LAB COPY : MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO: ENGR.WALEED SHAH JEHAN

SUBMITTED BY: BUSHRA SIKANDRI

SEMESTER: 7TH

SECTION: A

REGISTERATION NO: 14BNELE0679

 Experiment No:01

To study the various components used in microwave engineering LAB

Wave guide: Wave guide is an electromagnetic feed line used in microwave communication, broadcasting and radar installation. A wave guide
consists of a rectangular or cylindrical metal tube or pipe. The electromagnetic field propagates length wise. Wave guide are most often used with
horn antenna and dish antenna. The original and most common wave guide is a hollow conductive metal pipe used to carry high frequency radio
waves particularly microwaves.

Fig1.1 waveguide

Gun oscillator: Gun oscillator is a discrete semiconductor oscillator that generates a waveform in radio frequency range by exploiting the gun
effect. Frequency adjustment is performed using microwave screw.

Fig1.2 Gun oscillator

Operating voltage=8 to 10V

Wave guide adopter: the wave guide adopter is used a quick and easy may to adopt wave guide components with standard for waveguide types
R100 on UB R100 to the easy. Fix system compatible with UBR100 10GB.

Fig1.3 Circular waveguide adapter

Dimensions = 42×53×35 mm

(H×W×D)

Weight =65g

Waveguide short: The wave guid short is a metal plate of the same size as the wave guide and saves to terminate one end of wave guid with a short
.

Wave guid type =R100

Dimension=41.5×41.5×5mm

(H×W×D)

Weight = 20g

Isolator: the isolator is a non-reciprocal waveguide element and is used for decoupling the oscillation from waves coming back from the wave
guide assembly further down the line .

Fig1.4 Isolator

Insertion=10Db to 1dB

Decoupling =20dBb

Dimension=42×80×87mm

(H×W×D)

Weight = 650g

Slotted line: A slotted line is measuring system consist of a wave guide that has a slot along the horizontal plane and solid carriage with the
vernier measuring scale positioned above it.

Fig 1.5 Slotted lineAntenna gain= 10Db

Frequency range=85 to 9.6 GHz

Wave guide type=R100

Dimension=68.5×80×132.5mm

(H×W×D)

Weight = 20g

Displacement sensor for slotted line: Measure the electric field at particular points.

Fig 1.6 Displacement sensor for slotted line

Transformer with three screws: The primary purpose of three transformer screws is , it is used for impedance matching.

Fig 1.7 Transformer with three screws

Horn Antenna: A horn antenna facilitates the transition of TExx waves emerging from the waveguide into free space.

Fig 1.8 Horn Antenna

 Experiment No.:02

Recording the V-I(voltage current) characteristics of Gun oscillator.

Gun oscillator:

An x-band oscillator with mechanical frequency adjustment is used to generate high frequency electromagnetic waves. Gun oscillator is a discrete
semiconductor oscillator that generate a waveform in radio frequency range by exploiting the gun effect.

Apparatus:

Unitrain Experimenter, Unitrain Interface, Gunn Oscillator, Isolator, Slotted line with Displacement sensor, Adopted Termination.

Fig2.1

Procedure:

1. Set up the experiment as required in accordance with the assembly instructions found in the introductory pages. For this experiment the
microwave wave guide is connected up with the waveguide terminator. Switch off the “Reset signal voltage”. Switch on the X-band
measurement card SO4203-3F.
2. Set the micrometer screw on the Gunn oscillator to a mark of “10”, this should generate a frequency of approximately 9 GHz.
3. Open the microwave control center from the instruments menu. It displays the voltage and the corresponding current of the Gunn diode
under GUNN POWER SUPPLY, and the detected frequency under FREQUENCY [GHz].
4. Open the Gunn diode plotter {diode symbol in the top right corner} and start a measurement by pressing [play] sign. Wait until the
measurement has been completed.
5. Copy the Current-Voltage characteristic of the Gunn diode and paste it into Figure .
6. Mark the range in which microwave energy is emitted.

Fig 2.2 V-I(voltage current) characteristics of Gun oscillator

 Experiment No.3:

Measurement with characteristic impedance termination

Apparatus: Unitrain Experimenter, Unitrain Interface, Gunn Oscillator, Isolator, Slotted line with Displacement sensor, Adopted

Termination.

Fig 3.1:characteristic impedance termination result.

Fig3.2

Objective:The objective of this experiment is to determine the standing wave ratio and power reflection factor in a waveguide.

Theory:Microwave power is generated in gun oscillator which is the form electric field is guided i.e the waveguide toward the slotted measuring
line and finlay consumed in the waveguide transmission. The slotted measuring line permits us to detect the electrical field.

Procedure:

1. Set up the experiment as required in accordance with the assembly instructions found in the introductory pages.
2. From the experiment menu open the control center.
3. Switch on the gun power supply and set the gun diod voltage to approx. 7.5V.
4. set the measurement probe over the clamp screw so that a level of approx. 25mV RMS is displayed and then lighten the calmping screw
until it is secure.The setting should be maintained for all the subsequent experiments .
5. set the microwave frequency to 9 MHz by turning the micrometer screw on the gun oscillator.
6. Open the standing wave diagram at the top right in the menubar.
7. Set the slide carriage on the slotted measuring line to the far left limit by truning the thumb screw to the left.
8. Start the standing wave diagrame measurement by pressing run button and slowly slide the carriage to the right until far right limit is
reached by turning the transport button.
9. Press the dimension button in the standing wave diagrame and set the horizontal cursor line to the maximum and minimum of the
measured curve.
10. Transfer the measurement into the diagram
Note: the experiment can be repeated often using different operation depths for SWR Probe.
 Experiment no:04

Measuring of SWR and reflection co-efficient using three screw transformer.

Apparatus: UniTrain-I Interface, UniTrain-I Experimenter, UniTrain-I card "X-Band Measuring Interface”, Microwave components, tree screw
transformer and accessories.

Fig4.1: Three screw transformer

Objective: The objective of the experiment is the optimization of the transmission response of the waveguide with the assistance of the 3-screw
transformer. Generally a portion of the power is reflected at the end of the transmission line and propagates in the reverse direction at the same
frequency in the waveguide. The wave returning in the reverse direction superposition then on the wave propagating in the forward direction. The
result of this super positioning, standing waves, will be examined in the subsequent measurements.

Procedure:

1. From the instrument menu open the Microwave Control Center.

2. Switch the GUNN POWER SUPPLY on and set the Gunn diode voltage to approx. 7.5V.
3. Set the microwave frequency to 9 GHz by turning the micrometer screw on the Gunn oscillator.
4. Open the standing wave diagram at the top right of the menubar.
5. Set the slide carriage of the slotted measuring line to the far left limit by turning the thumbwheel to the left.
6. Start the standing wave diagram measurement by pressing and slowly slide the carriage to the right until far right limit is reached by
turning the transport knob.
7. Set the slide carriage to one of the maxima on the curve.
8. Try to obtain as low a voltage as possible in the above mention position of the curve by turning the screws of the transformer.
9. Repeat points 5-6
10. Complete the measurement by pressing .
11. Activate the dimensioning button in the symbol bar and set the horizontal cursor line onto the maximum and minimum of the
measured curve.
12. Transfer the measurement into Diagram1.
 Experiment No:05

Measurement of SWR and Reflection co-efficient using Horn antenna

Apparatus: UniTrain-I Interface, UniTrain-I Experimenter, UniTrain-I card "X-Band Measuring Interface”, Microwave components, horn
antenna and accessories.

Objectives:

 To find SWR (Standing Wave Ratio).

 To find power reflection coefficient.

Theory: For open end waveguide the SWR (standing wave ratio) is very high theoretically it is infinite. Now to reduce this SWR we use 3-
screw transformer, which function is to match the impedance of the load to the impedance of the source when impedance of both that is source
and load are matched (𝑍𝐿 ≈𝑍𝑜 )so we will less reflection of waves and hence we have less SWR and also less reflection coefficient. Basically
3-srew transformer has variable screw through which we change the impedance and hence match the load impedance with source impedance.
As we know the reflection coefficient is given by
𝑍𝑙−𝑍𝑜
|┌|= 𝑍𝑙+𝑍𝑜

1+|┌|
SWR= With limit 1≤SWR≥ ∞
1−|┌|

Matched load condition Unmatched load condition

|┌|=0 |┌|≠ 0

SWR=1 SWR= ∞

𝑍𝐿 =𝑍0 𝑍𝐿 =≠ 𝑍0

No reflection Maximum reflection

Now for open end waveguide

𝑍𝐿 =∞

After insertion of 3-screw transformer

|┌|≅ 0

𝑍𝐿 ≅ 𝑍𝑜

 Procedure:
 First of all, we open the microwave control center.
 We switch on the Gun power supply and set the Gun diode voltage to 7.5v.
 Then we the microwave frequency by turning the microwave screw on the Gun oscillator.
 Then open the standing wave diagram at the top right in the new bar.
 Finally, we see the standing wave diagram of SWR=1.15 and power reflection coefficient =0.46%

Fig5.1: Measured value of SWR and power reflection coefficient

 Experiment No: 06

Measurement of SWR and reflection coefficient using horn antenna

Apparatus: UniTrain-I Interface, UniTrain-I Experimenter, UniTrain-I card "X-Band Measuring Interface”, Microwave components, Horn
antenna.

Theory: If we are not using horn antenna then for this case it becomes open circuit and SWR=∞. Horn antenna is used to transmit TE waves from
waveguide to free space.In the case of transverse electric waves, the electric field will be zero in the direction of propagation of waves.Horn
antenna is attached to the waveguide using adapter.

Proceure:
 The circuit will be made as in the previous labs but in this case waveguide will be attached to the adapter to which horn antenna will be
joined.
 Taking the input voltage as 7V in the measurement tab of “locus soft”.
Get the graph by simply moving the displacement sensor attached to the waveguide.

Graph:

Fig-6.1
 Experiment No:07

Measurement of SWR and reflection coefficient of EM waves in waveguide filling with dielectric material

Apparatus:

Unitrain experimenter, unitrain interface, gun oscillator, isolator, slotted line with displacement sensor system, dielectric material.

Objectives:

 To find SWR (Standing Wave Ratio).

 To find power reflection coefficient.
 wavelength

Theory:

Dielectric material are those material through which electric field pass and polarized .foexample pvc,plexiglass,Teflon etc(in lab we have only
these three dielectric materials).

Reflection Coeffieicent :
𝑍𝑙−𝑍𝑜 1−𝑆𝑊𝑅
|┌|= 𝑍𝑙+𝑍𝑜 =1+𝑆𝑊𝑅 with limit 0<┌ < 1

1+|┌|
SWR=1−|┌|

With limit 1<SWR< ∞

1−𝑆𝑊𝑅
Power reflection coefficient factor=1+𝑆𝑊𝑅 *100

p=|┌|*100

Wavelength:
ƛ
2
=(x1-x2) or (x2-x1) because wavelength always positive

OR

ƛ=2(x-x2)

Results:

Fig-7.1 PVC

Fig-7.2 Teflon
 Experiment No:08

Measurement of wavelength of EM waves in waveguide filling with dielectric material

Apparatus:

Unitrain experimenter, unitrain interface, gun oscillator, isolator, slotted line with displacement sensor system, dielectric material.

Objectives:

 To find SWR (Standing Wave Ratio).

 To find power reflection coefficient.
 wavelength

Theory:

Dielectric material are those material through which electric field pass and polarized .foexample pvc,plexiglass,Teflon etc(in lab we have only
these three dielectric materials).

Reflection Coeffieicent :
𝑍𝑙−𝑍𝑜 1−𝑆𝑊𝑅
|┌|= 𝑍𝑙+𝑍𝑜 =1+𝑆𝑊𝑅 with limit 0<┌ < 1

1+|┌|
SWR=1−|┌|

With limit 1<SWR< ∞

1−𝑆𝑊𝑅
Power reflection coefficient factor=1+𝑆𝑊𝑅 *100

p=|┌|*100

Wavelength:
ƛ
2
=(x1-x2) or (x2-x1) because wavelength always positive

OR

ƛ=2(x-x2)

Results:

Fig-8.1Plexiglass
 Experiment No: 09

Measurement of standing wave distribution using open end waveguide.

Apparatus:

Uni-train-I experimenter, Uni-train-I interface, Uni-train-I card, X-band measuring interface, gun oscillator, isolator, slotted line system with
displacement sensor.
Theory:

Two types of conditions occurs in the cases of medium change, on the basis of reflection:

 Matched load
 Unmatched load.
As in this lab we have open end and we are not using 3 screw transformer, so that will be unmatched load.
Unmatched load: for this condition: 𝑍0 ≠ 𝑍𝐿 .
| ӷ |= 1;
SWR= ∞
Maximum reflection.
Short circuited load.

Procedure:

 Arrangement will be made in way as in the previous practices but in this case the terminator will be open circuit instead of an impedance
terminator.
 We switch ON the gun power supply.
 We set the measurement probe over the graph and it will give the value of SWR as to 1.17 almost.

Results:

Fig-9.1
 Experiment No: 10

Measurement and observation of maximum power transmitted by antenna

Apparatus:

Yagi antenna, patch antenna, Uni-train, experimenter.

Theory:

Antenna: is the device which transmit or receives electromagnetic signal in free space or air. Antennas obey the reciprocity principle.

In this lab we are using Yagi antenna

Yagi antenna: is actually a transmitting antenna. There are two types of Yagi antenna

 3 element Yagi antenna.

 6 element Yagi antenna.
The transmitting power of the antenna is increased, if we increase the number of elements. It is just like terrestrial antenna.

Another type of antenna we are using is patch antenna. It is rectangular in shape, and have conducting plates. These plates are separated by guard
spaces. This antenna will be used as a receiver antenna in our experiment

-10
dBm

 
-43.8 °
-15
 
46.7 ° -20
   
90.5 ° -25
P1 :
-40 dBm -30
P2 :
-35
-14 dBm
P2 - P1 :
-40
26 dBm
-45

-50

-55

-60

-65

-70
-180-150-120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Degrees

Fig-10.1
 Experiment No:11

Measurement and observation of maximum power transmitted by antenna when obstacles are present

Apparatus:

Yagi antenna, patch antenna, Uni-train, experimenter.

Theory:

Antenna: is the device which transmit or receives electromagnetic signal in free space or air. Antennas obey the reciprocity principle.

In this lab we are using Yagi antenna

Yagi antenna: is actually a transmitting antenna. There are two types of Yagi antenna

 3 element Yagi antenna.

 6 element Yagi antenna.
The transmitting power of the antenna is increased, if we increase the number of elements. It is just like terrestrial antenna.

Another type of antenna we are using is patch antenna. It is rectangular in shape, and have conducting plates. These plates are separated by guard
spaces. This antenna will be used as a receiver antenna in our experiment.

-10
dBm

 
-165 °
-15
 
165 ° -20
   
330 ° -25
P1 :
-29 dBm -30
P2 :
-35
-14 dBm
P2 - P1 :
-40
15 dBm
-45

-50

-55

-60

-65

-70
-180-150-120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Degrees

Fig-11.1
 Experiment No: 12

Examining the Linear Polarization (when transmitting and receiving antenna are horizontal polarized)

Apparatus:

Unitrain-1 experimenter, Unitrain-1 Interface , Unitrain -1 card( X-band interface selective 9.5 GHz), antenna turntable with stepping motor,
receiving antenna, transmitting antenna and accessories.

Objectives:

 To measure maximum power transmitted ( 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ).

Theory:

Linear polarization. The E-fields all oscillate in one direction at a fixed place in space over time, or at a fixed time over distance. Linear
polarization can be purely vertical, horizontal, or any angle in between. Most antennas produce or receive a single polarization.

Types of linear polarization

Polarization depend upon the electric field

Two types

i. Horizontal polarization ( E-field ⃦Earth surface)

ii. Vertical polarization (E –field ⊥Earth surface)

When electric field of antenna is parallel to earth surface the antenna is called Horizontal polarized antenna and When electric field of antenna is
perpendicular to earth surface the antenna is called Vertical polarized antenna NOTE if TX antenna is horizontal and RX antenna is vertical then
we have minimum POWER gain and if both are horizontal or vertical then we have maximum power gain. Thus for maximum power gain both
must be same in position. In this LAB we have the case when both are horizontal.

Procedure:

Fig-12.1

-10
dBm

 
-149 °
-15
 
165 ° -20
   
314 ° -25
P1 :
-68 dBm -30
P2 :
-35
-13 dBm
P2 - P1 :
-40
55 dBm
-45

-50

-55

-60

-65

-70
-180-150-120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Degrees

Fig-12.2
 Set the apparatus as shown in the above figure
 The X-band DRO transmitter is inserted in the receptacle on the turntable and connected to the "X-band interface" using the supply cable
provided. From the case, remove the SMA-to-N adapter for connecting the antenna to the transmitter and fix this firmly to the N-connector
of the X-band DRO.
 Use 6-element Yagi-antenna from the case and fix this to the N-to-SMA adapter.
 A Yagi-antenna is a linear polarized antenna. The method of mounting the antenna, determines whether the polarization is horizontal or
vertical.
 If the radiating elements are horizontal then the Yagi-antenna will radiate, or receive, horizontally polarized waves.
 Connect both together using the N-connector. Now, insert the test receiver in the holder on the antenna stand, SO4100-8E. Turn the test
receiver together with the micro strip antennae so that the visible dipoles of the antenna are horizontal (horizontal polarization).
 Align the stand with the test receiver to the transmitter platform. The height of the antennae must be aligned to the center. The distance
between transmitter and receiver, for all exercises, should be kept to approximately 0.5 ... 0.8m.
 Align the transmitter with the Yagi-antenna to the test receiver. At this alignment, the graduation scale (degrees) on the platform should be
at 0°, compared to a marker set as required, individually.
 Now, connect the SMA connection cable to the X-band LNC and the X-band measurement interface.
 Open the level meter via the "Instruments" menu.
 Open the antenna positioning via the "Instruments" menu.
 Now, switch on the X-band DRO by moving the mouse and pressing the DRO button on the level meter.

Measure the value on the frequency meter: GHz

 Now, using the antenna positioning, align the transmitter for a maximum reading on the level meter.
Result
 The result we gain in this case(when TX and RX antenna are Horizontal)is
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =15 dBm
 Experiment No:13

Examining the Linear Polarization (when transmitting antenna is horizontal polarized and receiving antenna is vertical
polarized)

Apparatus:

Unitrain-1 experimenter, Unitrain-1 Interface , Unitrain -1 card( X-band interface selective 9.5 GHz), antenna turntable with stepping motor,
receiving antenna, transmitting antenna and accessories.

Objectives:

 To measure maximum power transmitted ( 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ).

Theory:

Linear polarization. The E-fields all oscillate in one direction at a fixed place in space over time, or at a fixed time over
distance. Linear polarization can be purely vertical, horizontal, or any angle in between. Most antennas produce or receive a
single polarization.

Types of linear polarization

Polarization depend upon the electric field

Two types

iii. Horizontal polarization ( E-field ⃦Earth surface)

iv. Vertical polarization (E –field ⊥Earth surface)

When electric field of antenna is parallel to earth surface the antenna is called Horizontal polarized antenna and When electric field of
antenna is perpendicular to earth surface the antenna is called Vertical polarized antenna NOTE if TX antenna is horizontal and RX
antenna is vertical then we have minimum POWER gain and if both are horizontal or vertical then we have maximum power gain.
Thus for maximum power gain both must be same in position

Procedure:

Fig-13.1

-10
dBm

 
-149 °
-15
 
165 ° -20
   
314 ° -25
P1 :
-68 dBm -30
P2 :
-35
-13 dBm
P2 - P1 :
-40
55 dBm
-45

-50

-55

-60

-65

-70
-180-150-120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Degrees

Fig-13.2
Same procedure as for lab 12 but in this case the TX antenna is horizontal polarized and RX antenna is vertical polarized.

 Set the apparatus as shown in the above figure

 The X-band DRO transmitter is inserted in the receptacle on the turntable and connected to the "X-band interface" using the
supply cable provided. From the case, remove the SMA-to-N adapter for connecting the antenna to the transmitter and fix this
firmly to the N-connector of the X-band DRO.
 Use 6-element Yagi-antenna from the case and fix this to the N-to-SMA adapter.
 A Yagi-antenna is a linear polarized antenna. The method of mounting the antenna, determines whether the polarization is
horizontal or vertical.
 If the radiating elements are horizontal then the Yagi-antenna will radiate, or receive, horizontally polarized waves.
 Connect both together using the N-connector. Now, insert the test receiver in the holder on the antenna stand, SO4100-8E.
Turn the test receiver together with the micro strip antennae so that the visible dipoles of the antenna are horizontal (horizontal
polarization).
 Align the stand with the test receiver to the transmitter platform. The height of the antennae must be aligned to the center. The
distance between transmitter and receiver, for all exercises, should be kept to approximately 0.5 ... 0.8m.
 Align the transmitter with the Yagi-antenna to the test receiver. At this alignment, the graduation scale (degrees) on the
platform should be at 0°, compared to a marker set as required, individually.
 Now, connect the SMA connection cable to the X-band LNC and the X-band measurement interface.
 Open the level meter via the "Instruments" menu.
 Open the antenna positioning via the "Instruments" menu.
 Now, switch on the X-band DRO by moving the mouse and pressing the DRO button on the level meter.

Measure the value on the frequency meter: GHz

 Now, using the antenna positioning, align the transmitter for a maximum reading on the level meter.
Result
 The result we gain in this case(when TX and RX antenna are Horizontal)is
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =38dBm
 Experiment No:14

Examining the Linear Polarization (comparison of lab #12 & lab# 13)

Apparatus:

Unitrain-1 experimenter, Unitrain-1 Interface , Unitrain -1 card( X-band interface selective 9.5 GHz), antenna turntable with stepping motor,
receiving antenna, transmitting antenna and accessories.

Objectives:

Comparison of results P= 𝑃2 - 𝑃1

Theory:

Linear polarization. The E-fields all oscillate in one direction at a fixed place in space over time, or at a fixed time over distance. Linear
polarization can be purely vertical, horizontal, or any angle in between. Most antennas produce or receive a single polarization.

Types of linear polarization

Polarization depend upon the electric field

Two types

v. Horizontal polarization ( E-field ⃦Earth surface)

vi. Vertical polarization (E –field ⊥Earth surface)

When electric field of antenna is parallel to earth surface the antenna is called Horizontal polarized antenna and When electric field of antenna is
perpendicular to earth surface the antenna is called Vertical polarized antenna NOTE if TX antenna is horizontal and RX antenna is vertical then
we have minimum POWER gain and if both are horizontal or vertical then we have maximum power gain. Thus for maximum power gain both
must be same in position.

Procedure:

Fig-14.1

-10
dBm

 
-165 °
-15
 
165 ° -20
   
330 ° -25
P1 :
-41 dBm -30
P2 :
-35
-70 dBm
P2 - P1 :
-40
-29 dBm
-45

-50

-55

-60

-65

-70
-180-150-120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Degrees

Fig-14.2
 Set the apparatus as shown in the above figure
 The X-band DRO transmitter is inserted in the receptacle on the turntable and connected to the "X-band interface" using the supply cable
provided. From the case, remove the SMA-to-N adapter for connecting the antenna to the transmitter and fix this firmly to the N-connector
of the X-band DRO.
 Use 6-element Yagi-antenna from the case and fix this to the N-to-SMA adapter.
 A Yagi-antenna is a linear polarized antenna. The method of mounting the antenna, determines whether the polarization is horizontal or
vertical.
 If the radiating elements are horizontal then the Yagi-antenna will radiate, or receive, horizontally polarized waves.
 Connect both together using the N-connector. Now, insert the test receiver in the holder on the antenna stand, SO4100-8E. Turn the test
receiver together with the micro strip antennae so that the visible dipoles of the antenna are horizontal (horizontal polarization).
 Align the stand with the test receiver to the transmitter platform. The height of the antennae must be aligned to the center. The distance
between transmitter and receiver, for all exercises, should be kept to approximately 0.5 ... 0.8m.
 Align the transmitter with the Yagi-antenna to the test receiver. At this alignment, the graduation scale (degrees) on the platform should be
at 0°, compared to a marker set as required, individually.
 Now, connect the SMA connection cable to the X-band LNC and the X-band measurement interface.
 Open the level meter via the "Instruments" menu.
 Open the antenna positioning via the "Instruments" menu.
 Now, switch on the X-band DRO by moving the mouse and pressing the DRO button on the level meter.

Measure the value on the frequency meter: GHz

 Now, using the antenna positioning, align the transmitter for a maximum reading on the level meter.
Result
 The result obtain when TX antenna and RX antenna are Horizontal polarized 𝑃max 1 =15 dBm
 The result obtain when TX antenna is Horizontal polarized and RX antenna is vertical polarized 𝑃max 2 =38 dBm
The resultant will be the difference of maximum and minimum power gain.
𝑃max 2 -𝑃max 1 = = dBm
 Experiment No:15

Examining Circular Polarization

Apparatus:

Unitrain-1 experimenter, Unitrain-1 Interface , Unitrain -1 card( X-band interface selective 9.5 GHz), antenna turntable with stepping motor,
receiving antenna, transmitting antenna and accessories.

Theory:

In electrodynamics, circular polarization of an electromagnetic wave is polarization state in which, at each point, the electric field of the wave
has a constant magnitude but its direction rotates with time at a steady rate in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the wave.

If TX antenna is circular and RX antenna is horizontal or vertical then maximum power receive similarly if RX antenna is circular and TX antenna
is any one still maximum power will gain. If TX is horizontal and RX is oblique then no power or minimum power will gain.

Note: Circular antenna can act as a TX and RX antenna.

Result:

Fig-10.1
 Experiment No:16

Calculating maximum power at distance between TX AND RX

or

Examining the Far-field Region of an Antenna

Apparatus:

Unitrain-1 experimenter, Unitrain-1 Interface , Unitrain -1 card( X-band interface selective 9.5 GHz), antenna turntable with stepping motor, X-
band transmitter DRO (9.5 GHz), X-band LNC receiver, receiving antenna, transmitting antenna and accessories.

Theory:

Three types of fields are created around an antenna

i. Reactive field
ii. Radiating field
iii. Far field
Reactive field: It is the nearest filed with antenna in this field electric filed is perpendicular to magnetic field .Since this field is reactive field so in
this reactive power is zero.

Radiating field: It is also a near field to antenna, which contain small radiation, so we have both real and reactive power in this field i.e. real and
reactive power ≠ 0

Far field: it is a far from antenna, which contain only real power means reactive power in this field is zero i.e real power ≠0 and reactive power=
0.In far field the power decrease as the distance from the transmitting antenna increase.

Procedure:

Fig-16.1

Distance Between Tx and Rx is 0.2m

-10
dBm

 
-165 °
-15
 
165 ° -20
   
330 ° -25
P1 :
-17 dBm -30
P2 :
-35
-51 dBm
P2 - P1 :
-40
-35 dBm
-45

-50

-55

-60

-65

-70
-180-150-120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Degrees

Fig-16.1
Distance Between Tx and Rx is 0.3m

-10

dBm
 
-165 °
-15
 
165 ° -20
   
330 ° -25
P1 :
-19 dBm -30
P2 :
-35
-60 dBm
P2 - P1 :
-40
-40 dBm
-45

-50

-55

-60

-65

-70
-180-150-120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Degrees

Fig-16.2

Distance Between Tx and Rx is 0.4m

-10
dBm

 
-165 °
-15
 
165 ° -20
   
330 ° -25
P1 :
-21 dBm -30
P2 :
-35
-58 dBm
P2 - P1 :
-40
-37 dBm
-45

-50

-55

-60

-65

-70
-180-150-120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Degrees

Fig-16.3

 Set the apparatus as shown in the above figure

 Then we take the followii/ng different distance between TX and RX antenna
And measure their respective power gain
20 cm with power gain=13dBm
23cm with power gain=14dBm
26 cm with power gain=14.5 dBm
Conclusion:
Distance from TX antenna increase power gain decrease. Note high digits in dB show smaller value than smaller digits.