared
True or false
1) False 4096*16 = 65.536 from (4096 to 65536)
2) True
3) False (cant process) vue que le traitement des BPDU ne commence qu’après un changement venant du port vers le ROOT
4) false Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 68
5)In RSTP mode, interfaces in the Discarding state discard received data frames but maintain
the MAC address table based on received data frames
True or false
5) false

Cours BY PART 3

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Cours HCIA Routing & Switching

Pr. Balboul Younes

Host A Host B Host C

⚫ Switches operate within the scope of the data link layer.

Host A Host B Host C

⚫ Each switch uses a MAC table for making forwarding decisions.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 4

Host A Host B Host C

⚫ The source MAC addresses of received frames are recorded.

Host A Host B Host C

⚫ Frames destined for unknown link layer destinations are flooded.

Host A Host B Host C

⚫ Frames are forwarded to destinations based on the MAC table.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 7

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 8

[SWA]display interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 9

Switch C Switch D Switch E

⚫ Redundancy in a switching network minimizes connection failure but generates potential

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 10

⚫ Switching loops allow for broadcast storms to occur and

⚫ Receiving previously forwarded frames generates false MAC

⚫ Loops are eliminated by restricting traffic flow over redundant paths.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 13

Non-Root Non-Root Non-Root

⚫ An inverted tree architecture is created as a result of STP.

⚫ The root bridge represents the base of the spanning tree.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 14

32768 00-01-02-03-04-DD 32768 00-01-02-03-04-EE 32768 00-01-02-03-04-FF

⚫ Bridge Identifiers are used to select the root bridge.

⚫ The bridge priority can be manipulated to force root selection.

BPDU Root Bridge Port Message Max Hello Fwd

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 16

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 17

20000 20000 20000

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 18

⚫ STP supports various path cost standards.

⚫ The 802.1t is the default standard used by Huawei switches.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 19

RPC 20000 RPC 20000 RPC 20000

⚫ Spanning tree supports designated, root and alternate port roles.

⚫ The root path cost enables port roles to be determined.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 20

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 21

MSG Age: 1 MSG Age: 1

MSG Age: 2 MSG Age: 2

⚫ The MAX Age represents the aging timer of a BPDU.

⚫ BPDU are discarded when Message Age exceeds MAX Age.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 22

⚫ All STP switches advertise BDPU to peers with self as root.

Root Port Root Port

32768 00-e0-fc-41-42-59 RPC 20000 32768 00-e0-fc-41-43-69

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 25

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 26

MAX Age MAX Age

⚫ Re-convergence is then initiated, beginning with root election.

Part 1 : HCIA Routing & Switching 27

⚫ Switch B begins root election, but BPDU is ignored by Switch C.

⚫ Root BDPU is propagated to switch B after MAX Age expires.

4096 00-01-02-03-04-AA 32768 00-01-02-03-04-BB

⚫ Switch B detects failure and switches alternate port to root port.

⚫ STP converges after 2x forward delay (30 seconds by default).