CHAPTER - 1

INDRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL

Cement concrete tiles and paving blocks are pre-cast solid products made out
of cement concrete. The product is made in various sizes and shapes viz.
rectangular, square and round blocks of different dimensions with designs for
interlocking of adjacent tiles or blocks. The raw materials required for
manufacture of the product are Portland cement and aggregates which are
available locally in every part of the country.

Paver blocks

Concrete blocks are mass manufactured to standard sizes. This makes them
interchangeable. Typical concrete paver blocks have one smooth face and one
rough, although some paving blocks so come with reversible surfaces (Can be
used both sides). The performance characteristics of concrete paving blocks make
it suitable for the heaviest duty applications, able to support substantial loads and
resist shearing and breaking forces.

Generally, two types of paver blocks are used in pavement laying

1.Concrete paving blocks.
2.Clay paving blocks.

1.2 HISTRORY OF PAVER BLOCKS

The concept of using interlocking paver block is very old. The first time
road using paver block was constructed in500B.C. by Minoans. About 2000 years
ago, with the help of labor and military group the first time roman constructed
pavement roads. Since, this process is continued and culture is fallowed for
constructing pavement roads.

Concrete paving blocks were first manufactured in the Netherlands in 1924.

It was probably world war II that led to the growth of concrete blocks as paving
material. Concrete block pavement (CBP) was introduced in the Netherlands in
the yearly 1950s as a replacement for backed clay brick roads. The general
worldwide trend towards beautification of city pavements, the rising cost of
bitumen’s as a paving material and the rapid increase in construction and
1
maintenance cost have encouraged designers to alternate paving material such as
concrete blocks. The strength, durability and aesthetically pleasing surface of
pavers have made CBP ideal for many commercial, municipal and industrial
applications.

In 1960 German developed high efficiency machinery tools for the

construction of interlocking paver block. Manufacturing technology quickly
followed by countries like South Africa New Zealand, Australia, Europe and
England in the 1970’s.

At present Germany is the leading country in the production interlocking

paver block i.e. near about 100 million square meters. In 1970’s century
interlocking paver block technology followed by Canada and Spread to the
United Sates. In 1994, North American gives output of 160 million square feet
interlocking paver block.

For the past 50 year’s significant research activities for the development and
refinement of CBP technique have been going on many countries like India,
Argentina, Australia, Canada, France, The Netherland, UK and USA.

In interlocking concrete block pavement, the blocks make up the wearing

surface and they are the major load spreading components of the pavement.
Paving block is intended for us as the wearing surface on clay paving system. As
such they are subjected to pedestrian and light or heavy vehicular traffic.

Paving block is produced from the concrete mixture of cement, Aggregate,

water and sand. Sometimes use the additives such as super plasticizer.

1.3 SUSTAINABLE PAVER BLOCKS

Paver blocks with recycled or demolished materials is called as sustainable

paver blocks. These blocks are same properties when comparing to other
conventional pavement blocks. Weight and strength of paver blocks may increase
or decrease due to the changing of raw materials. Here lathe waste materials and
saw dust were replaced instead of replacing fine and coarse aggregates.

2
Properties of Paver blocks

 50mm Thick - Public gardens, Parks, Domestic drives and paths.

 60mm Thick - Pedestrian plazas, Ramps and Car parking in shopping
complexes.
 80mm Thick - Markets and low volume roads.
 100mm Thick - Factory floors, Bus terminals.
 120mm Thick – Airports and bulk cargo handling areas.

Advantages of Paver blocks

 Very economical when comparing to other pavement methods.

 Minimum repairing work will be enough.
 Good looking.
 Proper drainage can be maintained.
 Damage of pavement due to wear and temperature will be reduced.
 Laying of paver blocks can be easily taken.
 Duration to construct the pavement is reduced due to pre-casting the paver
blocks.

Advantages of Sustainable Paver blocks

 Pollution level will reduce due to reducing lathe wastages and saw dust in
lathe laboratories and saw mill and other timber industries respectively.
 Compressive strength of paver block will be increased.
 Self-weight of concrete paver block is reduced while using saw dust.
 Cost of the paver block is reduced due to reducing of raw materials.
 Reducing of Utilization of sand due to replacing sand by lathe dust and saw
dust.

3
 CHAPTER – 2
OBJECTIVE OF INVESTIGATION

2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES

Common objective of concrete block pavement is to give the good looking

of pavement and durability of pavement when comparing to other conventional
methods of pavement construction. Main objective of concrete paver block
pavement is to increase the strength of pavement in economical way.

2.2 OBJECTIVES OF OUR PROJECT

 Ultimate scope of our project is to increase the compressive strength of

paver blocks with reducing the normal conventional raw materials.
 Here Paver block is manufactured by using design mix M35 and makes the
paver block more durable and effective.
 Partial replacement of sand is performed by lathe and saw dusts in given
percentage of 20%.
 12.5 mm Coarse aggregate is used by which it becomes cheaper and to
increase the compressive strength of paver blocks.
 Study of compressive strength of paver blocks in 7days, 14 days, 28 days
respectively.

4
 CHAPTER - 3
LITRATURE REVIEW

3.1 GENERAL

In this chapter literatures of various strength tests on concrete paver block

is reviewed, from that information furtherly we improved our project as
sustainable and economical one.

3.2 PREVIOUS LITERATUIRES

INFLUENCES OF POLYSTER FIBER ON CONCRETE PAVER

BLOCKS (G.Navya , J.Venkateshwara rao)(Jul-Aug 2014).[11]

In this experimental investigation the compressive strength, water

absorption and flexural strength of paver blocks were determined by adding
Polyester fibers in the top 20mm thickness. Polyester fibers were added in
proportions of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% in volume of concrete. The
compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption were determined at
the end of 7 and 28 days. Test results indicate that addition of polyester fiber by
0.4% paver block attains maximum compressive, flexural strengths and minimum
water absorption at 7 and 28 days. In this investigation at 0.4% of polyester fiber
content effect of top layer thickness on compressive strength and flexural strength
is also determined. Results show that inclusion of fibers even up to 50% of top
layer thickness compressive and flexural strengths are increasing. The paper also
shows the cost comparison per each block.

PROPERTIES OF PAVERBLOCKS USING FLY ASH (Ritesh

Mall, Sharda Sharma, Prof.R.D.Patel)(2014).[10]

In this thesis We have design paver block by using Cement Concrete

mixture of Design Mix M35 which is made of 10mm Coarse Aggregate, OPC 43
Grade Cement and Fine Aggregate and paver block is of dimension 200 x 160 x
80 mm. In this process use the partial replacement of Cement with Fly Ash in
percentage of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% respectively and also,
added Gypsum constantly 2% by weight of cement in total mixture of Cement

5
 Concrete. Superplasticizer is used as an admixture which is added 2% by weight
of cement constantly in the production of concrete mixture.

The function of this admixture is to reduce the water cement ratio. The Paver
Block curing process is done for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days respectively to find
its compressive strength. The main objective of this thesis is to use waste products
like fly ash for the production of Paver Block which will useful in construction.

In these days the use of concrete Paver Block in road pavement is widely
used. Such a time concrete Paver Block is better option in road construction as
compared to the conventional road which is made by bitumen and gravel in a cost
view of point and better suitability. India is a developing country so here the
construction of roadway and building plays an important role. Now days most of
the work related with building or roadway is done by cement concrete design mix.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PROPERTIES OF

CONCRETE PAVER BLOCK WITH THE INCLUSION OF
NATURAL FIBERS (G.Navya , J.Venkateshwara rao)(2014).[4]

In this experimental investigation the compressive strength, water

absorption and flexural strength of paver blocks were determined by adding
Coconut fibers in the top 20mm thickness. Coconut fibers were added in
proportions of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% in volume of concrete. The
compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption were determined at
the end of 7 and 28 days. Test results indicate that addition of coconut fiber by
0.3% paver block attains maximum compressive strength. Test results indicate
that addition of coconut fiber gradually increases flexural strengths and water
absorption at 7 and 28 days. In this investigation at 0.3% of coconut fiber content
effect of top layer thickness on compressive strength and flexural strength is also
determined. Results show that inclusion of fibers even up to 50% of top layer
thickness compressive and flexural strengths are increasing. The paper also shows
the cost comparison per each block.

A. K. Gupta.et.al., (2004). [32] They described uses of pervious use concrete

in construction of pavement for improving their performance and they finally
developed a strong and durable pervious concrete mixes for low-volume roads.
The effects of two types of fine aggregates i.e. crushed stone and river sand, on
various properties of pervious concrete was studied. The fine aggregate to coarse
aggregate ratio was as 1:5.720, compared to conventional pervious cement
concrete mixes. Cement content were varied from 300 kg/m3 to 340 kg/m3 with

6
an increment of 10 kg/m3. In total 10 different pervious concrete mixes was
prepared considering each level of cement content and each type of fine aggregate.
In addition, steel fibers were used to increase the strength parameter. The effect
of such variation on the properties of pervious concrete mixes was studied.

Erdem Damci.et.al., (2008). [18] They characterized the fly ash and its
effects on the compressive strength, properties of Portland cement. They finally
indicated that fly ash samples in the ratio of 15% in clinker markedly increases
the compressive strength value (61.1 N/mm2) at 90 days and decreasing the
particle size of fly ash in blended Portland cement causes an increase in
compressive strength. This means that fineness is a more effective parameter than
chemical composition in improving the strength development of fly ash mortars
and it is suggested that fine fly ash can be used to obtain higher compressive
strength values.

O.Kayali (2008) [16] studied about Fly ash lightweight aggregates in

high performance concrete and obtained that concrete produced using fly ash
aggregates is around 22% lighter and at the same time 20% stronger than
normal weight aggregate concrete. Drying shrinkage is around 33% less than that
of normal weight concrete. Moreover, the aggregates possess high durability
characteristics that are required for high performance in structures. There are
numerous research and journals which clearly explains behavior of fly ash and its
properties in concrete that can help and guide many research areas like addition
of fly ash to improve soil fertility and crop yield production which requires proper
basic knowledge of fly ash.

Rafat Siddique, (2003) [22] studied the behavior of fly ash by

replacing sand and obtained result which says that compressive strength,
splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity of fine
aggregate (sand) replaced fly ash concrete specimens were higher than the plain
concrete (control mix) specimens at all the ages.

Charles Berrymana .et.al., (2005) [6] studied fly ash replacement

for cement in reinforced concrete pipe with the water reducing admixtures and
the results revealed that the maximum 7 days compressive strength was observed
for the replacement of 35% Class C and 25% Class F fly ash. An increase of 15
% in durability and strength tests is observed in the concrete mixes containing
65% replacement of cement by Class C fly ash.

7
 Niyazi Ugur Kockal .et.al.,(2011) [15] reveals the utilization of
fly ash by replacing coarse aggregates with fly ash and concluded that
durable high-strength air-entrained lightweight concretes could be produced
using sintered or cold-bonded lightweight fly ash aggregates having
comparable performance with the normal weight concretes. Fly ash aggregate
lightweight concretes and the normal weight concrete, being air entrained,
were all highly resistant to freeze and thaw cycles, with a minimum durability
factor.

3.3 LITERATURE SUMMARY

 Compressive and Flexural strength of concrete paver block is

increasing when increasing the proportion of Polyester fibers.
 Compressive strength of concrete paver block is increased when
adding 50% of polyester fiber in thickness of top layer of block.
 Compressive strength of concrete is increased when partially adding
Fly ash with cement.
 When adding coconut fiber compressive and Flexural strength of
concrete is increased.
 0.3% of coconut fiber in thickness of top layer gives high strength to
the concrete paver block.
 15% of fly ash in clinker increase the compressive strength
61.1N/mm² in 90 days curing.
 Fly ash light weight aggregate increase the strength of concrete
paver block and also it decreases the self-weight of paver blocks.
 Strength is 20% increased and self-weight is 22% reduced and
shrinkage is 33% reduced when adding fly ash light weight
aggregates.

8
 CHAPTER - 4
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

4.1 MATERIALS

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of Grade 43, Fine aggregate, Coarse

aggregate, Water, Lathe scraps, Lathe dust and Saw dust are the primary raw
materials used in concrete paver block.

4.2 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC)

Grade of cement is taken as per paver block thickness (Here 43Grade for
80mm thick of Paver block). 43Grade cement is taken and qualities are checked
in ARN Concrete plant as per the recruitment.

Table: 4.1 Test on OPC

Sl.No Test Result

1 Fineness test 225 m²/kg
2 Initial setting time 28 min
3 Final setting time 11.5 hours
4 Compressive strength for 3days 24.5N/mm²
5 Compressive strength for 7days 35N/mm²
6 Compressive strength for 28 46N/mm²
days

9
 Figure 4.1 OPC

4.3 FINE AGGREGATE (FA)

River sand is used as fine aggregate. Here we are used zone II fine aggregate
in seismic zone level. Size of an aggregate is 4.75mm which is retained on 150µ.

Table: 4.2 Test on Fine aggregate

Sl.No Test Result

1 Size 4.75mm
2 Specific gravity 2.56
3 Water absorption 1% of weight

Figure 4.2 Fine aggregate

10
4.4 COARSE AGGREGATE

The aggregate consists of natural occurring crushed, uncrushed stones,

gravel and sand. It should be strong, clear, hard, durable, dense, and free from
adherent coating and free from disintegrate pieces, alkali, and other deleterious
substances as far as possible. In this investigation the locally available aggregates
from crusher 12.5mm sieve passing and 4.75mm sieve retained is used. It should
be angular in shape.

Table: 4.3 Physical properties of Coarse aggregate

Sl.No Properties value

1 Specific gravity 2.6

2 Water absorption 1%

Figure 4.3 Coarse aggregate

11
4.5 SAW DUST

Waste pieces of timber and other plywood industries which is available in

dust or powder form. Saw dust is 20% replaced instead of fine aggregate.

Table: 4.4 Physical Properties of Saw dust

Sl.No Test Result

1 Specific gravity 2.14

2 Optimum moisture content 19.80

Figure 4.4 Saw dust

4.6 LATHE WASTAGES

Iron or steel wastages available in lathe or other steel industries. Generally

steel waste is available in two forms dust form and scrap form. Mild steel material
is commonly used in lathe industries.

12
4.6.1 LATHE SCRAPS

Lathe scraps are the waste material available in lathe laboratories which is
available in fiber form. 20% of Lathe scrap is added to the paver blocks instead
of Coarse aggregate.

Table: 4.5. Physical Properties of Mild steel

Material Available form

Lathe scraps Fiber or springs

Lathe dust Powder or dust

Table: 4.6 Chemical composition for mildsteel

Carbon 0.16-0.18%

Silicon(Max) 0.40%

Manganese 0.70-0.90%

Sulphur 0.04%

Phosphorus(P) 0.04%

13
 Figure 4.5 Lathe scraps

4.6.2 LATHE DUST

Mild steel wastes available in lathe industries in the form of dust or powder
form which increases the weight and strength of concrete paver blocks.
Powder form of lathe waste improve the self-weight of paver blocks and it
also increases the compressive strength of cement concrete paver blocks
comparing to other conventional materials.
Lathe dust is replaced instead of fine aggregate to reduce the quantity of fine
aggregate and to increase the strength of concrete pavement blocks.
Lathe dust occupied 20% volume of fine aggregate in pavement concrete
blocks.

Figure 4.6 Lathe dust

14
 CHAPTER – 5

MIX DEXIGN

5.1 GENERAL

Mix design is the process of selecting suitable ingredient of concrete and

determines their relative proportions with the object of certain minimum strength
and durability as economically a possible.

The objective of concrete mix design as follows.

1. Ultimate objective is to achieve the stipulated minimum strength.

2. Second objective is to make the concrete in the most economical manner.
Cost of concrete depends primarily on two factors, namely cost of materials
and cost of labor. Labor cost is due to formworks, batching, mixing.

Therefore, attention is mainly directed to the cost material. Since the cost of
cement is many times more than the cost of their ingredients, optimum usage of
cement is sought for by designing the mix.

5.2 MIX DESIGN

Mix design is the process of calculating quantity of raw materials used in
concrete paver blocks. Weight of Cement, Fine aggregate, Coarse aggregate,
Lathe dust, Lathe scraps, saw dust and volume of water is calculated.

5.3 MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE

Nominal mix is taken as per the thickness of paver block to be cast.
1 : 1.62 : 2.96 is taken for 80mm thick paver blocks. We completed this project
with Nominal mix for 80mm paver blocks as per the proportions taken by ARN
Concrete plant.

For M35 grade = 1 : 1.62 : 2.96

5.58x = 0.0024 cu-m. (volume of 1mould=0.0024m³)
x = 0.0043 * 1440 (Density of cement in kg/m³)
15
 x = 0.6 kg.
For 1 mould of paver block

Weight of cement = 0.6kg.

Fine aggregate =0.0043 x 226 (Density of sand in kg/m³)
Weight of FA = 0.972kg.
=0.972 x 0.08
=0.777kg
Coarse aggregate =0.0043 x 413 (Density of chips in kg/m³)
Weight of CA = 1.776kg.
=1.77 x 0.08
=1.42kg
Lathe scraps =0.02 x 1.776 (20% in chips)
=0.355kg.
Lathe dust =0.02 x 0.972 (20% in sand)
=0.190kg.
Saw dust =0.02 x 0.972 (20% in fine aggregate)
=0.194kg.

Water cement ratio =0.45

Water/0.6 =0.45
Water =0.27 kg (0.27 lit)

Weight of Raw materials for one mould of paver block is given in following table.

16
Table 5.1 Quantity of material

MATERIALS WEIGHT(in kg)

Cement 0.6

Sand 0.972

Chips 1.776

Lathe scraps 0.0355

Lathe dust 0.019

Saw dust 0.019

Water 0.27

5.4 MIX PROPORTION

Proportions of raw material is given in following table which will decide the
grade and compressive strength of cement concrete pavement blocks.
Water content and cement proportions are same in all types of concrete
blocks.
Coarse and fine aggregates are replaced by lathe scraps, lathe and saw dusts
respectively which leads to improve the strength of paver blocks.

17
 Table.5.2 Proportions of raw material

Type of Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse

block (in (in kg) (in kgs) aggregate
ml) (in kgs)
As Sand Lathe Saw Chips Lathe
per dust dust scraps
w/c
ratio
Conventional 0.27 0.6 0.972 - - 1.776 -
blocks
Paver block 0.27 0.6 0.972 - - 1.42 0.355
with 20%
Lathe scrap
replaced
instead of
chips
Paver block 0.27 0.6 0.777 0.190 - 1.776 -
with 20%
Lathe dust
replaced
instead of
sand
Paver block 0.27 0.6 0.777 - 0.190 1.776 -
with 20%
Saw dust
replaced
instead of
sand

18
 CHAPTER - 6
EXPERIMENTAL WORK

6.1 GENERAL

This chapter contains mixing of raw materials, preparation of concrete,

Moulding, Demoulding, Curing and testing of cement concrete paver block.

6.2 TESTS SPECIMENS

In this chapter the process of making paver block as per the specifications
provided by Indian Standards and Indian Road Congress is detailed.

6.2.1 MIXING OF RAW MATEREIALS

Raw materials were collected and mixed with proper proportions. We have
taken hand mixing method for low volume concrete preparation. First coarse
aggregate of 12.5mm size is collected and tests are conducted which is suitable
for concrete. Then sand of size 150microns to 4.75mm were selected for concrete
preparation. 43 grade of cement is taken for concrete paver block of thickness
80mm. Lathe scrap and lathe dust is collected in lathe laboratories and steel
industries which has suitable properties. Saw dust is collected in powder form
which is already available in timber and other saw mills.

6.2.2 CONCRETE PREPARATION

Paver block concrete contains cement, fine aggregate, and quarry dust in
the top layer of paver block only a mixture of cement, semi grit, dolomite powder
and pigment is used. Concrete for pavement block is designed with nominal mix
provided by IRC specifications. Nominal mix for M35 grade of concrete
pavement block will be taken as per the specifications used in ARN Concrete
Plant, Trichy.

Initially coarse and fine aggregate is mixed thoroughly as per the nominal
mix proportion calculated previously Then Lathe scrap is added with the mixture
of sand and chips or quarry dust, Cement is added with the mixture as per the
19
specifications provided by IRC. Then water is added to the mixture then mixed
by hand mixing method because of low volume of concrete.

The same method used in first type of preparation is repeated when

replacing lathe dust instead of sand. 20% of sand is replaced by lathe dust which
will improve the strength and weight of concrete paver blocks. Lathe dust is added
in powder form which is available in lathe laboratories and steel or iron industries.
Lathe dust is the waste of mild steel specimen in lathe or steel industries which is
the expelled portion of work piece.
Again same process is repeated when replacing saw dust instead of sand
which reduces the self-weight of concrete paver blocks. It is not only reducing
weight of concrete paver blocks but also reducing compressive strength of paver
blocks. After adding saw dust same process is taken for concrete preparation.

Figure 6.1 Mixing of Concrete

6.2.3 MOULDING AND DEMOULDING

After completing preparation process concrete is placed in rubber moulds

which is very useful in moulding and demoulding process. Prepared fresh
concrete is poured in rubber moulds and then the concrete is allowed into
compaction process which is done by mechanical vibrators, after vibrating the
concrete the compacted concrete is allowed to setting process. While concrete is
vibrated the initial setting time of concrete is started then the concrete is allowed
till it set into hard condition. The process of pouring concrete into the rubber
moulds is called as moulding or casting of the concrete paver blocks.
20
 After starting the final setting time of the concrete the concrete blocks are
ready to demoluding. The process of removing hard concrete from the rubber
moulds is called as demoulding of concrete paver blocks. Generally, after 24
hours demoulding done by manually.

Fig.6.2. Moulding of concrete paver blocks

Fig.6.3. Rubber Mould

21
6.2.4 CURING

The process of immersing prepared concrete pavement blocks into the water
is called as curing of concrete blocks. Generally, curing is done until the specimen
get tested by compression testing machine. Here prepared concrete block is cured
in 7,14 and 28 days till the concrete specimen gets its strength. Strength of
concrete paver block is directly proportional to the curing of concrete which
means if the curing days is extended the strength of the concrete is also increased.

Fig.6.4. Curing of specimen

6.3 SPECIMEN AND TESTING DETAILS

Concrete specimen is dried before testing its compressive strength.
Individual curing is done by curing tanks for 7, 14 and 28 days of concrete paver
blocks.
 Finally, 18 numbers of concrete paver blocks were prepared for separate
tests for separate types of concrete pavement blocks.
 Each types of block have 6 numbers, 7, 14 and 28 day blocks each has 2
numbers of blocks for its strengths.
 Similarly, other two types of paver block also have same counting of
concrete blocks for compressive strength testing.
 Each day we have tested two pavement blocks in each type of blocks for
its mean compressive strength.

22
  Then each block is tested and mean valve of compressive strength were
calculated.

Fig.6.5. Test specimens

6.4 TESTS ON SPECIMENS

Continues type of loads will be acted on pavements due to continue moving
of vehicles or other living things. So compressive strength of concrete is some
important criteria to withstand the moving loads. So compressive strength of
concrete paver blocks was tested.

6.4.1 COMPRESSION TEST

The compression strength of concrete is one of the most important and
useful properties of concrete. In most structural application concrete is used
primarily to resist compressive stress. The compression strength test was carried
out on the compression testing machine. The compression test on concrete paver
blocks were conducted according to Indian Road Congress (IRC) specification.
 Test specimen has the dimension of 250mm x 120mm x 80mm which is
the standard size of cement concrete paver block based on IRC
specifications.
 Paver block which has the dimensions denoted above are tested using
Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
 Initially paver block is placed on the steel plated compression testing
machine.

23
 Then compressive load is gradually applied on specimen placed on
universal compression testing machine, load is applied in kN.
 After getting ultimate failure load of concrete block compressive strength
of paver block is calculated using load and bearing area of specimen.
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛
 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
Bearing area of specimen

Figure 6.6. Compression Test

24
 CHAPTER - 7
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

7.1 GENERAL

In this chapter we are going to discuss about the compressive strengths of

concrete pavement blocks with their respective ultimate failure load when testing
in universal testing machine, this chapter includes collecting of result, analyzing
of result and comparison of weight and compressive strength of concrete blocks
between prepared and conventional pavement blocks.

Fig.7.1. Failure specimen

7.2 COMPARISON OF WEIGHT OF PAVER BLOCK

Paver block has different weight depending on the quantity of coarse and
fine aggregates used in concrete proportion, type of material replaced and
percentage of material replaced during concrete preparation. Here, we are
replaced standard percentage of fine and coarse aggregate based on optimum
value of proportion of concrete.
 Weight of paver blocks are calculated using normal conventional weighing
machine used in industries in decimal values.
 Material added to the concrete mixture will increase and decrease the
weight of cement concrete paver blocks.
 Here, weight of paver block which has 20% of replaced lathe scrap is
greater than the normal conventional pavement blocks.
 Weight of paver block which has 20% of replaced lathe powder or lathe
dust is greater than normal conventional blocks and it is also greater than
25
 the weight of paver block which has lathe scraps of 20% in coarse
aggregate.
 Saw dust which is replaced 20% instead of fine aggregate will decrease the
weight of concrete paver blocks due to the density and other Engineering
properties of it.

Table.7.1 Weight of specimens

1st specimen 2nd specimen 3rd specimen

Normal 5.4 5.5 5.5
blocks
Using 20% of 5.6 5.65 5.68
lathe scraps
instead of
coarse
aggregate
Using 20% of 5.8 5.9 5.92
lathe dust
instead of fine
aggregate
Using 20% of 5.2 5.25 5.28
saw dust
instead of fine
aggregate

 From the above table conventional cement concrete pavement block

weight is slightly lesser than the paver block which has lathe waste
materials and it also has larger weight than the paver block which
has saw dust instead of fine aggregate.
 Saw dust reduces the weight of cement concrete paver blocks
depending on its proportion and density of type of dust used in paver
blocks.

26
  Paver block which has lathe scraps has more weight comparing to
conventional concrete paver blocks because the density and unit
weight of mild steel is greater than fine and coarse aggregates.

Following stock diagram shows the average increment and decrement of

weight of paver blocks with partially replaced sustainable materials.

Chart.7.1 Weight of specimens

6 5.9 5.92
5.8
5.8 5.6 5.65 5.58
5.6 5.5 5.5 5.5
5.28
5.4 5.2 5.25
5.2
5
4.8
Normal Using 20% Using 20% Using 20%
blocks of lathe of lathe dust of saw dust
scraps instead for instead for
instead for sand sand
chips

From the above stock diagram weight of paver block which has lathe dust
and lathe scrap is greater than the weight of normal conventional blocks and also
it is greater than the weight of block which has saw dust instead of fine
aggregate.

7.3 COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STERENGTH

Compressive strength of cement concrete paver block is calculated using

ultimate compressive load occurring when specimen gets failure and bearing area
of specimen. Generally, load is applied in kN.

27
 Fallowing details are the compressive load on pavement blocks in 7,14 and
28-day compressive strength test.

Table 7.2 Compressive loads on paver blocks

Duration 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

Type of block

Conventional 900 1350 1500

block

Lathe scraps 1300 1950 2170

Lathe dust 1280 1920 2130

Saw dust 800 1200 1330

The above table shows the Compressive load applied on test specimen in
kilo Newton (kN) which will the primary factor to calculate the compression
strength of cement concrete pavement blocks. Fallowing three dimensional cone
diagram represent the load intensity of paver blocks.

Fig 7.2 Compressive strength testing

28
 Chart 7.2 Compressive loads on specimen

2170 2130
2500 1500 1950 1920
2000 1350 1330
1500 1300 1200
900 1280
1000
800
500 28 Days
0 14 Days
7 Days

7 Days
14 Days
28 Days

The three dimensional cone diagram shows the ultimate failure loads of concrete
paver blocks in 7, 14 and 28 days.

 From this diagram the ultimate failure load of normal conventional paver
block is 1500kN which is increased while replacing the fine and coarse
aggregates with sustainable recycled materials.
 The paver block which has 20% of lathe scraps instead for coarse aggregate
can withstand the larger load when comparing to normal blocks.
 Cement concrete paver block with lathe scraps of 20% replaced instead of
coarse aggregate withstand 2170kN of compressive load in 28 days of
curing.
 Compressive load of normal conventional paver block is lesser than the
block which has lathe dust in the amount of 20% instead of fine aggregate
or sand. It can with stand up to 2130kN of load.
 Saw dust replaced block with stand lesser amount of load when comparing
to other convention method of paver block, it can with stand up to 1330kN
of load.
29
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF PAVER BLOCKS

Compressive strength is an important Engineering property in concrete test.

We know concrete is a compression member which does not carry any tensile
forces, so compressive strength plays major role in construction of concrete
structures.
Generally, concrete is denoted as Mx, in this notation M is mix of concrete
and x is the compressive strength of concrete under 28 days of curing.

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛

 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
Bearing area of specimen

1500
 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
0,25 × 0.12

 Compressive strength = 50000 kN/m².

Using this formula compressive strengths of paver blocks were calculated and
tabulated, following table shows the compressive strength of different types of
paver blocks in different days of curing.

30
 Table 7.3 Compressive strength of paver blocks

7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

Conventional blocks 30000 45000 50000
Lathe scraps 43330 65000 72330
Lathe dust 42660 64000 71000
Saw dust 26660 40000 44330
 From the above table the compressive strength of conventional cement
concrete paver block in 28 days curing is 50000kN/m².
 Comparing this strength into other paver blocks which has sustainable
recycled materials give higher strength.
Following stock diagram shows the compressive strengths of various types of
cement concrete pavement blocks.
Chat 7.3 Compressive strength of blocks in 7, 14 and 28-day
curing

44330
Saw dust 40000
26660

71000
Lathe dust 64000
42660

72330
Lathe scraps 65000
43330

50000
Conventional blocks 45000
30000

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

28 Days 14 Days 7 Days

31
 Above stock diagram shows the compressive strengths of cement concrete
pavement blocks in 7, 14 and 28 days of curing. Compressive strengths are marked
in stock diagram which has compressive strength in x-axis and type of paver block
in y-axis.
Paver blocks with lathe dust and lathe scraps gets higher compressive strength
than the other conventional concrete paver blocks. Paver block with 20%
replacement of saw dust instead for fine aggregate get minimum strength than
conventional blocks.
Following stock diagram shows the 28-days compressive strength of cement
concrete pavement blocks.

Chart 7.4 Compressive strength in 28-day curing

80000 72330 71000
70000
60000
50000 44330
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Conventional Lathe scraps Lathe dust Saw dust
block Compressive strength in kN/sq.m

32
 From the above stock diagram compressive strength of normal
conventional cement concrete paver block in 28-day curing is
50000kN/m².
 Compressive strength of paver blocks which has partially replaced lathe
scraps and lathe dust in 28-day curing is 72330kN/m² and 71000kN/m²
respectively.
 Paver block which has 20% replacement of saw dust instead of fine
aggregate gets compressive strength of 44330kN/m².
 Compressive strength of block which has lathe dust and lathe scrap is
greater than the conventional concrete blocks, saw dust contained block
decrease the strength and weight of concrete blocks but it is essential for
pedestrian ways and parking sheds.

33
 CHAPTER – 8
CONCLUSION
 By results of paver block testing the weight of paver block is differed
depending on the material replaced. Conventional concrete block gets
5.5kg of average weight after hardened.
 By replacing 20% of lathe scraps and lathe dust increases the weight of
1.07% and 1.03% respectively.
 Replacing 20% of saw dust instead for fine aggregate decreases the weight
to 0.93%.
 Compressive strength of paver block is 44% and 42% increased when
replacing lathe scraps and lathe dust respectively.
 Compressive strength of saw dust replaced paver block is 12% decreased
when comparing to normal conventional blocks.
 Conventional block with standard material gives the compressive strength
of 50000kN/m². Paver block which has 20% of lathe scrap and lathe dust
instead of coarse and fine aggregate gives compressive strength of
72000kN/m² and 71330kN/m² respectively.
 Paver block which has 20% saw dust instead of fine aggregate gives
44330kN/m². It is failure one but it is very economical and suitable for
pedestrian ways.

34
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