Climate change is defined as periodic modification of
earth climate which results in changes in atmosphere as
well as interactions between atmosphere and various chemical, Biological , Geographical and ecological factors. As the time passes due to many human activities and other factors climate starts changing. Major factors involved in the change are ocean currents, solar radiations, Volcanic Eruptions, Green House gasses, forest fire etc. These factors effect climate. History: The study provoked in early 19th century when scientists began to observe the changes occurring on global scale. In 1990s it was finally known that human activities and emissions are causing global warming. Theophrastus was a pupil of Aristotle, he said that deforestation is exposing the land to sunlight due to which global warming is increasing. Scientists pieced together the record of climate of Earth by analyzing the number of indirect measures of climate like tree rings, ocean sediments and pollen remains etc by studying the changes in orbit of Earth around the sun. The record shows that climate changes naturally over a large period of time but the recent changes cannot be explained by natural causes only. It is extremely likely that human activities have been the dominant cause of global warming. The greenhouse effect is causing the atmosphere to trap and retain heat by forming a blanket around the Earth. The increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are acting as the positive feedback and are amplifying the temperature changes caused by long- term shifts in the orbit of Earth. The main gases involved are Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide and several others. Climate change is the most urgent issue, humanity is facing today. Extreme heat is becoming common, sea levels are rising, glaciers are melting, floods and droughts are being experienced, water resources are decreasing along with many other issues. It is making extreme weather more severe. 2016 is recorded to be the warmest year of the history. The situation is getting bad to worst. • In 2004, 262 million people were affected by the climate change , more than 98 percent of them in the developed countries. • Since 1958, measurements of atmospheric CO2 from the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii and from the South Pole are showing a steady annual increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. • During past 1,000 years CO2 variations obtained from analysis of air trapped in an ice core extracted from Antarctica are a sharp rise in atmospheric CO2 starting in the late 19th century. Stated by NASA: All three major global surface temperature reconstructions show that Earth has warmed since 1880. Most of this warming has occurred since the 1970s, with the 20 warmest years having occurred since 1981 and with all 10 of the warmest years occurring in the past 12 years. Even though the 2000s witnessed a solar output decline resulting in an unusually deep solar minimum in 2007-2009, surface temperatures continue to increase. All the countries should take action to prevent the climate from further damage. Pakistan also has ministry of climate change. Many programs have started like Clean and Green Pakistan movement. The steps that should be taken in order to avoid climate change are to reduce waste, to conserve electricity, reduce deforestation and reduce chlorofluoro carbons emissions.