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2019 ARDC India
Red Track, Session 6
Fatigue of Welds
Vijesh Kapoor – Application Engineer
HBM Prenscia
PRESENTATION SLIDES
The following presentation was delivered at the:
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Motivation
Approaches for Fatigue Life of Welds
Structural Stress Weld Techniques in nCode DesignLife
Spot Weld
Seam Welds with Shell Elements
Seam Welds with Solid Elements
Whole Life
Summary
Questions
2751 Liberty Ships were built between 1941 – 1945
First mass production of ships with welded hulls
Low temperatures of the North Atlantic result in embrittlement of the steel
The hulls broke without any warning
Crack initiation and propagation in 400 ships; catastrophic failure in 145
Fusion zone
Weld toe
Parent metal Heat affected zone
Crack Local Notch
Growth Stress
Structural WholeLife
Stress
Shell Seam welds
Structural stresses from stresses, displacements or
nodal forces and moments along weld toe
Solid Seam welds
Through thickness integration (TTI) of actual FE
stresses to obtain linearized stresses
linearized
peak
T
Based on LBF method (SAE 950711).
Spot welds modelled by stiff beam elements (e.g., NASTRAN CBAR).
Supports CWELD, ACM formulations using solid elements.
Cross‐sectional forces and moments are used to calculate structural stress around the
edge of the weld spot.
Life calculations are made around spot weld using linear damage summation and
reporting worst case.
Python for advanced customization.
Spotweld “Nugget”
ACM Method
Spot weld fatigue analysis is based closely upon the work of Rupp, Störzel and Grubisic*
Originally, each spot weld was represented by a CBAR element in NASTRAN, joining two
sheets of shell elements
The forces transmitted through these elements are used to calculate the structural
stresses in the weld nugget and in the adjoining sheet metal
These stresses can then be used to make fatigue life predictions on the spot weld using
an SN method
The method has also been adapted to allow the use of different FE analysis codes and
mesh joining techniques (e.g., beam, ACM)
Beam Element
My
My
Fy
My
Fy
Fy Fz
Fx
Fz
Fx Mx
Fx Mx Sheet 1
Mx
Nugget
Sheet 2
*Rupp, A., Störzel, K. and Grubisic, V. (1995) “Computer Aided Dimensioning of Spot‐Welded Automotive Structures”. SAE Technical Paper 950711.
Structural stresses and damage are calculated at three locations on the spot
weld
Cross sectional forces and moments are calculated at three locations
The structural stresses calculated from the forces and moments vary as a
function of angle for shear and bending loads
Fz
Nugget node Sheet 1 node Mx My
Sheet 1
Fx Fy
Fz
Mating surface
Mx My
Nugget
Fx Fy
Fz
Sheet 2 node Mx My
Sheet 2
Fx Fy
Fz My
Fy
L1 Fx
t
Mx
Fz,t
My,t
Mx,t
Fx,t
Fy,t
,t
Spot Weld Analysis engine
Input: global forces and moments
Material models: spot weld SN
Weld geometry usually has
Large stress concentrations factors
Existing crack initiation sites
S
Defects such as slag inclusions
High tensile residual stresses
Non‐uniform material distribution
Deposited weld metal
Life (cycles)
Heat‐affected zone in parent metal
Fatigue properties of welds are much lower than those of the parent metal
Parent metal strength not reflected in the weld fatigue strength
Weld fatigue behavior is primarily crack growth
Vijesh Kapoor, HBM Prenscia Red Track Session 6 Slide Number: 13
Structural Stress Approach for Welds
It is very difficult to calculate the stress in the weld.
The structural stress approach calculates the stress near the weld, excluding the
effects of the stress concentration and is used in many structural analysis
techniques
Used in many structural analysis guidelines:
BS7608
Eurocode 3
ASME Pressure Vessel Code (VIII Division 2)
Volvo/Chalmers/nCode method The structural stress is the stress at the
weld toe, excluding the effect of the stress
concentration.
FE modelling guidelines
Weld classification
SN curve definition
Stress recovery methods
Damage parameter definition
Multiaxial Loadings
Failure modes
Mean stress effect
Size/thickness effect
Bending ratio
Material
Combine
Properties
Wöhler circa 1850
Geometry Damage Fatigue
(FEA) Analysis Life
Load
History
Load life curves from physical fatigue tests
Finite element models of test specimens
Structural stresses calculated from FE models
With appropriate corrections load life curves collapse to
single structural stress life scatter band
The resulting structural stress curve represents the
typical behavior of the welds in the specimens tested
Bending vs. axial loading influences the
stress concentration on welds and Bending
hence requires unique SN curves
Bending (bending ratio = 1)
Membrane (bending ratio = 0) Membrane
Failure criterion: visible crack
Service loading will be some mix of
bending and axial loading
The bending ratio, r, can be determined
by evaluating the difference between
top and bottom surface stresses
The average bending ratio is used to
find the correct SN curve
This method is based upon work originally proposed by
Volvo Car Corporation and Chalmers University of
Technology, and developed in cooperation with nCode
Thin‐sheet (< 15 mm)
Sheets and welds are modeled predominantly with 4‐node
shells
Sheets are described by mid‐surfaces
The damage parameter is based on the stress at the
elements connecting to the weld
FE models must represent the structure
Its size and shape
Its load path
Local details (e.g., weld start/stop)
top
b top-bot)
n top+bot)
bot
Membrane and bending stresses • Nodal forces and
normal to weld are calculated for moments are collected at
weld toe and weld root elements weld toe nodes and
shared in proportion to
element edge length
Line forces and moments
are averaged to mid point
of edge and translated to
local co‐ordinate system
• Forces and moments are
converted into stress
normal to weld toe for
both surfaces of the shell
Linearize the stress profile through the thickness of the plate
Eliminates the impact of the stress riser at the weld toe and provides a
structural stress, and bending ratio
top
HEX8, 3150 elements TET10, 137000 elements
HEX20, 294000 elements TET10, 425000 elements
Course HEX8 Course TET10
11.8 MPa 17.6 MPa
Fine HEX20 Fine TET10
25.2 MPa 25.8 MPa
Course HEX8 Course TET10
9.7 MPa 10.8 MPa
Fine HEX20 Fine TET10
10.5 MPa 10.5 MPa
ASME Boiler & Pressure
m =
Vessel Code VIII
Division 2
𝑏 =
TCL script available for HyperMesh
Edges and surfaces are graphically selected
to define the weld lines plus the direction
and number of normal vectors
Use specified number of locations for
weld life calculations
Locations are independent of FE mesh
Fatigue of welds is important because they are the likely failure
locations
Structural stresses are a mesh insensitive damage parameter for
weld fatigue
Industry standard structural stress calculation
Weld definition based on geometry, not FE model
User controlled failure locations
Throat calculations
Through thickness integration can be used to calculate structural
stresses in solid element meshes
Solid Seamweld configuration file can be generated inside of FE
solver
A new Unified Theory of fatigue developed with Prof. G. Glinka, University of
Waterloo, Canada
Progressive crack growth is a sequence of successive initiation failures
High stress at the crack‐tip causes slip planes and progressive weakening of
the grain
Stress intensity increases as the crack grows so failure of each grain occurs
more quickly
Effective radius of crack tip 𝜌∗ grain size
*
*
Vijesh Kapoor, HBM Prenscia Red Track Session 6 Slide Number: 38
WholeLife in an evolving world
Vehicle light‐weighting
Use of Aluminium
Jointing dissimilar materials
Rivets, SPR’s, adhesive, hybrid joints,
spot weld, seam weld, etc.
Thick welds
Crack initiation the steady propagation
Crack arrest – propagation into low‐stressed regions
Aerospace
Improved accuracy
Newer technology
Geometry and loading are combined to create a bending and membrane
structural stress history
These are combined with a Kt profiles to create uncracked stress profile histories
for bending and membrane
Geometry
Residual Fatigue
Results
stresses analysis
Loading
Material
properties
Crack growth rate ⁄ is a function of the
Spannungsintensität
Kmax
‘crack‐tip driving force’ Δ𝜅
𝑑𝑎 Kmin Knxt
𝐶∆𝜅
𝑑𝑁 Zeit
Δ𝜅 is a function of the ‘stress intensity’ and
𝑑𝑎
R ratio (after Walker) 𝐶 ∆𝜅
𝑑𝑁
Δ𝜅 𝐾 𝐾 𝐾
𝐾 is a function of stress 𝜎, geometry 𝑌,
crack length 𝑎, and the residual stress field
at the tip of the crack 𝐾
𝐾 𝜎𝐶 𝑌 𝜋𝑎 𝐾
𝐶 is the ‘small crack correction’
∗
𝐶 1
Crack growth rate ⁄ is a function of the
Spannungsintensität
Kmax
‘crack‐tip driving force’ Δ𝜅
𝑑𝑎 Kmin Knxt
𝐶∆𝜅
𝑑𝑁 Zeit
Circular notch in
Δ𝜅 is a function of the ‘stress intensity’ and compression
Crack closure model: 𝑑𝑎
R ratio (after Walker) 𝐶 ∆𝜅
𝑑𝑁
Δ𝜅 𝐾 𝐾 𝜎 𝐾 𝑖𝑓 𝜎 0
𝜎
𝐾𝜎 𝑖𝑓 𝜎 0
𝐾 is a function of stress 𝜎, geometry 𝑌,
where 𝐾 is the notch correction,
crack length 𝑎, and the residual stress field
typically of the range
at the tip of the crack 𝐾
2 𝐾 3
𝐾 𝜎𝐶 𝑌 𝜋𝑎 𝐾
𝐶 is the ‘small crack correction’
∗
𝐶 1
Required material properties include:
Crack growth curves at multiple R‐ratios
K vs da/dN
Fracture toughness, K1c
Cyclic stress strain curve
Through‐thickness stress profile
Membranspannung
Biegespannung
Residual stress profile
• Welded specimen
• Machined specimen
• Same geometry
• Same parent material
• Loading in bending &
shear
www.fatigue.org/projects/total‐life‐project
Constant amplitude
24kN, R = 0.3
24kN, R = 0.1
18kN, R = 0.1
10.8 kN, R = ‐1
Block load
24kN,
variable‐amplitude,
block‐load
Random
24kN,
variable amplitude,
time history file
1,000,000
WholeLife Life (cycles)
machined tests
welded tests
exact
+2 non‐conservative
‐2 conservative
100,000
10,000
10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
Test Life (cycles)
40
30
20
10
0
‐40 ‐20 0 20 40
WholeLife represents a unified approach to fatigue.
From crack initiation to final failure.
First release specifically targeting welded joints.
Outstanding accuracy over current methods.
Particularly well suited to lightweight structures and thick welds.
New DesignLife option for welds.
This method has been correlated to SAE test cases.
Correlation between SAE and WholeLife deliver good results.
• It is provided as a WholeLife glyph in the Fatigue palette.
Thank you for your attention.
Do you have any questions?
Vijesh Kapoor
HBM Prenscia
www.hbmprenscia.com
Tel: +49 (0)89 960 5372 223
vijesh.kapoor@hbmprenscia.com