4/27/2018 Booting the Linux Kernel Without an initrd/initramfs | DOTSLASHLINUX

Booting the Linux Kernel Without an initrd/initramfs

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Firas Khalil Khana | 29/04/2017

No, this is not a myth… It’s not a legend… It’s the truth and it’s doable! 

As you probably guessed from the title, in this article we’ll uncover the truth behind
booting the linux kernel without using an initrd or an initramfs! 

Before we even start, booting without an initrd/initramfs might speed up your boot time
by 100ms to 500ms. However, on some setups it may slow down your boot time by
800ms to 1sec! 

Prerequisites: 
You should compile your own kernel. 
You should compile your own kernel. 
You should compile your own kernel. 
You should compile your own kernel. 

I know this may sound like a nightmare for some of you, but that’s why
DOTSLASHLINUX was created. Plus don’t worry the kernel configuration series is
coming really soon, so look up to it! 

Here’s what we’re going to do: 

1- Remove initrd/initramfs support from the linux kernel. 
2- Remove UUIDs from kernel command line parameters and /etc/fstab. 
3- Build all modules into the linux kernel. 
4- Tell the bootloader where root is located and what filesystem it’s using. 
5- Reboot and get that rescue cd/usb since no one makes it in his 1st attempt :) 

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It doesn’t really matter what distro you use (that is if you know that your distro isn’t
going to break with the slightest change), but for those who want to tag along with me
then I’ll be using my all time favorite distro Gentoo Linux. The version of the kernel’s
source files that I’m using is 4.14.13. 

1- Removing initrd/initramfs Support from the Linux

Kernel
If you’re using Gentoo Linux, simply navigate to:

cd /usr/src/linux

Now make sure you have ncurses installed and run:

make menuconfig

Now go to General Setup then search for CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD and disable it:

RCU Subsystem --->

< > Kernel .config support
(14) Kernel log buffer size (16 => 64KB, 17 => 128KB)
(14) CPU kernel log buffer size contribution (13 => 8 KB, 17 => 128KB)
(12) Temporary per-CPU NMI log buffer size (12 => 4KB, 13 => 8KB)
[ ] Memory placement aware NUMA scheduler
[ ] Control Group support ----
[ ] Checkpoint/restore support
[ ] Namespaces support ----
[ ] Automatic process group scheduling
[ ] Enable deprecated sysfs features to support old userspace tools
-∗- Kernel->user space relay support (formerly relayfs)
[ ] Initial RAM filesystem and RAM disk (initramfs/initrd) support
Compiler optimization level (Optimize for performance) --->
[∗] Configure standard kernel features (expert users) --->
[ ] Enable bpf() system call
-∗- Use full shmem filesystem
[ ] Enable AIO support
[∗] Enable madvise/fadvise syscalls

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[ ] Enable userfaultfd() system call

[ ] Enable PCI quirk workarounds
[ ] Enable membarrier() system call
[ ] Embedded system
Kernel Performance Events And Counters --->
[ ] Enable VM event counters for /proc/vmstat
[ ] Enable SLUB debugging support
[∗] Disable heap randomization
Choose SLAB allocator (SLUB (Unqueued Allocator)) --->
[ ] SLAB freelist randomization
[ ] SLUB per cpu partial cache
[ ] Profiling support
[ ] Kprobes
[ ] Optimize very unlikely/likely branches
[ ] Static key selftest
[ ] GCC plugins ----
Stack Protector buffer overflow detection (None) --->
(28) Number of bits to use for ASLR of mmap base address
[ ] Use a virtually-mapped stack
GCOV-based kernel profiling --->

2- Remove these UUIDs!

Udev won’t start until root is mounted, so you can’t use UUIDs before that happens.
Therefore, remove your UUID entries from your kernel command line parameters and
from your  /etc/fstab. Some may argue that these are filesystem UUIDs and are
unrelated to udev and that what I mentioned previously is called PARTUUID, I won’t
disagree as that is correct, but for the sake of simplicity just follow this tutorial. 

For example, if your root was on /dev/sda1 and you had: 

root=UUID=“be9683c1-e42c-4a2b-18ad-97cc96b13ada 

as a kernel command line parameter or inside your /etc/fstab, then simply change it to: 

root=/dev/sda1 

For example, I’m using LILO as my bootloader and here’s my /etc/lilo.conf:

lba32
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boot=/dev/sda

default=gentoo

image=/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.13-gentoo-DOTSLASHLINUX
label=gentoo
read-only
root=/dev/sda1
append="rootfstype=ext4"

And here’s my /etc/fstab:

# (fs) (mountpoint) (type) (opts) (dump/pass)

/dev/sda1 / ext4 noatime 0 1

3- Build Necessary Modules into the Linux Kernel

There are still necessary modules that need to be built into the linux kernel to be able to
boot without an initrd/initramfs. These include modules for filesystems and block
devices. 

If you’re using ext4, navigate to  Filesystems  and make sure that  CONFIG_EXT4_FS  is
built-in:

[ ] Second extended fs support

[ ] The Extended 3 (ext3) filesystem
[∗] The Extended 4 (ext4) filesystem
[ ] Use ext4 for ext2 file systems
[ ] Ext4 POSIX Access Control Lists
[ ] Ext4 Security Labels
[ ] Ext4 Encryption
[ ] EXT4 debugging support
[ ] JBD2 (ext4) debugging support
[ ] Reiserfs support
[ ] JFS filesystem support
[ ] XFS filesystem support
[ ] GFS2 file system support
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[ ] GFS2 file system support
[ ] OCFS2 file system support
[ ] Btrfs filesystem support
[ ] NILFS2 file system support
[ ] F2FS filesystem support
[ ] Direct Access (DAX) support
[ ] Enable filesystem export operations for block IO
[∗] Enable POSIX file locking API
[ ] Enable Mandatory file locking
[ ] FS Encryption (Per-file encryption)
[ ] Dnotify support
[∗] Inotify support for userspace
[∗] Filesystem wide access notification
[ ] Quota support

[ ] Kernel automounter version 4 support (also supports v3)

[∗] FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) support
[ ] Character device in Userspace support
[ ] Overlay filesystem support
Caches --->
CD-ROM/DVD Filesystems --->
DOS/FAT/NT Filesystems --->
Pseudo filesystems --->
[ ] Miscellaneous filesystems ----
[ ] Network File Systems ----
-∗- Native language support ---
[ ] Distributed Lock Manager (DLM) ----

Now you need to check what block devices are you using (to be more precise, the block
device where your root resides on), find out its kernel module and mark it as built-in.
This is simple, fire up a terminal emulator and type:

lspci -kk

In my case I’m using a Toshiba MQ01ABD100 which is a SATA HDD that uses
the ahci kernel module:

00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Fam

Subsystem: Toshiba America Info Systems 8 Series/C220 Series Chipse
Kernel driver in use: ahci
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So I navigated to  Device Drivers  and then to  Serial ATA and Parallel ATA drivers
(libata) and marked CONFIG_SATA_AHCIas built-in:

--- Serial ATA and Parallel ATA drivers (libata)

[ ] Verbose ATA error reporting
[∗] ATA ACPI Support
[∗] SATA Zero Power Optical Disc Drive (ZPODD) support
[ ] SATA Port Multiplier support
∗∗∗ Controllers with non-SFF native interface ∗∗∗
[∗] AHCI SATA support
[ ] Platform AHCI SATA support
[ ] Initio 162x SATA support (Very Experimental)
[ ] ACard AHCI variant (ATP 8620)
[ ] Silicon Image 3124/3132 SATA support
[ ] ATA SFF support (for legacy IDE and PATA)

If you didn’t manage to find what module is used by your block device(s), then kindly
follow the small guide written at the beginning of The Linux Kernel Configuration Guide
Part 11 - Device Drivers —>. 

4- Notifying the Bootloader of the changes

Now we need to tell our bootloader the info that the initrd/initramfs would tell to the
kernel. That is the location of root and the filesystem of root. 

If you’re using grub, fire up your favorite editor and edit /etc/default/grub:

vim /etc/default/grub

# Copyright 1999-2015 Gentoo Foundation

# Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License v2
#
# To populate all changes in this file you need to regenerate your
# grub configuration file afterwards:
# 'grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg'
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#
# See the grub info page for documentation on possible variables and
# their associated values.

GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="Gentoo"

# Default menu entry

GRUB_DEFAULT=0

# Boot the default entry this many seconds after the menu is displayed
GRUB_TIMEOUT=0
#GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=menu

# Append parameters to the linux kernel command line

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="root=/dev/sda1 rootfstype=ext4"
#
# Examples:
#
# Boot with network interface renaming disabled
# GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="net.ifnames=0"
#
# Boot with systemd instead of sysvinit (openrc)
# GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="init=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd"

# Append parameters to the linux kernel command line for non-recovery

#GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=""

# Uncomment to disable graphical terminal (grub-pc only)

#GRUB_TERMINAL=console

# The resolution used on graphical terminal.

# Note that you can use only modes which your graphic card supports vi
# You can see them in real GRUB with the command `vbeinfo'.
#GRUB_GFXMODE=640x480

# Set to 'text' to force the Linux kernel to boot in normal text

# mode, 'keep' to preserve the graphics mode set using
# 'GRUB_GFXMODE', 'WIDTHxHEIGHT'['xDEPTH'] to set a particular
# graphics mode, or a sequence of these separated by commas or
# semicolons to try several modes in sequence.

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#GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX=

# Path to theme spec txt file.

# The starfield is by default provided with use truetype.
# NOTE: when enabling custom theme, ensure you have required font/etc.
#GRUB_THEME="/boot/grub/themes/starfield/theme.txt"

# Background image used on graphical terminal.

# Can be in various bitmap formats.
#GRUB_BACKGROUND="/boot/grub/mybackground.png"

# Uncomment if you don't want GRUB to pass "root=UUID=xxx" parameter t

#GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true

# Uncomment to disable generation of recovery mode menu entries

#GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY=true

# Uncomment to disable generation of the submenu and put all choices o

# the top-level menu.
# Besides the visual affect of no sub menu, this makes navigation of t
# menu easier for a user who can't see the screen.
#GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=y

# Uncomment to play a tone when the main menu is displayed.

# This is useful, for example, to allow users who can't see the screen
# to know when they can make a choice on the menu.
#GRUB_INIT_TUNE="60 800 1"

However, if you’re lucky enough to use LILO (like me xD), then the following
configuration file will do:

lba32
boot=/dev/sda
default=gentoo

image=/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.13-gentoo-DOTSLASHLINUX
label=gentoo
read-only
root=/dev/sda1
append="rootfstype=ext4"
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append="rootfstype=ext4"

This’ll also work as well:

lba32
boot=/dev/sda
default=gentoo

image=/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.13-gentoo-DOTSLASHLINUX
label=gentoo
read-only
append="root=/dev/sda1 rootfstype=ext4"

You may have to delete your initd/initramfs from your  /bootand the initrd/initramfs
entries in your bootloader’s configuration files. Don’t forget to recompile your kernel
and to update your bootloader (if you’re using GRUB2 or LILO) before rebooting. 

Conclusion
Booting without an initrd/initramfs is 100% doable so don’t think it’s impossible. You
may fail on your 1st attempt but don’t give up, just keep on trying different
combinations every time you compile your kernel and you should be good to go. 

I’m using Gentoo Linux and can confirm that you can achieve a bootable kernel without
initrd/initramfs. If your kernel is panicking then debug the problem and keep trying until
it works. If you have a question as well then lemme know in the comments section
below. 

18 Comments

oldskool linux hacker

17/05/2017

This is how we did it in ‘94.

tbe

18/05/2017
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This is how I’ve done it ever since ‘94. Slackware is fine to this day without initrd.

atbd

01/07/2017

For more minimalist setup and if you have/like uefi, it can boot directly your kernel. You
just need efi support in the kernel and your vmlinuz as /boot/efi/boot/bootx64.efi :)

DOTSLASHLINUX

01/07/2017

@atbd, thanks for the suggestion. Unfortunately, my laptop has a buggy uefi
implementation and all available UEFI solutions didn’t work for me. Thus, I sticked
with mbr. It’s a toshiba laptop from late 2013 and has both BIOS/uefi. Although I’m
able to boot using UEFI, boot time increases dramatically because of the buggy
firmware telling me that no bootable media found (lasts for like 5 seconds) then
proceeds to boot properly. Thanks for stopping by though fellow son of a tux ;P

hiraa

13/07/2017

can we make a bootable live CD from it

DOTSLASHLINUX

13/07/2017

@hiraa, thanks for stopping by! I think it’s not about whether we can or can’t
because it’s possible, but it’ll be a really hard task to get it working on different
setups as today’s systems and setups are much more complicated than the ones
used in the 90s and pre 2010. You’ll have to include pretty much all the modules for
every block device you can think of (or at least the ones for the setups you’re going
to boot on). Even by doing that you’ll have a pretty hard time getting the kernel to
boot properly. I’d suggest asking the devs responsible for maintaining Slackware
GNU/Linux and Crux GNU/Linux live bootable ISOs on how they do it. On the other
hand booting without an initrd on a specific setup isn’t that hard at all.

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Francesco Turco

21/10/2017

What about encryption? Is it possible to disable initramfs and continue encrypting the
root filesystem with LUKS?

DOTSLASHLINUX

21/10/2017

@Francesco Turco, Thanks for stopping by! Unfortunately that is not possible at the
moment as an initrd/initramfs is needed to decrypt the root file system before it’s
mounted.

Although there were several attempts to fully dm-crypt the rootfs without using an
initrd/initramfs (some include storing the key between the MBR and the root
partition) but none are working as far as I know.

Some say that it might work using a plain cryptsetup and GRUB2, but I think that
beats the purpose of not using an initrd/initramfs for the sake of minimalism as
GRUB2 is considered bloated compared to LILO and EXTLINUX (that is if GRUB2
worked in the first place as you won’t be able to map crypt…).

Others may pass the key on the kernel command line, but that beats the purpose of
encrypting your system in the first place.

But don’t worry, I’m still experimenting with full disk encryption without an
initrd/initramfs. I’ll post an article once I get everything working perfectly.

cyberhoffman

31/10/2017

I suppose there should be something more in kernel config than just compile in hard
controller support (ahci in my case too) and disabling CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD. I had
added these options: “CONFIG_SATA_AHCI=y”, “CONFIG_EXT4_FS=y”,
“CONFIG_CMDLINE=“root=/dev/sda2 rootfstype=ext4”“, “# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD is
not set”, compiled the kernel and copied it in efi - “cp /boot/vmlinuz-4.12.12-gentoo
/boot/efi/EFI/Boot/bootx64.efi” (I boot system directly from efi, using initramfs is it ok)
but got only kernel panic after reboot - it couldnt find root partition.

DOTSLASHLINUX

31/10/2017
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@cyberhoffman, thanks for stopping by and taking the time to write the steps you
went through in order to boot without an initrd/initramfs on a GPT/EFI setup.

The thing is, the kernel options needed (in any article) are listed and explained
thoroughly in the 18-part kernel configuration series, in which I’ve explained what
options I’ve chosen for booting without initrd/initramfs, booting with microcode
prebuilt into the kernel, options required for bumblebee to work properly…etc

If you had the time I’d advise you to check the kernel configuration series and
compare them to your setup to see what options I went with.

The thing is, my late 2013 laptop has a very buggy UEFI implementation (which
would show no bootable media found for like 5-10 seconds before actually
booting… let alone the other bugs it has) ; thus, I wasn’t able to properly attempt a
no initrd/initramfs boot on an EFI system… and I really apologize for not being able
to do that…

I’m counting on the support of DOTSLASHLINUX readers to help me get my hands

on more hardware to tamper with it and post the results here, other than that I’m
stuck with this old laptop :P

Thanks again for your time! Let me know if you needed anything else.

alf

06/11/2017

Is it possible to use plymouth without initramfs? I’m sorry for the newbie questions as
I’m just exposed to linux.

DOTSLASHLINUX

10/11/2017

@alf, Thanks for stopping by! I’m afraid that isn’t possible as (at least as far as I
know) plymouth needs an initramfs to be built in and it’s highly unlikely that it would
be possible to get build it within the kernel itself.

Hope that helps! Let me know if you have any more questions!

alf

10/11/2017

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I follow your tutorial, no initramfs and built in ucode into my custom kernel. since
plymouth depend on systemd and my os uses systemd, plymouth works flawlessly.
it even perform better since I include i915 into my kernel. since I use arch linux, I
think it is easier to compile kernel using Arch Build System.

thanks for your tutorial. Now my system boots faster and perform better.

DOTSLASHLINUX

10/11/2017

@alf, You’re most welcome! I’m super glad that you found my tutorials useful, and I
highly appreciate taking some of your time to write a comment!

Have a great day!

PCmaniak

02/12/2017

Thank you for great article. My first kernel was built by genkernel (yes it’s gentoo). I
built my second kernel myself and it did not start because I did not build initramfs, so I
had to run genkernel again with initramfs only option. Slowly I figured out how to boot
without initramfs. But I modified fstab and grub only. Some how it boots with .config still
set to BLK_DEV_INITRD [=y] without initrams. Got to correct it. On the next kernel
upgrade. I am on 4.12 now. Thanks again!

DOTSLASHLINUX

02/12/2017

@PCmaniak, You’re most welcome! Thanks for stopping by fellow Gentoo user :P

Let me know if you have any questions regarding the process.

Ken

07/01/2018

Thanks so much for this method vs the use of initrd. Glad to see it become a part of the
Gentoo Wiki, AND, that is being recommended more and more by the gentoo
community.
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DOTSLASHLINUX

02/12/2017

@Ken, you’re welcome, glad that you found it useful!

It’s true that using an initrd/initramfs just adds complexity and the burden of
maintaining an extra filesystem when your setup is extremely minimal as you won’t
need it most of the times. Although it has its uses, but for the sake of minimalism it
would be better to do without it.

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