Mensuration Problems

Question: Find the area and perimeter of a square whose side is 5 cm?
Solution:
Given:
Side = 5 cm
Area of a square = a2 square units
Substitute the value of “a” in the formula, we get
Area of a square = 52
A = 5 . 5 = 25
Therefore, the area of a square = 25 cm2
The perimeter of a square = 4a units
P = 4 . 5 =20
Therefore, the perimeter of a square = 20 cm.

Short Answer Type Questions:

1. Find the value of (40 + 4-1) × 22
Solution:
(40 + 4 -1) × 22 = (1 + ¼) × 4
= 4+1=5
2. Solve 3-4 and (½)-2
Solution:
We know, b-n = 1/bn
So, 3-4 = 1/34 = 1/81
And, (½)-2 = 1-2/2-2 = 22/12 = 4
3. Simplify the following expression and express the result in positive
power notation:
(−4)5 ÷ (−4)8
Solution:
Using am ÷ an = am-n
(−4)5 ÷ (−4)8 = (-4)5/(-4)8
⇒ (-4)5 – 8 = 1/ (-4)3
4. Evaluate a2 × a3 × a-5
Solution:
a2 × a3 × a-5 = a2+3-5
= a5-5
= a0 = 1
5. Express 4-3 as a power with base 2.
Solution:
4-3 can be written as:
4-3 = (22)-3
Now, by using exponential law i.e. (am)n = amn
4-3 = 2-6 (which is in base 2 form).

Long Answer Type Questions:

6. Evaluate (√4)-3
Solution:
(√4)-3 = (4½)-3
= 4-3/2 = 1/ 43/2
= 1/(43)½ = 1/(64)½
= 1/(82)½ = 1/8
7. Find the value of x for which 2x ÷ 2-4 = 45
Solution:
Given,
2x ÷ 2-4 = 45
Now, 2x × (½)-4 = (22)5
Or, 2x × (½)-4 = 210
Thus, 2x+4 = 210
⇒ x + 4 = 10
Hence, x + 4 = 10
So, x = 6
8. Calculate the missing value of “x” in the following expression:
(11/9)3 × (9/11)6 = (11/9)2x-1
Solution:
Given,
(11/9)3 × (11/9)-6 = (11/9)2x-1
⇒ (11/9)3-6 = (11/9)2x-1
Or, -3 = 2x – 1
So, x = -1
9. 5 books and 5 paper sheets are placed in a stack. Find the total
thickness of the stack if each book has a thickness of 20 mm and each
sheet has a thickness of 0.016 mm.
Solution:
Given,
Thickness of 1 book = 20 mm
And,
Thickness of one paper = 0.016 mm
So, thickness of 5 books = 20 x 5 = 100 mm
And,
Thickness of 5 papers = 0.016 × 5 = 0.08 mm
Now,
The total thickness of a stack = 100 + 0.08 = 100.08 mm
= 100.08 102 / 102 mm
= 1.008 × 102 mm
10. If a new-born bear weighs 4kg, calculate how many kilograms a five-
year-old bear weigh if its weight increases by the power of 2 in 5 years ?
Solution:
Given,
Weight of new-born bear = 4 kg
Rate of weight increase in 5 years = power to 2
Thus, the weight of the 5-year-old = 42 = 16 kg.

Rectangle are explained below:

Length is denoted by l, width (breadth) is denoted by w(b) and diagonal is denoted

by d. There are two lengths, two widths and two diagonals.

area & perimeter of the rectangle

Formulas for Area and Perimeter of the Rectangle are given below :
• Perimeter of the rectangle = 2(l + w) units
• Length of Rectangle = p/2 - w units
• Width(w) of Rectangle = p/2 - l units
• Diagonal of Rectangle = √(l 2 + w 2 ) units
• Area of Rectangle = l x w sq.units
• Length of Rectangle = A/w units
• Width of Rectangle = A/l units

Some solved examples on Area and Perimeter of the Rectangle

1) Find the perimeter of a rectangle whose length and width are 25 m and 15 m
respectively.
Solution :
Length = l = 25 m and Width = w = 15 m
∴P=2(l+w)
⇒ = 2 ( 25 + 15 )
⇒ = 2 x 40
⇒ = 80 m
Perimeter = 80 m
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2)How many rectangles can be drawn with 36 cm as the perimeter, given that the
sides are positive integers in cm ?
Solution :
Perimeter = 36
⇒ 2 ( l + w ) = 36
⇒ l + w = 18
Since length and width are positive integers in centimeters. Therefore, possible
dimensions are :
( 1, 17 )cm , ( 2, 16 ) cm , ( 3, 15 ) cm, (4 , 14) cm, ( 5,13) cm, ( 6, 12) cm , ( 7,
11) cm, ( 8, 10 ) cm, ( 9, 9) cm.
Hence, there are 9 rectangles.
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4) The length of a rectangular field is twice its width. A man jogged around it 5
times and covered a distance of 3 km. What is the length of the field?
Solution :
In completing one round of the field distance covered is equal to the perimeter of
the field.
∴ Distance covered in 5 rounds = 5 x Perimeter
=5x2(l+w)
= 10 x ( l + w)
= 10 x ( 2w + w ) [ length = l = 2w ]
= 10 x 3w
= 30 w
But, the total distance covered is given = 3 km = 3000 m.
∴ 30 x w = 3000
⇒ w = 3000 / 30
⇒ w = 100 m
⇒ Length = 2 w = 2 x 100 = 200 m.
_________________________________________________________________
Some solved examples on Area of Rectangle

1) Find the area, in hectare, of a field whose length is 240 m and width 110 m.

Solution :
Length = l = 240 m and width = w = 110 m
∴ Area of the field = l x w
⇒ = 240 x 110
= 26,400 m 2
= 26,400 / 10,000 [ Since 10,000 m 2 = 1 hectares ]
Area of field = 2.64 hectare
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2) A door frame of dimensions 4 m x 5 m is fixed on the wall of dimension 11 m 11
m. Find the total labour charges for painting the wall if the labour charges for
painting 1 m 2 of the wall is $ 2.50.
Solution :
Painting of the wall has to be done excluding the area of the door
Area of the door = l x w
=4x5
= 20 m 2
Area of wall including door = side x side
= 11 x 11
= 121 m 2
Area of wall excluding door = (121 - 20) m 2
= 101 m 2
Total labour charges for painting the wall
=$ 2.50 x 101
= $ 252.50
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3) Find the breadth of a rectangular plot of land, if its area is 440 m 2 and the length
is 22 m. Also find its perimeter.
Solution :
Area of the rectangular sheet = 440 m 2
Length (l) = 22 m
Area of the rectangle = l x w (where w = width of the rectangular plot
Therefore, width (w) = Area/l = 440/22 = 20 m
Perimeter of sheet = 2(l + w)
= 2(22 + 20)m
= 84 m
So, the width of the rectangular plot is 20 m and its perimeter is 84 m.
_________________________________________________________________
3) A rectangular garden is 90 m long and 75 m broad. A path 5 m wide is to be built
out around it. Find the area of the path.

Solution :
Then, clearly,
Area of the path = Area of rectangle EFGH – Area of rectangle ABCD
From the figure, we have
EF = 90 + 5 + 5
= 100 m
and FG = 75 + 5 + 5 = 85 m
Now, area of rectangle EFGH = 100 x 85 = 8500 m 2
And area of rectangle ABCD = 90 x 75 = 6750 m 2
Therefore,
Area of path = Area of rectangle EFGH – Area of rectangle ABCD
= 8500 – 6750
= 1750 m 2

discuss about Area of Square.

The formulas related to the above topic are as follows

Let ‘a’ be the length of each side of a square. Then,

• Perimeter = 4a units
• Area = a 2 =( Perimeter/4) 2 sq. units
• Area = ½ (Diagonal) 2 sq.units
• Side of the square = √(Area) unit
• Diagonal = √ a unit

Some solved examples on Area - Perimeter of Square

1) Find the area and perimeter in square centimeters, of a square whose side is (i)
2.4 dm (ii) 20 mm
(i) We have,
1 dm = 10 cm
Side of the square = 2.4 dm = (2.4 x 10) cm = 24 cm
Area of the square = (side) 2
= 24 2
= 576 cm 2
Perimeter of the square = 4 x side
= 4 x 24
= 96 cm

(ii) We have,
1 mm = 0.1 cm
Side of the square = 20 mm = (20 x 0.1) cm = 2 cm
Area of the square = (side) 2
=22
= 4 cm 2
Perimeter of the square = 4 x side
=4x2
= 8cm
_________________________________________________________________
2) Find the area of a square park whose perimeter is 320 m.

Solution :
Area = (Perimeter/ 4) 2 sq. units
Area = (320/ 4) 2
= (80) 2
∴ Area of a square park = 6400 2
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3) The side of a square is 4 cm. Find the area of the triangles formed by joining all
of its diagonals.

Solution :
Side = 4 cm
Area of square = (side) 2 = 16 cm 2 .
Area of triangle formed by joining two of its diagonals
= ¼ of 16 = 4 cm 2
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4) A path 1m wide is built along the border inside a square garden of side 30 m.
Find (i) the area of the path (ii) the cost of planting the grass in the remaining
portion of the garden at the rate of $40 per sq.m.

Solution :

ABCD is the square garden of side 30 m.

PQRS is the region inside the garden.
PQ = (30 -1-1 ) = 28 m
PS = ( 30 – 1 – 1 ) = 28 m
(i) Area of the path = Area of ABCD – Area of PQRS
= ( 30 x 30) – 28 x 28)
= 900 – 784
Area of path = 116 sq.m
(ii) Area of the remaining portion in which the grass is planted = Area of square
PQRS
= 28 x 28
= 784 sq.m
∴ cost of planting the grass in the region PQRS = $ ( 764 x 40) = $ 31,360

discuss perimeter of parallelogram and area of parallelogram.

Formulas are as follows :

• Perimeter = 2l + 2w
• Area = Base x height
• Base = Area/height
• Height = Area/Base
Some solved Examples :

1) The length of a parallelogram is 25 cm and width is 20 cm .Find the perimeter.

Solution :
Perimeter = 2 ( l + w )
⇒ = 2 ( 25 + 20 )
⇒ = 2 x 45
∴ Perimeter = 90 cm.
_________________________________________________________________
2) Find the perimeter & area of parallelogram with base 5 cm , width 3 cm and
height 4.2 cm.
Solution :
Area = base x height
Area = 5 x 4.2
Area = 21 cm 2
Perimeter = 2l + 2w
= 2( 5) + 2(3)
= 10 + 6
Perimeter = 16 cm.
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3) Find the height of the parallelogram whose area is 2.25 sq.m and base is 25 dm.
Solution :
Area of parallelogram = 2.25 sq.m
1dm = 0.1 m
So, 25 dm = 25 x 0.1
Base of the parallelogram = 2.5 m
Height of the parallelogram = Area / Base
= 2.25/2.5
Height = 0.9 m
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4) The two sides of the parallelogram ABCD are 6cm and 4cm. The height
corresponding to the base CD is 3cm, as shown in fig. Find the
(i) area of the parallelogram (ii) the height corresponding to the base AD.

Solution :
(i) Area of parallelogram = base x height (when base = DC
=6x3
Area = 18 sq.cm
(ii) Now base = AD = 4 cm and height = h
Area of parallelogram =AD x h
18 = 4 x h
h = 18/4
h = 4.5 cm
Thus the height corresponding to base AD is 4.5 cm.
Rhombus.
As all the sides of rhombus are equal so the perimeter of rhombus is same as that of
square.

The diagonals of rhombus bisect each other at right angle.

• Perimeter of Rhombus = 4 x side

• Area of a rhombus = ½ [ product of the diagonals]
• Area = Base x Height

Some solved examples :

1) The side of a rhombus is 18 cm . Find its perimeter.

Solution :
Perimeter of Rhombus = 4 x side
⇒ = 4 x 18
&rArr = 72 cm
∴ Perimeter of Rhombus = 72 cm.
_________________________________________________________________
2) Find the area of a rhombus having each side equal to 13 cm and one of whose
diagonal is 24 cm.
Solution :
Let ABCD is a rhombus with diagonals AC and BD which intersect each other at O.
AC = 24 ⇒ AO = 12
Let BO = x and AB = 13 cm (given)
By Pythagorean theorem
c2=a2+b2
13 2 = 12 2 + x 2 169 = 144 + x 2
x 2 = 169 – 144
x 2 = 25
x = 5 cm
BO = 5 cm
Diagonal BD = 2 x 5 = 10 cm.
Area = ½ x [ product of diagonals]
= ½ x 24 x 10
Area = 120 sq.cm

____________________________________________________________________
______
3) If the area of a rhombus is 24 sq.cm and one of its diagonal is 4 cm find the
length of the other diagonal.

Solution :
Area = ½ x d1 x d2
24 = ½ x 4 x d2
24 = 2 x d2
d2 = 24/2
d2 = 12 cm
we will discuss area of trapezoid.
Trapezoid is a quadrilateral whose two sides are parallel to each other.
In trapezium (trapezoid) ABCD such that AB and CD area parallel sides where AD
and BC are its non-parallel sides.

Here, the length of parallel sides are a and b and the distance between them is h.

• Area of trapezium = 1/2 ( sum of two bases ) x height

• Area = 1/2 x (a + b) x h.
• Median of trapezoid = ( a + b) / 2

Base : Each of the two parallel sides of a trapezoid is called a base of trapezoid.

Altitude or height : The distance between the two parallel sides is called the
height or altitude of the trapezoid.

Median of trapezoid : Its length equals the arithmetic mean of the lengths of the
bases.

Some solved examples

1) Find the area of trapezoid whose parallel sides are of lengths 10 cm and 12 cm
and the distance between them is 4 cm.
Solution :
Two parallel sides, a = 10 cm and b = 12 cm; height =h = 4 cm.
Area = ½ x ( a + b) x h
Area = ½ x ( 10 + 12 ) x 4
Area = ½ x 22 x 4
Area = 44 cm 2
_________________________________________________________________
2) Find the sum of the lengths of the bases of a trapezoid whose height is 11 cm
and area is 0.55 m 2 .
Solution :
Height = h = 11 cm = 11 / 100 = 0.11 m; Area = 0.55 m 2
Area = ½ x (a +b) x h
0.55 = ½ x (a + b) x 0.11
(a + b) =( 0.55 x 2) / 0.11
( a + b) = 10 cm
∴ Sum of parallel sides = 10 cm.
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3) Find the area of the following figure.

Solution :
Area of trapezium = ½ x (a + b) x h
= ½ x ( 18 + 7) x 8
Area of trapezium = 100 cm 2
Area of square = side x side
= 18 x 18
Area of square = 324 cm 2
∴ Area of (ABCDEF ) = Area of trapezium + Area of square
⇒ = 100 + 324
Area of (ABCDEF ) = 424 cm 2
_________________________________________________________________
4) Find the median of the following trapezoid.

Solution :
Median of trapezoid = ( a + b) / 2
= ( 6 + 8) / 2
∴ Median of trapezoid = 7 cm.
________________________________

Triangle Area :The area of a polygon is the number of square units inside that
polygon. Area is 2-dimensional like a carpet or an area rug. A triangle is a three-
sided polygon.
In this section, we will study the Area of Triangles, but triangles of several types of
triangles such as acute triangle, right triangle, isosceles triangle, equilateral triangle
and obtuse triangle .

Some solved examples

1) Find the height of an acute triangle whose base is 20 cm and area is 150 cm 2 .

Solution :
Area = ½ base x height
150 = ½ x 20 x height
150 = 10 x height
∴ height = 150 / 10 = 15 cm.
_________________________________________________________________
2) In a right triangle , if base is 20 m and height is 5 m, find the area of triangle.

Solution :
Area = ½ x base x height
A = ½ x 20 x 5
A= 100 / 2
A = 50 m 2
Area = ½ x base x height
_________________________________________________________________
3) Find the area of isosceles right triangle , if one of the equal side is 20 in long.

Solution :
In right triangle any one of the two sides which are at right angle can be taken as
the base and other side as height.
Area = ½ x 20 x 20
Area = 200 cm 2
_________________________________________________________________
4) Find the area of equilateral triangle with sides 8 cm.

Solution :
Area of equilateral triangle = ( √ 3 a 2 ) / 4
Area = ( √ 3 x 8 2 ) / 4
Area = ( √ 3 x 64 ) / 4
Triangle Area = 16 √ 3 cm 2
_________________________________________________________________
5) ABCD is a rectangle with dimensions 32 m by 18 m. ADE is a triangle such that EF
⊥ AD and EF = 14 cm. Calculate the area of the shaded region.

Solution :
Area of rectangle ABCD = l x w
A = 32 x 18 = 576 m 2
Area of Triangle ADE = ½ x base x height
A = ½ x 18 x 14
A= 126 m 2
Area of shaded region = Area of rectangle ABCD – Area of triangle ADE
A = 576 – 126 = 450 m 2
∴ Area of shaded region = 450 m 2

Herons Formula (Hero's Formula):

Heron gave the famous formula for finding the area of triangle in terms of its three
sides.Herons Formula is named after Hero of Alexandria. It is used when all the
three sides are given and there is no height or altitude.Hero's Formula is given below
:

Where, is the semi-perimeter of ΔABC.

Note : It is applicable to all types of triangles whether it is right angled or

equilateral or isosceles triangle.

Some solved examples :

1) Find the area of a triangle whose sides are 13 cm, 14 cm and 15 cm .

Solution :
a =13 cm , b = 14 cm and c = 15 cm.
∴ s = (a + b + c )/ 2
s = (13 + 14 + 15) / 2 = 21 cm.
By Heron’s formula

Area = √( 21 x 8 x 7 x 6 )
Area = √ ( 7 x 3 x 4 x 2 x 7 x 2 x 3 )

Area = √ ( 7 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 3 2 )

Area = 7 x 2 x 2 x 3

Area = 84 cm 2
_________________________________________________________________
2) The perimeter of triangular field is 450 m and its sides are in the ratio of 13 : 12:
5. Find the area of the triangle.
Solution:
It is given that the sides a, b, c of the triangle are in the ratio of 13 :12: 5
⇒ a: b : c = 13 : 12 : 5 ⇒ a= 13x , b = 12x and c = 5x
The perimeter of triangular field = 450 m
⇒ 13 x +12x + 5x = 450
⇒ 30x = 450
∴ x = 15
∴ each sides are, a= 13 x 15 =195 m ; b = 12 x 15 = 180 m
and c = 15 x 5 = 75 cm.
By Heron’s formula
Area = √ ( 225 x 30 x 45 x 150 )
Area = √( 45,562,500)
Area = 6750 m 2
_________________________________________________________________
3) A traffic signal board, indicating “SCHOOL AHEAD is an equilateral triangle with
sides ‘a’. Find the area of the signal board using Heron’s formula. If its perimeter is
180 cm. What will be the area of the signal board?
Solution :
Perimeter = 180
a + a + a = 180
3a = 180
a = 60 cm
s = semi-perimeter = Perimeter /2
s= 180 / 2 = 90 cm By Heron’s formula

Area = √( 90 x 30 x 30 x 30 )
Area = √( 2,430,000 )
Area = 1558.85 cm 2
_________________________________________________________________
Some Applications of Heron’s Formula

Heron’s formula can be used to find the area of irregular quadrilateral if its all sides
are given. For that we can convert that quadrilateral into triangles and then apply
Heron’s formula.

Solved Examples :

1) Find the area of quadrilateral ABCD, in which AB = 7 cm, BC = 6 cm,

CD = 12 cm , DA = 15 cm and AC = 9 cm.
Solution :

For ΔABC
s = ( a + b + c ) / 2 =( 6 + 7 + 9 ) / 2 = 22 / 2 = 11 cm
By Heron’s formula

Area of ΔABC = √( 11 x 5 x 4 x 2 )
⇒ Area of ΔABC = √(440)
⇒ Area of ΔABC = 20.98 cm 2
For ΔACD,
s = ( 9 + 12 + 15 ) / 2 = 36 / 2 = 18 cm
By Herons formula

∴ Area of ΔACD = √( 18 x 9 x 6 x 3)
⇒ Area of ΔACD = √ (2916 )
⇒ Area of ΔACD = 54 cm 2
Hence, the area of quadrilateral ABCD = Area of ΔABC + Area of ΔACD
= 20.98 + 54
∴ Area of quadrilateral = 74.98 cm 2
_________________________________________________________________
2) An umbrella is made by stitching 10 triangular pieces of cloth of two different
colors red and blue. Each piece is measuring 20 cm ,50 cm and 50 cm. How much
cloth of each color is required for the umbrella?

Solution :
Sides of triangular cloth are a = 20 cm, b = 50 cm and c = 50 cm
s = ( 20 + 50 + 50 ) /2 = 60 cm
By Herons formula,

∴ Area of triangular piece = √( 60 x 40 x 10 x 10 )

⇒ Area = √( 240,000)
⇒ Area = 489.89 com 2
∴ The area of each color = 5 x 489.89 = 2,449 .48 cm 2

The Area of circle is the number of square units inside that circle. If each square in
the circle to the left has an area of 1 cm 2 , you could count the total number of
squares to get the area of this circle. Thus, if there were a total of 17 squares, the
area of this circle would be 17 cm 2 However, it is easier to use one of the following
formulas:

The region inside the circle is called its area. The formula to find the area is
Area = π x r 2 ; where the value of π is taken as either 3.14 or 22 / 7.
The unit of area is m 2 or cm 2 .
Some solved examples
1) Find the area of a circle of radius 4.2 cm.
Solution : Area of circle = π x r 2
Area = 3.14 x (4.2) 2
= 55.44 cm 2
_________________________________________________________________
2) A copper wire, when bent in the form of a square, encloses an area of 484 cm 2 .
If the same wire is bent in the form of a circle, find the area enclosed by it.
Solution : Area of square = 484 cm 2
⇒ (side ) 2 = 22 2
⇒ Side = 22 cm
So, the perimeter of square = 4 x side = 4 x 22 = 88 cm
Circumference of a circle = Perimeter of square
⇒ 2 x π x r = 88
⇒ 2 x 3.14 x r = 88
⇒ r = 14 cm
Area of circle = π x r 2 = 3.14 x 14 2
Area = 616 cm 2
_________________________________________________________________
3) PQRS is a diameter of a circle of radius 6 cm. The lengths PQ,QR and RS are
equal. Semicircles are drawn on PQ and QS as diameters.Find the area of the
shaded region.

Solution : PS = 12 cm
As PQ = QR =RS
∴ PQ =QR =RS = 1/3 x PS = 1/3 x 12 = 4 cm.
QS = 2 PQ
QS = 2 x 4 = 8 cm
∴ Area of shaded region = Area of semicircle with PS as diameter + Area of
semicircle with PQ as diameter – Area of semicircle with QS as diameter.
= ½ [ 3.14 x 6 2 + 3.14 x 2 2 - 3.14 x 4 2 ]
= ½ [ 3.14 x 36 + 3.14 x 4 – 3.14 x 16 ]
= ½ [ 3.14 ( 36 + 4 – 16)]
= ½ ( 3.14 x 24 ) = ½ x 75.36
∴ Area of shaded region = 37.68 cm 2

The perimeter of a circle is called the circumference of circle.

The circumference is denoted by C .
The circumference is measured in either m(meter), cm(centimeter) km(kilometer)
etc.
The length of the thread that winds around the circle exactly once, gives the
circumference of the circle.

Relation between Diameter and Circumference

The formula for circumference is given below:
C = 2Πr
But we know that,
Diameter = D = 2r
So, C = ΠD.

Note : The number Π is not a rational number, but its value upto two decimal
places coincides with 22/7. So we take Π = 22/7 = 3.14.
Examples :

1) Find the circumference of a circle of radius 14 cm.

Solution :
C = 2Πr
r= 14 cm.
C = 2 x 3.14 x 14
C= 87.92 C= 88 cm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) The diameter of a wheel of a cycle is 70 cm. If moves slowly along the road. How
far will it go in 24 complete revolutions?
Solution :
The wheel of the cycle is in the shape of circle, so one revolution of circle is equal to
its circumference.
Diameter of the wheel = D = 70 cm.
∴ Circumference of the wheel = C = Π D
C = 3.14 x 70
C= 219.80 = 220 cm
∴ Distance covered by the cycle in 24 revolutions = 220 x 24 = 5520 cm
= 52.80 m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
3) The ratio of the radii of two circles id 2:5. What is the ratio of their
circumferences?
Solution :
The ratio of radii = 2: 5
Let the ratio be r so the radii of two circles be 2r and 5r.
C = 2Π r
So circumference of two circles are c1 and c2 respectively.
C1 = 2Πr and C2 = 2Πr
C1 = 2 Π(2r) and C2 =2Π(5r)
C1 = 4Πr and C2 = 10 Π r
∴ C1/C2 = (4Πr)/(10Πr)
⇒ C1 : C2 = 2 :5

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