HMT Radiation H.T-Nov 2019

ME - 312
HEAT & MASS TRANSFER

Arranged By
PROF. DR. ASAD NAEEM SHAH
UET LAHORE
anaeems@uet.edu.pk
RADIATION HEAT
TRANSFER
Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

THERMAL RADIATION
 Thermal radiation is a part of electromagnetic radiation that is
emitted by a body as a result of its temperature. There are
many types of electromagnetic radiation including thermal
radiation. A portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is shown
in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1: Electromagnetic spectrum. Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

THERMAL RADIATION Cont.
 Thermal radiation lies in the range from about 0.1 to 100 𝜇𝑚,
while the visible-light portion of the spectrum is very narrow,
extending from about 0.35 to 0.75 𝜇𝑚.
 Regardless of the type, radiation is propagated at the speed of
light, 3 × 108 m/s. This speed denoted by ‘c’ is equal to the
product of the wavelength (𝜆) and frequency (𝜈) of the
radiation i.e.,
𝑐 = 𝜆𝜈 →→ (1)
The unit for 𝜆 may be centimeters, angstroms (1 Å = 10−8 cm),

or micrometers ( 1 𝜇𝑚 = 10−6 𝑚).

 The propagation of thermal radiation takes place in the form
of discrete quanta, each quantum having an energy of
𝐸 = 𝑕𝜈 →→ (2)
where 𝑕 is Planck’s constant and has the value
𝑕 = 6.625 × 10−34 J. s
 Radiation propagation may be described as a particle
(quantum) having energy, mass, and momentum. So,
radiation energy may also be expressed as:
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2 →→ (3)
 Comparing Eqn. (2) & (3):
𝑚𝑐 2 = 𝑕𝜈
𝑕𝜈
⇒ 𝑚 = 2 →→ (4)
𝑐
 Thus
𝑕𝜈
𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚𝑐 = →→ 5 [𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 4 ]
𝑐
 Apart from the radiation discussion in terms of energy

density per unit volume and per unit wavelength (using the
principles of quantum-statistical thermodynamics), we are
interested in energy exchange of radiation.
 The expression of radiation in terms of its temperature as
radiant exchange of one surface with the other is very
important from subject point of view.

CONCEPT OF BLACK BODY
 A blackbody is the body that absorbs all radiation incident
upon it. The concept of a blackbody is an idealization i.e., a
perfect blackbody does not exist—all surfaces reflect
radiation to some extent.
 However, the materials which obey the Stefan-Boltzmann
law (i.e., 𝐸𝑏 = 𝜍𝑇 4 ) appear black to the eye. Such
materials appear black because they do not reflect any
radiation. Here, 𝐸𝑏 represents the emissive power of a
blackbody.
 The “blackness” of a surface to thermal radiation can be
quite deceiving as far as visual observations are concerned.

CONCEPT OF BLACK BODY Cont.
 A surface coated with lampblack appears black not to the

eye but also for the thermal-radiation spectrum.
 However, snow and ice appear quite bright to the eye but
are essentially “black” for long-wavelength thermal
radiation.
 Similarly, many white paints are also essentially black for
long-wavelength radiation. So, this fact may mislead to
the observers for the common understanding of a black
body.

RADIATION PROPERTIES
Radiation H.T: Transfer of heat without any material
medium is called radiation heat transfer (H.T).
 When radiant energy strikes a material surface, part of the
radiation is absorbed, part is reflected and part of it is
transmitted. Thus
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑎 + 𝑞𝑟 + 𝑞𝑡
𝑞𝑎 𝑞𝑟 𝑞𝑡
⇒1 = + +
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
⇒1 = 𝛼 + 𝜌 + 𝜏
where 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝜌 = 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏 =

𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦.
RADIATION PROPERTIES Cont.
 Emissive Power: The energy emitted by the body per unit

area per unit time i.e. 𝐸 = 𝑞 𝐴
 Irradiation: Total radiation incident on the surface per unit
area per unit time. It is denoted by ′𝐺′
 Radiosity: Total radiation leaving the surface per unit area
per unit time. It is denoted by ′𝐽’
 Black Body: A body which absorbs all of the incident
radiation or energy (heat) i.e. 𝛼 = 1.
 Opaque Body: A body through which transmission of heat
energy is zero (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝜏 = 0) ⇒ 𝛼 + 𝜌 = 1.

White Body: If all the incident radiations falling on a

body are reflected, the body is called white body. In
this case, 𝜌 = 1.
Gray Body: If the radiative properties of a body are
assumed to be uniform over the entire wavelength
spectrum, the body is called Gray body. It can absorb,
reflect, and transmit the radiation OR
o A body whose absorptivity of the surface does not
vary with temperature and wavelength of the incident
radiation i.e. 𝛼 = 𝛼 λ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

 Emissivity: It is the ratio of the emissive power of a body
to the emissive power of a blackbody at the same
temperature i. e.
𝐸 𝑇
𝜖(𝑇) =
𝐸𝑏 (𝑇)
• The emissivity of a surface averaged over all wavelengths
is called the total emissivity.
 Kirchhoff’s Law: According to this law, the emissivity of
a body is equal to its absorptivity when the body remains
in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings, i.e.
𝜖 = 𝛼.
PROOF: Consider a perfectly black enclosure that absorbs all
the incident radiation falling upon it (Fig. 2).
This enclosure is also expected to emit radiation as per 𝑇 4 law.
Let the radiant flux arriving at some area (under consideration) in
the enclosure be 𝑞𝑖 w/𝑚2 .
Now suppose that a body (i.e. sample) is placed inside the
enclosure and allowed it to come into thermal equilibrium with
the enclosure.
Fig. 2: A black enclosure

At equilibrium the energy absorbed (𝑞𝑖 𝐴𝛼) by the body must be
equal to the energy emitted by it, thus
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑞𝑖 𝐴𝛼 →→ (1)
If the body in the enclosure is replaced with a blackbody of the
same size and shape and allowed it to come in thermal
equilibrium with the enclosure,
𝐸𝑏 𝐴 = 𝑞𝑖 𝐴 1 →→ 2
{∵ 𝛼 of a blackbody is unity}
Dividing eqn. (1) by eqn. (2):
𝐸
= 𝛼 →→ (3)
𝐸𝑏
also,
𝐸
𝜖= →→ (4)
𝐸𝑏
Comparing Equations (3) & (4):
𝛼 = 𝜖 →→ (5)
Above equation is called Kirchhoff’s identity. It shows that the
emissivity and absorptivity are the total properties of the
particular material.
Real substances, however, emit less radiation than ideal black
surfaces.
 Wien's Displacement Law: According to the law, the
wavelength corresponding to the maximum of solar irradiance
(radiation from the sun) can be expressed as:
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 = 2897.6 𝜇𝑚. 𝐾

 Specular and Diffuse Reflections:

Two types of reflection phenomena may be observed when
radiation strikes a surface. If the angle of incidence is equal to
the angle of reflection, the reflection is called specular. On the
other hand, when an incident beam is distributed uniformly in all
directions after reflection, the reflection is called diffuse.
𝜑1 = 𝜑2

RADIATION SHAPE FACTOR (S.F)
 Radiation shape Factor is the fraction of energy leaving surface
“i” and reaching surface “j”. It is also called view factor or angle
factor or configuration factor, and is denoted by 𝐹𝑖𝑗 .
 Suitable graphs are available for the estimation of Shape Factor
in case of following standard configurations:
a) For radiation between two parallel rectangles, Fig. 1
b) For radiation between perpendicular rectangles with a
common edge, Fig. 2
c) For two concentric cylinders of finite length. (a) Outer cylinder
to itself; (b) outer cylinder to inner cylinder, Fig. 3
d) For radiation between two parallel coaxial disks, Fig. 4

RADIATION SHAPE FACTOR Cont.
Fig. 1: Shape factor for parallel rectangles

Fig. 2: Shape factor for perpendicular rectangles with a common edge

Fig. 3 : For two concentric cylinders

of finite length (a) Outer cylinder to
itself; (b) outer cylinder to inner
cylinder

Fig. 4: Shape factor for two parallel coaxial disks

EXAMPLE
SOLUTION

 SUMMATION RULE: In case of a configuration other than
standard ones discussed earlier, an important rule known as
Summation Rule is used for the estimation of Shape Factor. Thus
if for an emitting surface 1, there are three receiving surfaces 2,
3, and 4; the Summation Rule suggests:
𝐹11 + 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 + 𝐹14 = 1
Since surface 1 is only emitting the radiation, ∴ 𝐹11 = 0
𝑭𝟏𝟐 + 𝑭𝟏𝟑 + 𝑭𝟏𝟒 = 𝟏
 Generally, the Summation Rule is gives as:
∞
𝐹𝑖𝑗 = 1
𝑗=1
 It is important to note that If a body can not see itself, its shape
factor is zero; otherwise the S.F is not zero (i.e., it exists).
RECIPROCITY THEOREM
 Reciprocity Theorem enables us to develop the relation
between two shape factors.
 Let energy leaving a black body of surface 1 and arriving a black
body of surface 2 be given as:
𝑞1→2 = 𝐸𝑏1 𝐴1 𝐹12 → (1)
 Similarly, energy leaving a black body of surface 2 and arriving a
black body of surface 1 is given as:
𝑞2→1 = 𝐸𝑏2 𝐴2 𝐹21 → (2)
 For two black bodies, the net heat exchange (H.E) is:
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞1→2 − 𝑞2→1
 If both surfaces are at the same temperature:
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐸𝑏1 𝐴1 𝐹12 − 𝐸𝑏2 𝐴2 𝐹21 = 0 → (3)

RECIPROCITY THEOREM Cont.
 If the emissive powers of both bodies are same i.e. 𝐸𝑏1 = 𝐸𝑏2 ,
Eqn. (3) leads to:
𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21
 In general, Reciprocity Theorem is given by:
𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖𝑗 = 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑗𝑖
 Thus, H.E between two black bodies may be given as:
𝜍 𝑇14 − 𝑇24
𝑞1→2 =
1
𝐴1 𝐹12
𝜍 𝑇14 − 𝑇24
=
1
𝐴2 𝐹21
PROBLEM
Calculate the shape factors for the following
configurations:
1) Long tube with cross-section of an equilateral
triangle
2) Black body inside a black enclosure
3) Diagonal partition within a long square duet.

SOLUTION
(1) By summation Rule :
𝐹11 + 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 = 1
⇒ 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 = 1
⇒ 𝑭𝟏𝟑 = 𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 (𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦)
Similarly,
⇒ 𝐹21 + 𝐹22 + 𝐹23 = 1
⇒ 𝑭𝟐𝟑 = 𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐𝟏
By reciprocity:
𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21
𝐴2
𝐹12 = 𝐹21 = 𝐹21 (As 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 )
𝐴1
𝑇𝑕𝑢𝑠 𝐹23 = 1 − 0.5 = 0.5
(2) As the surface 1 can see itself and the rest of radiation falls on the
enclosed surface 2, by summation rule:
𝐹11 + 𝐹12 = 1 →→→ (𝑖)
By reciprocity:
𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21
𝑨𝟐
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝑭𝟐𝟏
𝑨𝟏
𝐴2
(𝑖) ⇒ 𝐹11 = 1 − 𝐹12 = 1 − 𝐹21
𝐴1
But, 𝐹21 = 1
𝐴2
⇒ 𝐹11 =1−
𝐴1
(3) By summation Rule :
𝐹11 + 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 = 1
⇒ 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 = 1
⇒ 𝐹12 = 𝐹13 = 0.5
By reciprocity:
𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21
Now
𝐹21 + 𝐹22 = 1
𝐴1 2𝑙
⇒ 𝐹21 = 𝐹12 = × 0.5 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏
𝐴2 𝑙

PROBLEM
Establish a relation for the shape factor of following:
a) A cavity with respect to itself. The cavity is closed on its outer
surface with a flat surface.
b) For a hemispherical bowl of diameter d.

SOLUTION
(a) For the surface 1 of the cavity:
𝐹11 + 𝐹12 = 1 →→ (𝑖)
For the surface 2 of the cavity:
𝐹22 + 𝐹21 = 1
⇒ 𝐹21 = 1
By reciprocity:
𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21
𝐴2
𝐹12 =
𝐴1
𝐴2
𝑖 ⇒ 𝐹11 =1− →→ (𝑖𝑖)
𝐴1
(b) For a hemispherical bowl of diameter ‘d’:
By summation rule:
𝐹11 + 𝐹12 = 1 →→→ (𝑖)
By reciprocity:
𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21
𝐴2
𝐹12 = 𝐹21
𝐴1
But, 𝐹21 = 1
𝐴2 𝜋𝑅2
⇒ 𝐹12 = = 2
= 0.5
𝐴1 2𝜋𝑅
(𝑖) ⇒ 𝐹11 = 0.5

HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN
NON-BLACKBODIES (Concept of Surface
Resistance)
Consider a body with an opaque surface as shown in Fig. Let
G = irradiation
J = radiosity
= total radiation that leaves a surface per unit time and per unit area
Net energy leaving the surface is:
𝑞 = 𝐴(𝐽 − 𝐺) → (1)
But, 𝐽 = 𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 + 𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝜖𝐸𝑏 + 𝜌𝐺 → (2)
As for an opaque body 𝜏 = 0, ⇒ 𝜌 = 1 − 𝜖 → (3)
𝐽−𝜖𝐸𝑏
By Eqns. (2) & (3) we may get 𝐺 = → (4)
1−𝜖

HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN NON-BLACKBODIES Cont.
 Putting Eqn. (4) in Eqn. (1)

𝐴𝜖
𝑞= 𝐸𝑏 − 𝐽
1−𝜖
𝐸𝑏 − 𝐽 𝐸𝑏 − 𝐽
⇒𝑞 = = → (5)
1−𝜖 𝑅𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝐴𝜖
1−𝜖
where 𝑅𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = = Surface resistance
𝐴𝜖

HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN
TWO SURFACES (Concept of Space Resistance)
 Consider two surfaces , 𝑨𝟏 & 𝑨𝟐 ,
which can see each other as
shown in Fig. 1.
 Of that total radiation leaving
surface 1, the amount that
reaches surface 2 is: 𝑱𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝑭𝟏𝟐 .
 Of that total energy leaving
surface 2, the amount that Fig. 1
reaches surface 1 is: 𝑱𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝑭𝟐𝟏 .
 The net interchange between the
two surfaces is:
𝑞1−2 = 𝐽1 𝐴1 𝐹12 − 𝐽2 𝐴2 𝐹21 → (1)
But 𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21
𝐽1 − 𝐽2
⇒ 𝑞1−2 = → (2) Fig. 2
1
𝐴1 𝐹12
HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO SURFACES Cont.
1
 Thus, in general, there is “space resistance” between two
𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖𝑗
radiosity potentials (𝐽1 & 𝐽2 ) or nodes (Fig. 2).
 Two surfaces that exchange heat with each other (see each
other and nothing else) would be represented by the network
shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3
 In this case the net heat transfer would be the overall potential
difference divided by the sum of the resistances:
HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO SURFACES Cont.
𝐸𝑏1 − 𝐸𝑏2
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
1 − 𝜖1 1 1 − 𝜖2
+ +
𝜖1 𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝜖2 𝐴2
𝜍 𝑇14 − 𝑇24
⇒ 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = → (3)
1 − 𝜖1 1 1 − 𝜖2
+ +
𝜖1 𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝜖2 𝐴2

HEAT EXCHANGE OF THREE BODIES
 A network for a three-body
problem is shown in Fig. 1. In this
case each of the bodies exchanges
heat with the other two.
 To determine the heat flows in a
problem of this type, the values of
the radiosities must be calculated.
 This may be accomplished by
performing standard methods of
analysis used in dc-circuit theory.
Fig. 1: Radiation network for three
 The most convenient method is an
surfaces that see each other and
application of Kirchhoff’s current nothing else
law to the circuit, which states that
the sum of the currents entering a
node is zero.

HEAT EXCHANGE OF THREE-BODIES Cont.
𝐸𝑏1 − 𝐽1 𝐽1 − 𝐽2 𝐽1 − 𝐽3
𝑞1 = = + → (1)
1 − 𝜖1 1 1
𝐴1 𝜖1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴1 𝐹13
𝐸𝑏2 − 𝐽2 𝐽2 − 𝐽1 𝐽2 − 𝐽3
𝑞2 = = + → (2)
1 − 𝜖2 1 1
𝐴2 𝜖2 𝐴2 𝐹21 𝐴2 𝐹23
𝐸𝑏3 − 𝐽3 𝐽3 − 𝐽1 𝐽3 − 𝐽2
𝑞3 = = + → (3)
1 − 𝜖3 1 1
𝐴3 𝜖3 𝐴3 𝐹31 𝐴3 𝐹32
Above system of eqns. can be solved for possible H.T.

HEAT EXCHANGE OF INSULATED SURFACES
AND SURFACES WITH LARGE AREAS
 As (𝐸𝑏 −𝐽) represents the
potential difference for heat
flow through the surface
resistance i.e. 1−𝜖 𝜖𝐴
 If a surface is perfectly
insulated ( i.e., refractory or
re-radiative), it has zero heat
Fig. 1
flow and the potential
difference across the surface
resistance is zero, resulting in
𝐽 = 𝐸𝑏 as depicted in Fig. 1
for surface and node 3.
H.E. FOR INSULATED SURFACES AND SURFACES
WITH LARGE AREAS Cont.
 The insulated surface does not have zero surface
resistance. In effect, the J node in the network is floating
(i.e., it is not connected to a radiation surface resistance),
and thus it does not draw any heat current.
 On the other hand, a surface with a very large area
(𝐴 → ∞) has a surface resistance approaching zero, which
makes it behave like a blackbody with 𝜖 = 1. It, too, will
have 𝐽 = 𝐸𝑏 because of the zero surface resistance.
 Thus, insulated surface and surface with a large area both
have 𝐽 = 𝐸𝑏 , but for entirely different reasons.

H.E. B/W TWO INFINITE PARALLEL SURFACES
 Consider two infinite parallel
planes in which 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 = 𝐴 ;
and the radiation shape factor is
unity since all the radiation
leaving one plane reaches the
other.
 The network is given in Fig. 1, and
the heat flow per unit area may
be obtained from Equation:
𝑞 𝐸𝑏1 − 𝐸𝑏2
𝐴= 1 − 𝜖1 1 1 − 𝜖2
𝜖1 + 𝐹 + 𝜖2 Fig. 1
12
𝑞 𝜍 𝑇14 − 𝑇24 As 𝐹11 + 𝐹12 = 1

⇒ 𝐴 = 1 But 𝐹11 = 0
1
𝜖1 𝜖2 − 1
+

EXAMPLE
SOLUTION

PROBLEM
A square room 3 by 3 m has a floor heated to 300 K, a
ceiling at 290 K, and walls that are assumed perfectly
insulated. The height of the room is 2.5 m. The
emissivity of all surfaces is 0.8. Using the network
method, find the net interchange between floor and
ceiling and the wall temperature.

SOLUTION (HINTS)
1. Circuit Analysis
2. Shape Factor Analysis
3. Resistance Analysis
4. Emissive Power Analysis
5. Node Analysis
6. H.T Analysis

H.E. B/W TWO LONG CONCENTRIC
CYLINDERS
 Consider two long concentric
cylinders at temperature 𝑇1 & 𝑇2 as
shown in Fig. 1.
 Heat exchange may be calculated by
the following equation:
𝑞1−2 =
1 − 𝜖1 1 1 − 𝜖2
+ +
𝜖1 𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝜖2 𝐴2
Fig. 1: Radiation exchange between
𝐴1 (𝐸𝑏1 −𝐸𝑏2 ) two cylindrical surfaces.
⇒ 𝑞1−2 = → (1)
1 𝐴1 1
+ −1 𝐹22 + 𝐹21 = 1
𝜖1 𝐴2 𝜖2 𝐴1
𝐹22 = 1 −
𝐴2
H.E. B/W TWO LONG CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS Cont.
𝑞 𝜋𝑑1 𝜍 𝑇14 − 𝑇24

⇒ 𝐿 = 1 𝑑1 1
+ −1
𝜖1 𝑑2 𝜖2
 In case of spherical container, the area ratio of Eqn. (1) will be

modified as under:
𝐴1 4𝜋𝑟12 𝑟12
= 2 = 2
𝐴2 4𝜋𝑟2 𝑟2
 Thus Eqn. (1) leads to:
𝐴1 𝜍 𝑇14 − 𝑇24
⇒ 𝑞1−2 =
1 𝑟12 1
+ −1
𝜖1 𝑟22 𝜖2
PROBLEM
A spherical container of diameter 300 mm is used to
store the liquid oxygen at -182˚C. The system is
insulated by a concentric sphere of diameter 450 mm.
There is evacuated space between the two spheres
having same emissivity of 0.03. If the temperature of
outer sphere is 30˚C, estimate the H.T. R. by radiation to
the oxygen in the container. Assume that inner
surface of outer sphere and outer surface of inner
container are diffuse and gray.
HINTS:
𝐴1 𝜍 𝑇14 − 𝑇24
𝑞1−2 = 2 = −2.81𝑊
1 𝑟1 1
+ −1
𝜖1 𝑟22 𝜖2
RADIATION SHIELDS
 A method to reduce radiant heat transfer between
two particular surfaces by introducing an additional
surface resistance in the heat flow path so that
overall heat transfer can be retarded is known as
radiation shielding.
 These shields do not deliver or remove any heat from
the overall system.
 They only place another resistance in the heat-flow
path to retard the heat.

RADIATION SHIELDS Cont.
 Thin sheets of plastic coated with highly reflecting
metallic films on both sides serve as very effective
radiation shields.
Applications:
o These shields are used for the insulation of
cryogenic storage tanks, e.g. liquid hydrogen,
liquid oxygen and LNG storage tanks.
o A good application of radiation shield is also
observed in the measuring of fluid temperature by
a thermometer or a thermocouple which is
shielded to reduce the effects of radiation.
 Consider the two parallel infinite planes

shown in Fig. 1.
 Heat exchange between these surfaces
may be calculated as:
𝐴 = 1 − 𝜖1 1 1 − 𝜖2
→ (1) Fig. 1
+ 𝐹 +
𝜖1 12 𝜖2
 Now consider the same two planes, but

with a radiation shield placed between
them, as shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2

 Heat transfer between plate 1 and the shield must be precisely
the same as that between the shield and plate 2; Therefore:
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝐸𝑏1 − 𝐸𝑏3
= = 𝐴 = 1 − 𝜖1
𝐴 1−3 𝐴 3−2 1 1 − 𝜖3
+ +
𝜖1 𝐹13 𝜖3
= → (2)
1 − 𝜖3 1 1 − 𝜖2
+ +
𝜖3 𝐹32 𝜖2
 The radiation network corresponding to the situation of the

latter case shown in Fig. 2 is depicted in Fig. 3:

Fig. 3
 The overall heat transfer for the system is:

𝐴 = 1 − 𝜖1 1 1 − 𝜖3 1 − 𝜖3 1 1 − 𝜖2
→ (3)
+ + + + +
𝜖1 𝐹13 𝜖3 𝜖3 𝐹32 𝜖2
 As the no. of resistances are increased by inserting the 3rd

plate between the two plates, heat exchange rate is reduced.
This additional 3rd plate is called the radiation shield.

 As 𝐹13 = 𝐹32 = 1, so Eqn. (3) becomes:
𝐴= 1 1 2
+ + −2
𝜖1 𝜖2 𝜖3
4 4
𝑞 𝜍 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
⇒ 𝐴=
1 1 2
+ + −2
𝜖1 𝜖2 𝜖3
 If there are more than one shields, number of resistances can

be found for the subsequent H.T analysis as follows:
No. of resistances = 3(n+1); where n = number of shields
PROBLEM
A cryogenic fluid flows through a long tube of 20-mm
diameter, the outer surface of which is diffuse and gray with
𝜖1 = 0.020 and 𝑇1 = 77𝐾. This tube is concentric with a
larger tube of 50-mm diameter, the inner surface of which is
diffuse and gray with 𝜖2 = 0.05 and 𝑇2 = 300𝐾. The space
between the surfaces is evacuated. Calculate the heat gain
by the cryogenic fluid per unit length of tubes. If a thin
radiation shield of 35-mm diameter and 𝜖3 = 0.02 (both
sides) is inserted midway between the inner and outer
surfaces, calculate the change (percentage) in heat gain per
unit length of the tubes.

SOLUTION
 SYSTEM W/O SHIELD
𝑞 𝜋𝐷1 𝜍 𝑇14 − 𝑇24

𝐿 = 1 𝐷1 1
𝜖1 + 𝐷2 𝜖2 − 1
𝑞
⇒ 𝐿 = −0.50 𝑊/𝑚

 SYSTEM WITH THE SHIELD
𝑞
⇒ 𝐿 = −0.25 𝑊/𝑚
 PERCENTAGE HEAT GAINED:
𝑞𝑤/𝑜 − 𝑞𝑤
⇒ = 50%
𝑞𝑤/𝑜
Home Assignment
 Solve the following:
Examples: 8.2, 8.6, 8.7,8.8, 8.10
Problems: 8.23, 8.24, 8.25, 8.27, 8.31, 8.52,
8.54, 8.67, 8.68, 8.72 + Related Problems (by
Y. A. Cengel, 2nd Edition)

Thanks

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ME - 312

HEAT & MASS TRANSFER

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Fig. 1: Electromagnetic spectrum. Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

The unit for 𝜆 may be centimeters, angstroms (1 Å = 10−8 cm),

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 Apart from the radiation discussion in terms of energy

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 A surface coated with lampblack appears black not to the

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

where 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝜌 = 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏 =

 Emissive Power: The energy emitted by the body per unit

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

White Body: If all the incident radiations falling on a

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Fig. 2: A black enclosure

𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 = 2897.6 𝜇𝑚. 𝐾

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 Specular and Diffuse Reflections:

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Fig. 1: Shape factor for parallel rectangles

Fig. 2: Shape factor for perpendicular rectangles with a common edge

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Fig. 3 : For two concentric cylinders

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Fig. 4: Shape factor for two parallel coaxial disks

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

𝐹11 + 𝐹12 = 1 →→→ (𝑖)

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

(𝑖) ⇒ 𝐹11 = 0.5

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 Putting Eqn. (4) in Eqn. (1)

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Above system of eqns. can be solved for possible H.T.

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

𝑞 𝜍 𝑇14 − 𝑇24 As 𝐹11 + 𝐹12 = 1

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

𝑞 𝜋𝑑1 𝜍 𝑇14 − 𝑇24

 In case of spherical container, the area ratio of Eqn. (1) will be

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 Consider the two parallel infinite planes

 Now consider the same two planes, but

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 The radiation network corresponding to the situation of the

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 The overall heat transfer for the system is:

 As the no. of resistances are increased by inserting the 3rd

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 If there are more than one shields, number of resistances can

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

𝑞 𝜋𝐷1 𝜍 𝑇14 − 𝑇24

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah