In Market Study Romanian Waste Sector PDF

STUDY
ON THE ASSESSMENT OF ROMANIAN

WASTE MARKET

May 2017
Document control sheet
Client: Innovation Norway, Akersgt. 13, 0104 Oslo, Norway
Project: -
Contract Reference: No 3/20.02.2017
Title: Study on the assessment of Romanian waste market

Prepared by Reviewed by
Oana Mușuroaea Oana Mușuroaea
CONTROL AND
Municipal waste expert Municipal waste expert
REVISION

Alina Oberdörfer
Packaging waste expert

Vasile Mușuroaea
CDW and industrial waste expert
DRAFT VERSION 17.03.2017 21.03.2017
FINAL VERSION 27.04.2017 02.05.2017

ABBREVIATIONS LIST
AEF Administration of the Environmental Fund
ANRSC The National Authority Regulating Public Community Services

ATUs Administrative Territorial Units
BAT Best available techniques

BAT-AEL BAT - associated emission levels
CDW Construction and demolition waste
EG Environmental Guard
ELV Emission Limit Value
EPR Extended Producer Responsibility for packaging
EU 28 Member States of the European Union

IED Industrial Emissions Directive
IWMS Integrated Waste Management System
LEPAs Local Environmental Protection Agencies

LPAs Local Public Authorities
LIOP Large Infrastructure Operational Programme
MoE Ministry of Environment

MBT Mechanical biological treatment
NEPA National Environmental Protection Agency
NWMP National Waste Management Plan
PAC Public Amenity Centers
PAYT ‘Pay-as-you-throw’ systems
PRO Producer Responsibility Organisation

UCO Used Cooked Oil
WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronical Equipment
WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 2
2. ANALYSIS OF THE WASTE MARKET IN ROMANIA ...................................................................... 2
2.1 MUNICIPAL WASTE ................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 USED COOKED OIL ................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 PACKAGING WASTE ................................................................................................................. 14
2.4 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE ............................................................................ 20
2.5 INDUSTRIAL WASTE ................................................................................................................. 26
2.6 HAZARDOUS WASTE ................................................................................................................ 32
2.7 SPECIAL STREAMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE ............................................................................. 36
3. NECESSARY RESOURCES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT MARKET DEVELOPING .......................... 41
4. SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES THAT NEED TO BE SOLVED IN THE NEXT 5 YEARS .............. 43
4.1 REHABILITATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES ........................................................................... 43
4.2 WATER QUALITY AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT ............................................................... 45
5. INSTEAD OF A CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 48

ANNEXES
ANNEX 1 Class 1 licensed municipal waste collection operators

ANNEX 2 Recycling operators
ANNEX 3 Data regarding UCO collection in Romania
ANNEX 4 Hazardous waste incinerators and landfills
ANNEX 5 Pictures
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Amounts of municipal waste generated in the largest cities in Romania, 2015 ....................... 4
Table 2: Main objectives regarding municipal waste management in Romania ..................................... 5
Table 3: Municipal waste operators/installations ................................................................................... 6
Table 4: Municipal waste business opportunities ................................................................................. 11
Table 5: Use cooked oil waste business opportunities ......................................................................... 13
Table 6: Amount of packaging put on the market and the amount of managed packaging waste,
Romania, 2014 ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Table 7: PROs authorized to take over the responsibility for the management of packaging waste on
08.03.2017 ............................................................................................................................................ 16
Table 8: Business opportunities for packaging waste ........................................................................... 19
Table 9: Amounts of CDW, thousand tonnes ........................................................................................ 21
Table 10: CDW business opportunities ................................................................................................. 25
Table 11: Amounts of non-hazardous industrial waste generated in Romania, 2014 .......................... 26
Table 12: Business opportunities for industrial waste (non- hazardous) .............................................. 30
Table 13: Business opportunities for hazardous waste ......................................................................... 35
Table 14: Necessary resources .............................................................................................................. 41
1. INTRODUCTION
The objectives of the present study are the assessment of the Romanian waste market for most
important waste streams and of the resources that are necessary (in terms of human resources,
equipment, know-how/methods and services) and the identification of the most pressing
environmental issues in Romanian that need to be solved in the next 5 years.
The study will be carried out with the aim to outline any specific gaps in the market that could
represent business opportunities in the field of waste.
The information used in the elaboration of the study has been mainly public information from official
reports, EUROSTAT data, and planning documents (see the bibliography). As the authority that owns
and manages waste management data in Romania (National Environmental Protection Agency -
NEPA) did not provide the requested information, representative quantitative data could not be
provided for some situations.
All the numbers used in document are in European format.
2. ANALYSIS OF THE WASTE MARKET IN ROMANIA
This chapter presents the following aspects regarding each waste flow:
- The amounts of waste generated and managed at the national level - the latest data
available on the NEPA website (for 2014) and the latest data available on EUROSTAT web
page (for 2015)1;
- The main stakeholders involved and their responsibilities regarding the management of the
specific waste flow;
- The most important operators on the market (collection, treatment, recycling, recovery and
disposal activities);
- European and national objectives with regard to waste management;
- Identifying gaps (at the legislative level, as well as regarding the implementation and the
resources);
Based on these, business opportunities have been identified and assessed at the end of each section
1
Transmission of national data to Eurostat is done within 18 months of the end of the reference year, Manual on waste
statistic, EUROSTAT 2010
Waste Study_Romania ½ 2

2.1 MUNICIPAL WASTE
2.1.1 Amounts of generated and managed municipal waste
According to the EUROSTAT data [EUROSTAT 2015], 4.895 million tonnes of municipal waste were
generated at national level in 2015. The generation indicator is 247 kg/inhabitant/year, as compared
to the EU 28 indicator of 476 kg/ inhabitant/year. At national level, sanitation services were provided
for about 82% of the population [NWM Report 2016].
With regard to the composition of waste, more than half of household waste and similar is bio-
waste, followed by paper/ cardboard and plastic.
Figure 1: Composition of household waste and similar waste, 2014
Paper and cardboard Metals Plastic Glass Wood Bio-waste Others
11,3 2,5 12,3 4,9 2,0 56,3 10,7
%
0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 100,0

Source: The consultant’s processing of data based on [ARSE Romania 2017]
Figure 2: Waste management in Romania, 2014
Of the entire amount of generated

municipal waste, around 87% was
treated2 - 72% was landfilled (D1), 2 %
co-incinerated (R1), 6 % materially Landfilled
13%
recycled (R2, R4-R11), and 7 %
composted (R3, including home- 7% Co-incinerated
composted) [EUROSTAT 2015].
6% Materially recycled
2%
Composted
72%
In stocks/other
operations
Source: Consultant processing based on [EUROSTAT 2015]
2
The remaining 13% quantity is in stocks or suffered recovery or disposal operation that must not be reported to
EUROSTAT (in general, operations that prepare the waste for the disposal/recovery operation or storage of wastes pending
any of the disposal/recovery operations).

Table 1 presents the amounts of municipal waste generated in the largest cities in Romania. This
estimate draws on the average generation indicator of municipal waste and on number of
inhabitants in each municipality [NIS POP 2015].
Table 1: Amounts of municipal waste generated in the largest cities in Romania, 2015
Development Municipality No. of inhabitants Waste quantity

region (t/year)
1 Iasi 359,843 88,881
2 Constanta 318,340 78,630
3 Ploiesti 234,248 57,859
4 Craiova 306,257 75,645
5 Timisoara 333,352 82,338
6 Cluj Napoca 321,374 79,379
7 Brasov 290,935 71,861
8 Bucharest 2,108,056 520,690
Source: The consultant’s estimate based on [EUROSTAT 2015] and [NIS POP 2015] data.
2.1.2 Responsibilities regarding municipal waste management
The main stakeholders involved in municipal waste management are:
- Local public authorities (ATUs)3, according to the law, the only responsible for municipal
waste management. They may delegate the operation of sanitation services only to certified
sanitation operators, or may operate this service on their own;
- Sanitation operators – provide collection and transport activities as well as the operation of
municipal waste treatment installations;
- Other authorised collectors – collecting municipal packaging waste;
- The National Authority Regulating Public Community Services (ANRSC) – authorisation and
control of sanitation operators;
- The National and Local Environmental Protection Agencies (NEPA and LEPAs) – authorize
sanitation operators and other collectors, and centralize the waste management data
provided by the operators;
- The Environmental Guard – controls the activity of the operators;
- The Administration of the Environmental Fund (AEF) – collects environmental taxes (in this
case, the tax for failure to comply with the national objective to reduce the amount of landfill
waste by means of recovery and recycling (100 LEI/tonne); ATUs are responsible for meeting
this objective).
3
in the counties where integrated waste management systems were or are being implemented (34 of 42), all ATUs usually
belong to the Intercommunity Development Association (IDA), which represents them in relation with sanitation operators.

2.1.3 Objectives regarding municipal waste management
In most cases, the objectives regarding municipal waste management were set at the national level
in order to transpose the Community acquis.
Table 2: Main objectives regarding municipal waste management in Romania
No. Objective Current status of Responsible Normative act

implementation/
achievement of
targets/objectives
The last available data are [GD 349
Reducing the quantity of landfilled for 2010 – the quantity of 2005],
1 biodegradable municipal waste (by 65% landfilled BMW was Romania transposes
until 2020) reduced by 25% Directive
[ARSE Romania 2011] 1999/31/CE
Preparing waste materials for re-use and
the recycling (at least paper, metal,
[L 211 2011],
plastic, and glass from households and
6% in 2015 transposes
2 possibly from other origins as far as ATUs
[EUROSTAT 2015] Directive
these waste streams are similar to waste
2008/98/EC
from households) will be increased to a
minimum of overall 50 % (by 2020)
Increasing the degree of energetic 2% in 2015
3 Romania [NWMS 2014]
recovery (at least 15% until 2025) [EUROSTAT 2015]
Landfill of only waste that has been 5%
4 Romania [GD 349 2005]
previously treated [Consultant e]
1% in 2015 comparing Administrative
Reducing the quantity of landfill [GEO 196
5 with 2014 territorial
municipal waste by 15% a (annually) 2005]
[EUROSTAT 2015] units

The Circular Economy Package, published by EC in December 2015, also includes the proposal to
amend the framework Directive. The newly proposed objectives are the following:
- the recycling of municipal waste shall be increased to a minimum of 55% (by weight) by 2025
and to a minimum of 60% (by weight) by 2030;
- the recycling of bio-waste shall be increased to a minimum of 50% (by weight) by 2025 and
to a minimum of 65% (by weight) by 2030.
Romania may obtain five additional years for the attainment of the targets below4. As one can
notice, the intention is to increase the global recycling rate to a very high level, and a new target is
introduced for recycling municipal bio-waste, target which is also very high.
4
A Member State which prepared for re-use and recycling less than 20% or landfilled more than 60% of their municipal
waste in 2013 may obtained five additional years for the attainment of the targets.

2.1.4 Current situation of separate collection and municipal waste treatment plants
In all the 34 counties where integrated waste management projects have been implemented or are
being implemented right now, the infrastructure for the separate collection of the following types of
recyclable waste was built: paper/cardboard, plastic, metal and glass. Thus, separate collection is
carried out in 3 fractions in 24 counties (paper/cardboard, plastic/metal and glass) in collection
points that are most commonly equipped with 1.1 m³ containers. In 5 counties (Arad, Sibiu, Dolj,
Covasna, and Braila), recyclable waste is collected both in collection points as well as door-to-door.
As an exception, in 3 counties (Timiș, Neamț, and Argeș) recyclable waste is collected together in
certain areas (the so called dry fraction) [NWM Report 2016].
With regard to the separate collection of household bio-waste, this has been implemented or is
being implemented in 11 counties in urban areas (Bihor, Arad, Mures, Sibiu, Valcea, Dolj, Harghita,
Arges, Neamt, Bacau, and Vrancea) [NWM Report 2016]. Household bio-waste is collected separately
in order to be composted.
Furthermore, waste management installations per each activity and the largest players on the
market will be presented.
Table 3: Municipal waste operators/installations
Waste
No. of operators/installations and total
No. management Comments
capacity
activity
- 345 waste collectors, of which 35 have - Out of the 129 transfer stations, 51 are
5
Collection a class 1 license (presented in Annex currently operating, and 78 are in different
1
and transfer 1) construction /awarding the operation
- 129 transfer stations contract stages.
- 94 sorting stations are currently - 9% of the total sorting capacity in
operating, with a total capacity of operation consists in sorting installations
about 2.4 million t/year for separately collected recyclable waste,
- 43 sorting stations, whose total while the others sort mixed waste.
2 Sorting
capacity is about 0.84 million t/year, - the 43 sorting stations that aren’t
are in different construction operating yet have been designed only for
/awarding the operation contract sorting separately collected recyclable
stages. waste.
- 26 composting stations and platforms
in operation, whose total capacity is
about 0.19 million t/year; The total current composting capacity at the
- 18 composting stations, whose total national level is about 10% of the quantity of
3 Composting
capacity is about 0.2 million t/year, biodegradable waste that is estimated to
are in different construction have been generated in 2014.
/awarding the operation contract
stages;
Mechanical - 2 MBT installations are operating, The total current MBT capacity at the
4
biological whose total capacity is about 0.12 national level is about 30% of the quantity of
5
Class 1 license is obtained for sanitation operators serving over 300,000 inhabitants.

Waste
No. of operators/installations and total
No. management Comments
capacity
activity
treatment million t/year; municipal waste generated in 2014.
- 16 MBT installations, whose total
capacity is about 1.4 million t/year,
are in different construction
/awarding the operation contract
stages.
- 35 landfills in operation, whose
available capacity at the end of 2014
was about 13 million m³;
5 Landfilling
- 18 landfills are in different
construction /awarding the operation
contract stages.
Source: The Consultant, based on the [NWM Report 2016] and [ANRSC 2016] data.
There are no anaerobic digestion installations6 for municipal bio-waste.
With regard to recycling and recovery of municipal waste, according to the data in [NWM Report
2016], there are about 800 municipal waste recycling/recovery authorised companies at the national
level (including preparation for recycling/recovery) in addition to the operators of the previously
mentioned installations.
The current recycling capacities at the national level are [NWM Report 2016]:
- paper and cardboard – about 665,000 t/year (ECOPAPER S.A. Zărnești, AMBRO S.A. Suceava,
Vrancart S.A. Adjud, COMCEH S.A. Călărași, PETROCART S.A. Piatra Neamț);
- plastic – about 284,000 t/year of which 134,000 t/year for PET waste, and 150,000 t/year for
other plastic waste (some of the most important recycling companies are presented in Annex
2 );
- metal – about 2,700,000 t/year, of which about 2,500,000 t/year for ferrous waste, and
about 200,000 t/year for non-ferrous waste (some of the most important recycling
companies are presented in Annex 2);
- glass – about 122,000 t/year (treatment in view of recycling - SC GreenGlass Recycling SRL
Popesti Leordeni, SC TC ROM GLASS SRL Bucharest), and about 35,000 t/year (final recycling -
SC STIROM SA Bucharest) - the recycling capacity is also used for the recycling of glass waste
resulted from the own production process).
There is enough recycling capacity for paper and cardboard waste as compared to the quantity that
should be collected separately in order to reach the 50% preparation for recovery and recycling
target for municipal waste in 2020. However, for plastic and glass waste, the current recycling
capacity is theoretically not enough as compared to the quantity that should be collected separately
6
Anaerobic digestion processes separate collected municipal bio-waste, into gas to be used for heating and power. The
resulted digestate, is rich in nutrients and can be used as a fertilizer.

in order to reach the 50% target. Nevertheless, recycling capacities have developed in correlation
with the quantities of separately collected recyclable waste and the quantity of recycled waste,
which is very low at present. Thus, the current recycling capacity is much larger than the quantities of
separately collected recyclable municipal waste.
With regard to the energetic recovery of waste, according to the [NWM Report 2016] data, there are
7 cement factories at the national level that are authorized for co-incineration of waste, including
municipal waste. These belong to CRH Romania, Heidelberg Cement Romania, and Holcim Romania.
The total current processing capacity at the level of 2016 is about 1.1 million tonnes. The main types
of waste that can be co-incinerated are sorted municipal waste, RDF, used tyres, oils and oily waste,
as well as hazardous and non-hazardous industrial waste.
2.1.5 Financial aspects
The municipal waste management tariffs are established and modified by means of order of the
president of ANRSC7. Thus, based on a substantiation note, (which includes all the costs related to
the service), the operator proposes a tariff (usually based on a competitive procedure). This tariff can
be changed or adjusted only in accordance with the terms set forward by the normative act.
The Polluter Pays Principle applies to users of sanitation services, domestic and non-domestic users,
paying for the service rendered. ATUs pay for street cleaning services and for the maintenance of
parks/gardens and green areas on the public domain.
The users of the service (domestic and non-domestic) pay the equivalent amount of money for the
service to the collection and transport operator (if financed from the tariff), or they pay to ATUs (if
financed from the tax). The tariff/tax covers all the operations from collection and transport to
treatment and disposal. In the current practice, in most cases, the revenues resulting from sales of
recyclable waste are not included in the tariff calculation, and they remain as profit for the
operators.
Different tariffs are used for domestic and non-domestic users. Thus, tariffs per person and month
are used for domestic users, while for other non-domestic users, the tariff is mostly set per cubic
metre.
Operations activities in transfer stations, sorting stations, composting stations, mechanical biological
treatment stations, as well as the landfill operation are usually invoiced by those operators to the
collection and transport operator.
The tariffs that are currently used in Romania by collection and transport operators for domestic
users (the population) vary between 1.5 lei – 13 lei/person/month. Tariffs for non-domestic users
vary between 22 – 383 lei/m³ (without VAT). Tariffs for the operation of transfer stations are 80-90
lei/tonne on average. Tariffs for sorting stations vary between 44 - 95 lei/tonne. Tariffs for
composting stations vary between 53 -115 lei/tonne, and those for MBT installations are 68 lei/tonne
7
Order of the ANRSC 109/2007 approving the methodological norms of establishment, adjustment or change of tariffs for
specific activities of the sanitation of localities

on average. Tariffs for landfill administration are between 45 - 95 lei/tonne. (The amounts are given
without VAT.) [NWM Report 2016]
2.1.6 Gaps identified in municipal waste management
At the national level, there are a series of legislative and institutional gaps, leading to inefficient
municipal waste management. The main gaps are the following:
- the lack of performance indicators regarding the activities included in the sanitation service
in most of the ongoing contracts - e.g. quantity of separately collected recyclable waste
(paper and cardboard, plastic, metals, glass, biowaste) in ratio with the total quantity of
collected municipal waste, the total quantity of waste sent for recovery in ratio with the total
quantity of waste reaching the treatment plant (sorting, composting, MBT etc.), the total
quantity of recyclable waste sent for recycling in ratio with the total quantity of recyclable
waste received at the sorting plant etc.;
- the lack of methodologies to assess the performance of waste treatment installations;
- ambiguity regarding the responsibility for municipal packaging waste management (please
see the packaging waste section);
- the lack of quality standards for compost in Romania;
- the lack of guidelines regarding the implementation of the legislation;
- reduced technical and institutional capacity of ATUs to monitor the current sanitation
contracts, the low desire of ATUs to apply penalties to waste generators (especially to the
population) in case of failure to comply with the requirements imposed in the sanitation
regulations regarding the separate collection of waste;
- deficiencies regarding the definition and implementation of the current economic

instruments (landfill tax, PAYT, penalties paid by ATUs and packaging manufacturers for
failure to meet the objectives), which leads to a low efficiency in their implementation.
All this, together with the lack of infrastructure in some cases (see below), has led to the separate
collection and recycling of a very low percentage (about 5%) of the total quantity of municipal waste.
Within the scope of this report, we shall further detail only investment gaps regarding municipal
waste management.
- In 7 counties (Satu Mare, Gorj, Ialomita, Bucuresti, Ilfov, Buzau, Galati, and Brasov) as well as
in Bucharest Municipality, no integrated waste management systems have been
implemented, there are no extended and efficient separate collection systems, and in certain
cases, not even municipal waste treatment installations. Galati, Buzau counties and
Bucharest Municipality are preparing projects to be financed under the Large Infrastructure
Operational Programme (LIOP) 2014 – 2020. At present, due to failure to comply with EC

terms and conditions, Priority Axis 3 –Development of the environmental infrastructure with
an efficient management of resources is blocked.
- In the 34 counties where IWMS projects have been implemented, the types of municipal
waste provided with separate collection equipment are paper/cardboard, plastic/metal, and
glass, as well as bio-waste in few cases. There are other types of municipal waste that have
not benefited from investments in view of their separate collection: textile waste, green
waste (resulting from gardens, parks and green areas), WEEE, hazardous waste that is part of
household waste (such as expired medicines), bio-waste resulting from restaurants,
canteens, and food stores, as well as bulky waste.
- The lack of anaerobic digestion installations for separately collected municipal bio-waste.
Taking into consideration the 56% of bio-waste in household and similar waste, the objective
regarding the preparation for reuse and recycling of 50% (2020) will not be met without
recycling an important quantity of bio-waste. The treatment of separately collected food
waste from the population in composting stations is not recommended from a technical
point of view since composting stations are mostly used for green waste treatment.
- The lack of landfill gas recovery systems. Although almost all the compliant landfills in
operation have installed collection systems for the landfill gas, only few of them (most of
them private investments) have installed recovery systems for the landfill gas (thermal and
electric power).
- The public awareness programmes carried out within IWMS projects and by the sanitation
operators (if there are such obligations set out in the contract) have failed to reach their
target. Even when there is available infrastructure, users of sanitation services (mainly the
population) collect separately low quantities of waste with a high level of impurities.
Regarding the large investments planned for the main public, the National Waste Management Plan
for 2014 – 2025 is currently being elaborated. For municipal waste, it stipulates the types, the
number, and the capacity of necessary treatment installations in order to reach the targets assumed
by Romania. The first draft of the document is estimated to be open for public consultation in April -
May 2017. The types of installations proposed for municipal waste treatment are the following:
sorting stations, composting stations for green waste, bio-dry mechanical biological treatment,
anaerobe digestion installations for separately collected municipal bio-waste, and incineration plants
with energy recovery.
The landfill tax has taken effect as of 2017. Thus, for each tonne of waste disposed in a landfill, a tax
of 80 lei is paid to EFA, and this will increase to 120 lei as of 2018. For municipal waste, the result will
not probably be the one that is expected – a decrease in the amount of waste disposed in landfills.
Along the waste management chain, the cost for this tax will basically be borne by the user, and the
user has no instrument to control the amount on the invoice to be paid (e.g. PAYT).
2.1.7 Municipal waste business opportunities
Municipal waste business opportunities were identified having in view the objectives regarding
municipal waste management and the gaps identified in the system.

Table 4: Municipal waste business opportunities
No. Business opportunity Description Necessary resources Scoring
Design and Consultancy services for
implementation of the documents
According to the provisions of the
IWMS projects in Satu necessary for LIOP
1 National Waste Management Plan, ###
Mare, Gorj, Ialomita, funding (Master Plan,
which is being elaborated
Ilfov, and Brasov Feasibility Study, the
counties Financing Application)
Especially for the types of waste that Consultancy services for
Setting up public
have not been included in the object designing PAC
amenities centres (PAC)
2 of IWMS projects – e.g. textile waste, Construction services for ###
for collecting household
green waste, bulky waste, hazardous PAC
waste
waste.
Designing and building a digester for The project entails
municipal waste treatment consultancy services,
Pilot project – bio-waste
The project also includes the construction, and
3 management at the ###
implementation /enhancement of the providing equipment,
level of a municipality
separate collection system of training the future
municipal bio-waste operator’s staff
The project involves
Pilot project – collection Design and implementation of a consultancy services
of hazardous waste at separate collection scheme for the (including public
4 ###
the level of a hazardous waste resulting from the awareness campaigns)
municipality population and purchase of
equipment
For municipalities that are more
advanced regarding the existence of
separate collection systems and waste
treatment installations (e.g. Sibiu,
Pilot project –
Arad, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Piatra Neamț,
implementation of the
Bacau etc.) The project involves only
5 Zero Waste concept at ###
Identification of gaps and assistance consultancy services
the level of a
in the implementation of new
municipality
measures in order to reduce the
amount of generated municipal waste
and increase the amount of recycled
municipal waste;
Pilot project – The project entails
Design and implementation, together
implementation of a consultancy services,
with one or several store chains, of a
6 management scheme purchase of equipment, ###
scheme to collect and treat expired
for expired food in order and training the future
food products;
to reduce food wasting operator’s staff
The project entails
consultancy services,
Pilot project – Design and building of an automatic
construction, and
7 automatic sorting sorting station for separate collected ###
providing equipment,
station recyclable waste
training the future
operator’s staff
8 Landfill gas recovery Design and building of landfill gas The project entails ###

system recovery systems for municipal waste consultancy services,
landfills. providing equipment,
training the future
operator’s staff
Elaboration, together with the
Ministry of the Environment, of: a
Elaboration of methodology to assess the
The project involves only
9 guidelines and performance of MBT installations, ###
consultancy services
methodologies quality standards regarding the
compost, a methodology for the
implementation of PAYT

Green ### Promising opportunities to work with the market exist
Yellow ### Some opportunities for cooperation with the market exist
Red ### Less optimal market for cooperation

2.2 USED COOKED OIL
The categories of used cooked oil (UCO) that can be found among municipal waste are code 20 01 25
– edible oils and fats, and code 20 01 26* - oils and fats other than those specified in 20 01 25. The
quantity of used cooked oil collected in 2014 was 1,400 tonnes, of which about 1,300 tonnes have
been recovered. [NWM Report 2016]
There are no specific legislative requirements for this category of waste (the object of the
governmental decision that regulates the management of used oils is mineral used oils). If companies
in HORECA have to collect UCO separately just like any other category of generated waste (obligation
stipulated in the environmental permits), there is no normative act establishing this for the
population.
There is no centralised data at the national level regarding the quantity of generated UCO. According
to [ECOFYS 2013], in the EU-27, it is 3.55 million tonnes, which is equivalent to 8 litres of UCO per
capita8. If we apply this indicator to the population of Romania, it results in a total volume of about
158,000 m3.
There is no extended practice regarding UCO collection in Romania. There are a series of non-
governmental associations carrying out projects in which UCO is collected from the generator
(Bucharest, Timisoara, Constanta). The population can also take used cooked oil to gas stations (only
one chain has provided recipients where people can bring UCO), or to the companies that collect
UCO from HORECA and from the industry. In Timisoara Municipality, the water supply company
8
‘This estimate, includes the gastronomy sector, food processors and households, and was based on an assessment of
both collected and discarded UCO in ten EU Member States, which was then extrapolated to the whole EU. The
contribution of the domestic sector is 1.748 million tonnes per year, of which it is the Intelligent Energy for Europe
Programme in 2009 facilitating the uptake of UCO to produce biodiesel’

(AQUATIM SA) has established UCO collection points from the population in their own premises. The
collection degree is much higher in HORECA and the industry – there are several companies that
collect UCO. The interest is higher as, in most cases, UCO generators receive a compensation for the
amount of UCO delivered – fresh oil or even money). Along the chain, the collected quantities are
sent to brokers, and collectors receive between 1 and 2 lei/litre of UCO. Brokers ensure the transport
of the amounts received /collected mostly to countries in Western Europe (Austria, Germany,
Hungary), to biodiesel factories (which receive 600 – 700 Euro/tonne).
In order to be able to characterise the current situation regarding the collection and management of
used cooked oil, we contacted the companies that collect UCO as well as the NGOs that carried out/
are carrying out UCO collection campaigns from the population. The data is given in Annex 3. The
quantities collected from the population are quite low. The practice of collecting UCO from HORECA
and from the industry is more common. The main way to recover used oil is in manufacturing bio-
diesel, while most of the collected quantities are exported.
In conclusion, the main gaps identified are the following:
- The lack of legislative provisions on the separate collection of UCO from the population;
- The lack of UCO collection systems from the population extended at the national level;
- Very low awareness of the population regarding the impact of spilling UCO into sewage
systems on the environment. UCO business opportunities were identified having in view the
gaps identified in the system.
Table 5: Use cooked oil waste business opportunities

Business Necessary
No. Description Scoring
opportunity resourcing
It is necessary to identify a UCO collection system from
the population that is able to support itself even after
Pilot project – financing ends. At present, the players (mostly NGOs)
Consultancy
design and collecting UCO from the population cannot support this
services,
1 implement a UCO service on the long term, and companies that collect ###
equipment
collection system UCO in HORECA are not interested in collecting also
acquisition
from population from the population since the quantities are too small.
The identified collection system must also take into
account local specificity.
Carrying out
awareness
The campaigns carried out at the local or national level
campaigns Consultancy
2 must place an emphasis on the impact of spilling UCO ###
regarding the services
in sewage systems on the environment.
impact of UCO on
the environment
Green ### Promising opportunities to work with the market exist
Yellow ### Some opportunities for cooperation with the market exist


2.3 PACKAGING WASTE
2.3.1 Amounts of packaging and packaging waste

According to the legal provisions in force, the economic operators releasing packaging and packed
products on the market, producer responsibility organisations (PROs), collecting, recycling, and
recovery companies, as well as local public authorities (LPAs) must report annually, by February 25th,
to local environmental protection agencies (LEPAs), depending on each case, the data regarding the
amount of packaging put on the market, and the amount of managed packaging waste per type of
material. Every year, LEPAs transmit centralized data to NEPA by May 1, at the latest. The reported
data is kept in a national database organized at NEPA’s level.
Although data is reported annually for the previous year, the latest data published by NEPA refers to
2014 [ARSE Romania 2015]. It must be stated that the latest data published by EUROSTAT9 for
Romania is for 2012. Thus, before the data is sent and published by EUROSTAT, national data for
2014 can still be modified.
The Commission Decision 2005/270/EC establishing the formats relating to the database system
pursuant to Directive 94/62/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on packaging and
packaging waste states in art. 2 that packaging waste can be considered as equal to the amount of
packaging put on the market for the same year in that particular member state. This provision is also
used by Romania.
Packaging waste have two sources of generation: municipal packaging waste (which can be found
within household waste and similar waste), and packaging waste from industry and commerce. The
national database on packaging and packaging waste doesn’t include data on the amounts of
packaging waste per generation source. Based on the data regarding the structure of household and
similar waste, it is estimated that packaging waste from the population and similar waste are about
60% of all packaging waste, while waste resulting from industry and commerce are about 40% [NWM
Report 2016].
Table 6: Amount of packaging put on the market and the amount of managed packaging waste,
Romania, 2014
Amount of packaging put on the Recycled packaging waste Recovery of packaging
Type of market /Amount of packaging waste
packaging waste generated Amount Amount
material (tonnes/year) (tonnes/year) (%) (tonnes/year) (%)
Glass 164,521 89,103 54.2 89,103 56.0
Plastic 336,818 149,769 44.5 155,353 51.4
Paper and
cardboard 388,017 323,556 83.4 325,024 83.8
Metal 65,666 42,147 64.2 42,147 55.5
Wood 289,691 77,071 26.6 90,680 30.9
Other 24 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 1,244,737 681,646 54.8 702,307 56.4
Source: [NWM Report 2016]
9
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/environment/waste/database, accessed on March 2017

The generation indicator of packaging waste in 2014 in Romania was 62 kg/inhabitant and year,
while in EU-28 it was about 163 kg/inhabitant and year10. The fact that the packaging waste
generation indicator is much lower in Romania as compared to the European average can be
explained by the large number of population in rural areas, with a low consumption rate. In addition,
another explanation could be that not all the economic operators that put packaging on the market
have reported the data or they have reported lower quantities.
With regard to recycling/recovery rates, Romania was way below the European average in 2013 (with
a recycling rate of 52.8% as compared to the EU-28 rate of 65.3%, and a recovery rate of 54.5% as
compared to the EU-28 rate of 79.2%)11.

Currently, at the country level there are 710 authorised economic operators for collection of
packaging waste [NWM Report 2016]. The operators are both sanitation operators and other
operators specialised only for packaging waste collection. For the sorting of municipal packaging
waste are used the sorting plants for municipal waste (Table 3). The most amount of the packaging
waste from commerce and industry is transported directly to the recycling facilities.

2.3.2 Responsibilities regarding packaging waste
In accordance with the provisions of the European legislation, but also according to national
legislation, the economic operators putting packaging and packed products on the market are
responsible for the management of such waste.
Law no. 249/2015 on the management of packaging and packaging waste, further amended and
completed [L 249 2015] states that economic operators putting packaging and packed products on
the market are responsible for ensuring the management of packaging waste on the national
territory. These responsibilities can be carried out:
• individually;
• by means of transfer of responsibility, based on a contract, to another company that is

authorised by the central public authority for environmental protection (Producer Responsibility
Organisation – PRO).
Thus, even if this is not an explicit requirement of Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging
waste, Romania, as the majority of EU member states, has opted for the Extended Producer
Responsibility scheme in the management of packaging waste (EPR scheme).
The EPR scheme has been in place ever since 2004, when the first PRO was set up and authorised in
order to take over the responsibility for the management of packing waste (ECO-ROM AMBALAJE).
10
Generation indicators have been calculated for the resident population, EUROSTAT data
(http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_pjan&lang=en accessed on March 2017). The quantity
of packaging generated in EU-28 is provided by EUROSTAT
(http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=env_waspac&lang=en accessed on March 2017)
11
Recycling /recovery rates for Romania are taken from [NWM Report 2016], while for EU-28, these are provided by
EUROSTAT (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Packaging_waste_statistics accessed on March
2017)

Table 7: PROs authorized to take over the responsibility for the management of packaging waste on
08.03.2017
PRO’s name Operating license
S.C. ECOLOGIC 3R S.A. Operating license no. 3 of 27.09.2013
S.C. SOTA GRUP 21 S.A. Operating license no. 2 of 27.09.2013
S.C. ECO – X S.A. Operating license no. 1 of 27.09.2013
S.C. ECOPIM RECYCLING S.A. Operating license no. 4 of 16.10.2013
S.C. ROM PACK MANAGEMENT S.A. Operating license no. 5 of 19.03.2014
S.C. NEXT ECO RECYCLING S.A. Operating license no. 6 of 14.01.2015

Operating license based on the decision of the court meeting
S.C. FEPRA INTERNAȚIONAL S.A.
no. 4016/13.12.2016
Operating license based on the decision of the court meeting
S.C. ECO-ROM AMBALAJE S.A.
no. 75/17.01.2017
Source: The Ministry of Environment (http://www.mmediu.ro/categorie/comisie-ambalaje/196, accessed on March 2017)
According to [JASPERS 2016], 10 PROs were authorised in 2014, and S.C. ECO-ROM AMBALAJE S.A.
was the largest one (52% market share). Also, [JASPERS 2016] states the fact that the number of
producers who transferred responsibility to 6 PROs (the largest ones of the 10 that are currently
authorised) in 2014 was about 33% of the total number of producers who put packaging on the
market.

PROs are authorized by the Commission for authorizing companies in order to take over the
responsibility for the management of packaging waste, set up within the Ministry of Environment.

According to the provisions of the current legislation, within the operation system of the EPR
scheme, PROs collaborate with:
- companies that are authorised to collect and recycle/recover municipal packaging waste and
packaging waste resulting from industry and commerce (contracts – open market);
- sanitation operators who are responsible for collecting and recycling /recovery of municipal
packaging waste (contracts – open market);
- Administrative Territorial Units (ATUs) – entering into partnerships in order to provide

equipment for the separate collection of municipal packaging waste and carrying out
awareness campaigns.
The management of packaging waste as well as reaching the recycling /recovery targets for
packaging waste are controlled by:
- The National Environment Guard – acknowledges infringements and implements sanctions in

case of failure to comply with the legal provisions on packaging and management of
packaging waste;
- ATUs - acknowledge infringements and implements sanctions in case municipal packaging

waste generators fail to bring back packaging waste resulting from the products bought in

the special areas provided by the retailers, or they fail to hand them over to sanitation
operators or to the authorised collection operators;
- The Administration for the Environmental Fund – assesses whether the recycling/recovery
targets for packaging waste have been met by the economic operators in charge, including
PROs, and implements a penalty of 2 Lei/kg for the difference between the amount of
packaging waste corresponding to the minimum recycling /recovery objectives and the
amounts of packaging waste that were actually recycled /recovered [GEO 196 2005].
2.3.3 Objectives and targets regarding packaging waste
The objectives regarding the recycling/recovery of packaging waste assumed by Romania in the
European Union Accession Treaty are:
- recycling 60% of the weight for paper and cardboard, and recycling 50% of the weight for
metal by 31 December 2008 – no transition period was requested;
- recycling 15% of the weight for wood by 31 December 2011 – the transition period was 3
years;
- the global recycling objective of 55%, global recovery objective of 60%, the recycling
objectives of 22.5% of the weight for plastic, and the recycling objectives of 60% of the
weight for glass by 31 December 2013 – a transition period of 5 years.
According to [NWM Report 2016] and Table 6, it can be noticed that neither the global recycling
target nor the global recovery target were reached in 2013 and in 2014. Also, the recycling target for
glass waste was not met in 2013 and in 2014.

The Package of Circular Economy, published by EC in December 2015, also includes the proposal to
amend the Directive on packaging and packaging waste. The newly proposed objectives are the
following:
- a minimum objective prepared for reuse and recycled of 65% for 2025, and 75% for 2030;
- a minimum objective for preparing for reuse and recycling for the specific materials
contained in packaging waste:
o plastic - 55% in 2025;
o wood - 60% in 2025, and 75% in 2030;
o ferrous metal - 75% in 2025, and 85% in 2030;
o aluminium - 75% in 2025, and 85% in 2030;
o glass - 75% in 2025, and 85% in 2030;
o paper and cardboard - 75% in 2025, and 85% in 2030.
One may notice that the intention is to rise to a very high level both for the global recycling rate, and
for recycling rates per type of material. We must also take notice of the large increase in the
recycling rates for wood and plastic (for wood, from 15% at present to 60% in 2025, and 75% in 2030,
and for plastic, from 22.5% at present to 50% as of 2025).

2.3.4 Current situation of collection and recycling/recovery of packaging waste
The separate collection of household and similar waste has not been extended at the national level
yet. This fact is confirmed by the low level of recycling of municipal waste, that is 6% in 2015 (see
Table 2). Therefore, the separate collection of municipal packaging waste, which is mostly carried out
by sanitation operators together with municipal waste, is also very low at present.
The large degree of recycling is mainly due to the separate collection of packaging waste resulting
from industry and commerce, as well as to the collection of municipal packaging waste by other
authorised operators than the sanitation operators, and to informal collection (mainly extracting
recyclable waste from landfills).
The current recycling capacities for paper and cardboard, plastic, metal, and glass, as well as the co-
incineration capacities are presented in section 2.1.4. With regard to recycling of wood packaging,
there are about 20 recycling companies in Romania at present. Most of them ensure repairing of
wood pallets. The main companies that provide recycling of wood packaging are shown in Annex 2.
As it is stated in section 2.1.4, there is enough recycling capacity for paper and cardboard, as well as
for metal at present. The current recycling capacities for wood, glass and possibly plastic packaging
are not enough if recycling targets are increased as compared to the current legislation in force.
According to [JASPERS 2016], the average fees charged from PROs to producers per tonne of
packaging range from €8.85 to €16.96/t.
According to [EC BIO 2014], in the EU, the fees charged to producers per tonne of household
packaging waste vary from less than €20 to €200.
Thus, the average fees paid by Romania’s producers to PROs are below the lowest EU value, which is
due to the fact that PROs do not pay the net costs of managing packaging waste, but only bonuses to
waste management operators.
2.3.6 Gaps identified in packaging waste management
The main gaps of the current packaging waste management system are the following:
- Technical issues regarding packaging waste management:

o The separate collection system of municipal packaging waste is poorly developed at
the national level;
o The current recycling capacities for wood, glass and possibly plastic packaging are
not enough if recycling targets rise as compared to the provisions of the current
legislation;
- Legislative issues:
o The current definition in the legislation for individual responsibility infringes the
principle applied in EPR schemes at the European level; this principle stipulates that

individual responsibility refers to their own products that producers release on the
national market;
o The current legislation does not include any clear provisions on PROs organizational
and financial responsibility;
- Institutional /organizational issues:
o The current legislation does not stipulate any operating rules for a competitive
system with several PROs;
o There are issues regarding the correlation of the provisions of the sanitation
legislation and the legislation on packaging and packaging waste. Packaging
legislation states that packaging waste can be collected from the population both by
sanitation operators and by other authorised collectors; however, according to
sanitation legislation (Law 101/2006), the local public authority is the only one
responsible for municipal waste management through sanitation operators;
- Financial and investment issues:
o The current legislation does not include clear provisions on the financial
responsibility of PROs. Thus, at present, for municipal packaging waste, responsibility
transfer organizations pay bonuses to sanitation operators and recyclers instead of
the cost of packaging waste management, that is reflected in the waste management
tariff.
2.3.7 Business opportunities for packaging waste
The business opportunities in the field of packaging waste management, identified based on the
requirements of the current system, are presented in the table below.
Table 8: Business opportunities for packaging waste

Considering the fact that PROs have
currently taken over responsibility for
less than 50% of the producers that
release packaging and packed products
on the market, there is still room and
potential for setting up a new PRO. This
The market analysis
is also supported by the fact that most
regarding the
PROs are facing credibility issues due to
producers that are
Setting up a new PRO, the fact that the controls carried out by
likely to join a new
possibly even a single the Administration for the
1 PRO. Setting up and ###
PRO at the national Environmental Fund in 2015 identified
operating the PRO in
level amounts of packaging waste declared as
accordance with the
recycled that have not actually been
European and the
recycled.
national legislation.
In addition, considering the fact that the
current EPR scheme is experiencing
problems in its operation, setting up a
single PRO at the national level is likely
(this is also a recommendation of
[JASPERS 2016])

If the competitive system based on
several PROs remains in place,
coordination from a central organization
is required; this organization can be Consultancy services
Setting up a
12 public or private, and it will establish to producers and to
“clearinghouse”
rules and responsibilities, and will the Ministry of
system if the
2 ensure the implementation of real Environment in order ###
competitive system
competitive practices in order to avoid to set up the
with several PROs stays
market distortions and dysfunctional “clearinghouse”
in place
behaviours. Setting up the central organization
“clearinghouse” organization will be a
measure included in the National Waste
Management Plan.
Providing retailers with Following the latest legislative changes
reverse vending and the implementation of the National
machines for glass Programme for the Prevention of Waste Providing reverse
3 ###
packaging for beer, Generation in the near future, the vending machines
soda, and mineral voluntary deposit-refund system for
water glass packaging will expand.
The market analysis on
the requirements for
If the new objectives proposed in the recycling capacities
Building new recycling Circular Economy Package are approved, Consultancy services
4 capacities for wood and new recycling capacities are going to be for designing the ###
glass packaging waste necessary as of 2025, especially for recycling facility
wood and glass packaging waste. Construction works for
the recycling facility

Green ### There are promising opportunities to work with the market
Yellow ### There are some opportunities for cooperation with the market
2.4 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE
Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is the waste resulting from construction, refurbishing,
rehabilitation, repairing, and consolidation works, as well as from the demolition of civil and
industrial buildings, urban structures and infrastructure, and from dredging and unsilting.
The generators of construction and demolition waste are:
- The population carrying out construction /rehabilitation /maintenance works;
12
is a public/private organisation which set out the rules and responsibilities and ensure that real competitive practices
prevail to avoid market distortions and dysfunctional behavior

- Public institutions and companies carrying out construction, refurbishing, and
decommissioning works.
2.4.1 Amounts of construction and demolition waste
According to the current legislation and practice, all the stakeholders involved in the management
system of construction and demolition waste report annually to Local Environmental Protection
Agencies (LEPAs) that collect, validate, and process the data. LEPAs send the data to the National
Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), where the data are centralised. The reported data are
stored in the national databases for construction and demolition waste.
The amounts reported by LEPA/NEPA are based on statistical estimates and on the data reported by
the sanitation operators and by the operators of CDW treatment facilities. We must state here that,
due to the fact that the construction activities do not need environmental permit, the construction
companies do not have to report the CDW generated.
The reporting of amounts of construction and demolition waste is as following:
- The population carrying out interior refurbishing and rehabilitation works of their individually
owned houses /apartments must exclusively request to the sanitation operator to collect
construction and demolition waste - the data on CDW from the population are reported by
the sanitation operator;
- Public institutions carrying out construction and demolition works must sign a contract with
an authorised operators - the data collected on CDW from public institutions are reported by
the authorised operator);
- Construction companies must keep records of the types and amounts of waste generated in
accordance with the provisions of GD no. 856/2002 on recording waste management and
approving the list of waste, including hazardous waste. Construction companies must report
these records to LEPA upon their request.
The table below shows the data reported by sanitation operators between 2010-2014 as well as the
amounts reported by companies:
Table 9: Amounts of CDW, thousand tonnes

CDW thousand tonnes/year
Category 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Amount of CDW from the population and 498 532 481 375 422
companies – reported by sanitation operators
Amount of CDW reported by companies 1,529 1,804 1,581 1,820 1,814
Total 2,027 2,336 2,062 2,195 2,236
Source: [NWM Report 2016]
The data above clearly show that the generation indicator for Romania is much lower than the
European average. Considering the current situation in the sector of construction and demolition
waste and the results of recent studies, it can be assessed that the amounts of CDW generated at the
national level have been underestimated. This can be explained based on the following causes:

- Part of the CDW generated by the population is mixed with household waste, and it is
collected in containers provided for households waste (without any request for special
containers used for the separate collection of CDW);
- Sanitation operators collect only a part of CDW as the coverage degree of sanitation services
was about 81.59 % in 2014 at a national level;
- The large number of companies and the current reporting mechanisms that cannot ensure
the correct recording of this waste flow;
- Problems regarding the data collection system; there is still no correlated methodology on
estimating the amounts of CDW resulted from construction and/or demolition sites.
2.4.2 Responsibilities for CDW
In Romania, generators are mainly responsible for waste management. They can manage the
generated waste either in their own facilities or by handing it over to companies authorized to
collect, recover and/or dispose of waste. The transfer of waste (based on a contract or another legal
valid document) to a third party does not fully exonerate the generator from its responsibility.
[L 211 2011] stipulates in art. 22 that the producer of waste or, according to the case, the owner of
waste shall carry out treatment operations as stipulated by legal provisions, or shall transfer these
activities to a company that is authorised to treat waste, or to a public or private waste collection
operator. The producer or owner that transfers waste in view of preliminary waste treatment
operations before recovery or disposal remains responsible for the recovery or disposal operations,
art. 23 of [L 211 2011].
The National Environmental Guard is in charge of controlling waste management operations,

including C&D waste. Local Police is another institution with competences in environmental
protection. Thus, in the terms of this report, local police checks if the legal provisions regarding the
collection, transport, and landfill of municipal and industrial waste are met.
2.4.3 Objectives and targets regarding CDW
The objectives regarding an increase in the degree of reusing and recycling construction and
demolition waste have been phased out until 2020 according to the legislation (Law 211/2011 and
GEO 68/2016), as follows:
Annual obligations of companies that have received construction/demolition authorisations

regarding the level of preparation for re-use, recycling and other material recovery operations,
including filling and backfilling operations using waste in order to replace other materials13:
- minimum 30% of the amount of waste resulting from construction activities in 2017;
- minimum 70% of the amount of waste resulting from construction activities in 2020.
13
article 17 (3) of Law 211/2011 regarding waste management, as amended

It is important to state that, in applying and calculating the relevant amounts according to the targets
above, one must take into account the rules set out in the Commission Decision of 18 November
2011 establishing the norms and the methods of calculation used in order to check if the objectives
in article 11 paragraph (2) of Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and Council have
been met, as well as the REGULATION (EC) No. 2150/2002 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND
COUNCIL of 25 November 2002 on statistics regarding waste based on the data provided, including
the provisions of GEO 68/2016 stipulating, in the new definition of these types of waste in Annex 1
to Law 211/2011:
9. waste – any substance or object that is thrown away by its owner or that the latter must or intends
to throw away;
91. construction and demolition waste – waste that corresponds to the waste codes provided in
chapter 17 of the annex to the Commission Decision 2014/955/EU, except for hazardous waste and
natural geological materials - According to the definition of category 17 05 04.
It is necessary to receive clarifications on this redefinition of the waste class from the authority.
2.4.4 Current situation of collection and recovery/disposal of CDW
Regarding the treatment and recovery of CDW, it can be noticed that the relevant data regarding this
field are missing. The data extracted from [NWM Report 2016] show that the authorised companies
that own treatment/recovery facilities for inert construction and demolition waste (crushing
facilities) are located in the following counties: Alba, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bucharest, Buzau, Cluj,
Covasna, Dâmboviţa, Galati, Ilfov, Mures, Neamţ, Olt, Prahova, Sibiu, Timis. In addition to these
private operators, some municipalities have developed their own services specialised in this field:
Mediaș, in Sibiu county; Dej, in Cluj county; Panciu, in Vrancea county.
According to the data available [NWM Report 2016], there are 34 facilities crushing for mineral/inert
CDW at the national level, whose total estimated capacity is about 3 million tons/year (no
information on their capacity was received for 7 of the 24 facilities).
With regard to recovery, the amount of materially recovered CDW is about 1,783,334 tonnes of the
generated amount of 1,813,584 tonnes (in 2014), that is 98%. However, this percentage must be
carefully considered as it certainly does not stand for the quantities of CDW recovered in 2014. The
values reported by NEPA include not only the amounts generated in 2014, but also those generated
in the previous years, possibly those temporarily stored on site. As far as the current recovery
practice is concerned, the amount of backfilling is the largest.
These values illustrate two characteristic situations (factual states):

- It is obvious that Romanian stakeholders involved in waste treatment operations for this
category of waste have the actual capacity to properly handle waste;
- On the other hand, there are still many issues regarding data reporting and control.
Landfilling of CDW remains the current practice for all those types of waste that have not
implemented a recovery procedure. All types of non-combustible waste are considered in here,
including the new generation of waste (especially mineral thermal insulators, plasterboard,

decorating ceramics). The amount of landfilled CDW is still insignificant in the general volume of
generated waste.

CDW management, from the point of view of costs, is always included in the breakdown of expenses
of the construction works. There are very few cases when the issue of good waste management
practice on site is taken into consideration during the decisional process in order to award an
enterprise contract (public or private).
Therefore, we practically cannot speak about an effective cost breakdown for this segment.
However, good practice has been implemented. On large sites, the constructor always treats the
mineral fraction of CDW mechanically (crushing and sorting, usually on site). As far as the
energetically recoverable fractions are concerned (co-incineration), the prices imposed by cement
factories and their dedicated operators are used.
As far as the waste quota intended for disposal is concerned, the local disposal prices are used both
for non-hazardous waste and for hazardous waste.
The financial instrument of the landfill tax, which was actually implemented in 2017, has
considerable effects on the CDWD quota intended for disposal. This is because, at least for the sites
with ongoing activity, these costs have not been internalized in the previously signed contracts.
2.4.6 Gaps identified in the management of construction and demolition waste
The most important drawbacks from the point of view of the impact on the sector of work, in the
good management of CDW are:
- Procurement of services (private and public) in this sector based on the lowest price principle –
this has led in time to a decrease in the market and even to abandoning certain practices
compatible with the concept of sustainable development and circular economy. Therefore, many
times and most often on small size sites, the problem of waste is not approached correctly;
- The first notable consequence of the previous point was and still is the exaggerate use of
backfilling. Many times, this way of recovering inert waste masks disposal in landfills.
- The data collection and reporting system starts from several “grey areas”, which are really
important for the flow of information. How the codes for recovery and disposal operations are
used, as well as the mechanisms used for correcting redundant reporting (the double or triple
reporting of the same quantity of waste transferred between companies) should be subject to
urgent improvement. This aspect is characteristic to the whole information management sector
in the waste field, but it peaks in the CDW field.
- The lack of norms regarding the quality of the material resulted from CDW treatment (the end of
the waste status for the sector of recycled aggregates) makes the advanced recovery of the
useful potential of these materials difficult.
- The absence of viable solutions (techniques, facilities, services) for certain types of CDW, mostly
for the new generation of waste, combustible or not (polystyrene, mineral wool, insulating
panels, plasterboard, sanitary ceramics, etc.).

- The lack of a network of centres for sorting /temporary storage /preparation and local treatment
spatially distributed so that the problem of transporting large volumes of waste over long
distances is minimised.

2.4.7 Business opportunities for CDW
The business opportunities in the field of CDW management, identified based on the requirements of
the current system, are presented in the table below.
Table 10: CDW business opportunities

Business Necessary
No. Description Scoring
opportunity resourcing
At a first glance, clear and detailed public information
should be provided on:
• Clarifications on the assessment method/ certifying
how the targets assumed by Romania according to
Art. 17 (2 point b) of Law 211/2011 are met,
Elaboration and including the clarification of the new definition of
publication of construction and demolition waste according to
guidelines and GEO 68/2016 (excluding hazardous waste and
Consultancy
1 instructions on waste excavated from the soil of Class 17 ###
services
the actual correlated with the introduction of preparation for
application of recovery objectives)
legislative texts • Clarifications on the filling / backfilling activities
eligible in view of the provisions Art. 17 (2 point b)
of Law 211/2011
• Legislative clarifications (Ministerial Order) on
promoting the methodologies and the mechanism
for ending the status of waste in Romania.
Consultancy
Pilot projects Implementation of a network of local centres for
services,
dedicated to the temporary storage /sorting and preparation for
2 design, ###
general CDW recovery in order to optimize the costs of operations
equipment /
flows due to a reduction in the amount of transport in OPEX
technologies
Consultancy
Pilot projects
It is necessary to define a good practice for certain services,
dedicated to
3 types of new generation CDW (mineral insulators, design, ###
dedicated CDW
polystyrene, sandwich panels, etc.) equipment /
flows
technologies
It is necessary to expand (the number and the regional
Extending the spreading) the capacities for the disposal of waste with Consultancy
good practice on asbestos content. At the same time, it is necessary to services,
4 the management define good practice and the sectorial policy regarding design, ###
of waste that decommissioning and compliant disposal of asbestos- equipment /
contains asbestos cement plates that are still used massively (privately technologies
and publicly)

2.5 INDUSTRIAL WASTE
2.5.1 Amounts of industrial waste
Industrial waste stands for waste resulting from manufacturing processes. It can be classified into
three large categories:
- Waste resulting from mining industry (CAEN 05-09, chapter 01 of the European List of
Waste);
- Waste resulting from processing industry (CAEN 10-33, chapters 02.02-02.07, 03, 04, 06-09,
10.02-10.14, 11,12 of the European List of Waste);
- Waste resulting from the production and supply of electric and thermal power, gas, hot
water, and air conditioning (CAEN 35, chapters 05, 10.01 of the European List of Waste).
Industrial waste can be further classified into hazardous and non-hazardous waste. Information on
hazardous waste is given in section 2.6.
In accordance with the provisions of [GD 856 2002], there are the following reporting requirements
regarding industrial waste data:
- Companies that generate waste must keep records of their own waste, and send to LEPAs,
upon their request, the annually centralised data;
- Companies that are authorised for collection, transport, temporary storage, recovery and
disposal must keep records of waste, and they must report to LEPAs upon their request or
upon a request from other competent authorities of the local and central public
administration.
At the national level, in order to keep record of industrial waste management, NEPA and LEPAs
organise the annual statistical reporting. On the date of drawing up this report, the latest data
available regarding industrial waste management are for 2014.
Table 11: Amounts of non-hazardous industrial waste generated in Romania, 2014

Amount of non-hazardous industrial
Type of industry waste*
(tonnes/year)
Mining industry 182,375,085
Processing industry 4,344,891
Production and supply of electric and thermal power, gas, hot
6,871,205
water, and air conditioning
Total 193,591,181
Source: [NWM Report 2016], * The data refer only to waste specific to production, and they don’t include waste similar to
domestic waste or other flows of waste not resulting directly from production

As it can be noticed, non-hazardous waste resulting from the mining industry stands for 94% of the
total non-hazardous industrial waste. However, it should be stated that this type of waste is not
regulated by the provisions of [L 211 2011], and it is regulated by special legislation14.
With regard to non-hazardous industrial waste resulting from the processing industry, according to
the data presented in [NWM Report 2016], the largest amount is given by waste resulting from the
wood processing industry and from the chemical, metallurgical, siderurgical industry, including the
typographic industry (each category is about 40%).
2.5.2 Responsibilities regarding industrial waste
The responsibility for the management of industrial waste belongs entirely to generators. These can
manage the generated waste either on site in their own facilities, or they can delegate this to
companies that are authorized to collect, recover and/or dispose of waste.
[L 211 2011] states in art. 22 that the waste producer or, depending on the case, the waste owner
shall carry out treatment operations in accordance with the legal provisions, or shall transfer waste
to a company that is authorized for waste treatment. The producer or owner that transfers waste for
preliminary treatment in view of recovery or final disposal remains responsible for carrying out the
recovery or disposal operations (art. 23 [L 211 2011]).
Besides the companies that generate waste, there is another important category in industrial waste
management, namely companies authorized for the collection, transport, and treatment of industrial
waste.
[L 211 2011] provides in art. 22 (2) the fact that companies that are environmentally authorized to
collect and transport must only take waste to facilities that have been authorized for treatment
operations.
The National Environmental Guard is responsible for controlling industrial waste management.
2.5.3 Objectives and targets regarding industrial waste
The main objectives regarding industrial waste management can be found in the legislation:
- [L 211 2011] includes an objective regarding the prevention of waste generation besides the
objectives presented in section 2.5.2 – all the companies operating in industry must draw up
and implement a program to prevent and reduce the amount of waste generated from their
own operation, or depending on the case, waste resulting from each product manufactured.
This has been in place since 2012, and it also includes measures in view of a certain product
design, and measures to mitigate waste hazardousness.
- [GD 349 2005] provides in art. 7 (5) that waste can be landfilled only if it has undergone
previous treatment operations that are technically feasible and meet the legal requirements.

14
GD 856/2008 regarding management of waste resulted from mining industry

In addition to the legislative requirements, both generators of industrial waste and companies
authorized to collect and treat industrial waste must meet the provisions included in the
environmental permits.

[NWMS 2014] does not include any objective or targets specific for managing this waste flow, and
NWMP is being elaborated right now.

2.5.4 Current situation of collection and recovery/disposal of industrial waste
The management of non-hazardous industrial waste is done either in their own recovery or disposal
facilities, or in other authorised facilities. If recovery /disposal is performed in other authorised
facilities, the generators or authorised collectors are responsible for the transport to these facilities.

Recovery of industrial waste
According to [NWM Report 2016], in 2014, non-hazardous industrial waste was managed as follows:
- Waste resulting from the processing industry – about 4.4 million tons were recovered, and
0.3 million tons were disposed of (including previous stocks);
- Waste resulting from the production and supply of electric and thermal power, gas, hot
water, and air conditioning – about 0.3 million tons were recovered, and 6.5 million tons
were disposed of.
If we consider the total quantity of generated waste, it is obvious that the waste resulting from the
wood processing industry and from the chemical, metallurgical, and siderurgical industries has the
largest portion of all recovered waste.

Of the total quantity of recovered non-hazardous industrial waste, energetically recovered waste has
the largest quantity (R1 – used mainly as fuel or another source of energy), as well as
recycling/recovery of organic substances (R3).

[NWM Report 2016] mentions the fact that about 800 companies were authorised for the recovery
of non-hazardous industrial waste in 2016.

Disposal of industrial waste
According to [NWM Report 2016], there are 13 landfills for non-hazardous waste at present. These
belong to companies operating in the processing industry. A non-hazardous waste landfill that
belongs to S.C. VITALIA SALUBRITATEA PRAHOVA S.R.L., located in Băicoi town, Prahova county, is
authorized for processing in view of disposal of non-hazardous industrial waste received from third
parties.
Part of the non-hazardous industrial waste is disposed in municipal landfills.


Considering the wide range of waste included in this category and the wide variety of treatment,
disposal, and recovery techniques used, we cannot provide the exact management costs for this type
of waste. The market for services is a free market, there is strong competition among suppliers
(these are mostly companies that ensure collection, sometimes treatment and transfer of waste to
recovery or disposal facilities).
Based on the practice and the information in the field, unit costs, including the whole chain of
operations, for non-hazardous waste vary between 25 and 210 Euro/tonne [Consultant e]. Certain
flows of waste with intrinsic value (e.g. paper, oils) can be collected either for free or even by paying
a certain price.
2.5.6 Gaps identified in industrial waste management
The main gaps identified in industrial waste management are the following:
- Companies operating in industry must carry out and implement a programme to prevent and
mitigate the amount of waste generated, including measures to decrease hazardousness,
based on a waste audit (they must apply the prevention principle). At present, these audits
and programmes are either not being carried out, or are formally carried out (internally, in
many cases), and their actual purpose is not met. At the moment, there are no guidelines on
how to carry out these audits and programmes at the national level.
- There is no relevant public information available on the quantities of waste generated, based
on codes, operational sectors and regions, in order to allow investors to do a business plan
grounded on actual data (lack of transparency). There is a similar situation regarding the
information about the companies that collect and recover /dispose of waste. The lack of data
also affects the elaboration of strategies and waste management plans at the institutional
level.
- At NEPA’s level, there is the online reporting system for the quantities of waste generated or
collected (SIM). As far as SIM is concerned, there are gaps that do not allow the actual
operations carried out on waste flows to be recorded in the system, both in terms of
operation type and in terms of the quantities of treated waste. That is why the data from SIM
must be carefully considered.
- Due to the fact that certain non-hazardous waste landfills have obtained authorisations to
receive non-reactive stable hazardous waste too, these authorisations have required that all
non-hazardous waste shall meet the criteria specific to the leachability test (Council Decision
2002/33/EC). Many new landfills do not accept non-hazardous industrial waste. There is also
the legal requirement demanding a kind of technically feasible waste treatment prior to
landfilling. Certain waste flows on the way to landfilling (e.g. waste with plenty of organic
substances resulting from food industry) currently fail to comply with the requirements set
out in the legislation and in the authorizations of the landfills. Basically, there are no legal
management solutions for these waste flows at present, and they are received at landfills

only by stating the fact that there are no alternative technically feasible solutions. These
technical solutions exist but they are not available in Romania for the time being.
- Proper waste management requires that waste is sorted out by codes as accurately as
possible. Also, a proper characterisation of waste is necessary, including the properties of
waste and a proper assessment of hazardousness. This requirement regarding the
characterization of waste and assessment of waste hazardousness is mandatory for
hazardous waste or potentially hazardous waste (e.g. mirror codes). At present, these
characterizations are either missing, or they are often improper and irrelevant for that
specific waste flow (insufficient number of tests as compared to the quantity of waste,
inadequate testing, faulty assessment of the test results). Moreover, where there are
characterisations that can provide useful data, these are often ignored by operators in the
field. There is no updated national guide on the classification and characterisation of waste.
- In Romania, there are stock-piles of waste resulting from ore processing that are privately
managed (e.g. pyrite and phosphogypsum: Turnu Magurele, Bacau, Valea Calugareasca,
Navodari). These are not properly ensured and they pose certain risks for the environment.
Also, the material in these stock-piles is not properly recovered.
- A large part of the waste resulting from power production is disposed of by landfilling, and
the material recovery targets (e.g. recovery in constructions for flying ashes, gypsum) and
the treatment targets established in the NWMP 2004 – 2014 are not met.
2.5.7 Business opportunities for industrial waste
Table 12: Business opportunities for industrial waste (non- hazardous)

A detailed analysis of
Non-hazardous industrial waste is not
the market regarding
accepted in compliant landfills because
the relevant waste
it does not meet the acceptance criteria
flows and the parties
for landfilling due to the lack of initial
that are interested in
Providing new treatment, or due to the fact that the
purchasing such
technologies for landfill hasn’t been authorised for that
technologies
treating non-hazardous particular code. Moreover, the new
(generators, waste
1 industrial waste in landfill tax decreases the likelihood of ###
treatment companies,
order to enhance disposal in landfills. Treatment of such
landfills). Consultancy
recovery or acceptance waste becomes feasible (e.g. biological
services, design, supply
in landfills treatment, dehydration, stabilization,
of equipment,
etc.) in order to encourage material or
installation,
energetic recovery), or to meet the
commissioning, staff
acceptance criteria for landfilling if no
training, maintenance
other options are available.
and service.
Building new storage Certain types of non-hazardous waste Consultancy services
capacities for non- have no other feasible option than for environmental
2 hazardous industrial disposal in landfills. At present, there is authorities, local ###
waste when there are only one landfill for non-hazardous authorities, landfill
no other options industrial waste. It is recommended to operators, investors in

available for this type of analyse the options regarding extending this field.
waste. Supplying the authorisations of the current Supplying consultancy
consultancy services, landfills in order to accept this type of services, design,
technologies, waste (possibly equipping them with materials and
execution. additional treatment facilities), and, only equipment necessary
where it is necessary, to build special for building these
regional landfills, while considering landfills.
disposal requirements for hazardous
waste (mixed landfills)
Consultancy services
and design for the
owners of these stock-
There are historical ore stock-piles (e.g. piles.
Ensuring and recovery pyrite and phosphogypsum) that have Testing the material in
3 of the content of ore not been properly ensured, thus posing stock-piles in order to ###
stock-piles risks to the environment. The material in establish recovery
these stock-piles is not recovered. options.
Providing technical
solutions, equipment
and materials.
Market analysis,
Recovery and
This type of waste is not sufficiently consultancy services
treatment of waste
recovered or treated, according to the and design;
4 resulting from power ###
targets established in the current Testing the material;
production (flying
NWMP. Supplying equipment
ashes, gypsum)
and consumables.
Consultancy services
Elaboration of a
There are major gaps in carrying out and for the Ministry of
national guide on audits
implementing these audits and Environment.
5 and waste prevention ###
programmes as there is not a single Consultancy services
and minimizing
practice in the field. for companies in order
programmes
to do audits and plans.
Elaboration of a
national guide for
classifying and There are major gaps in coding, Consultancy services
characterising waste, assessing and characterising waste due for the Ministry of
6 ###
both at the general to the lack of clear regulations in the Environment/NEPA
level as well as field.
dedicated to certain
major waste flows


2.6 HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous waste is waste that presents one or several of the hazardous properties presented in
Annex no. 4 a [L 211 2011].
According to the source of generation, hazardous waste can be:
- Municipal hazardous waste;

- Industrial hazardous waste;
- Hazardous waste from agriculture;
- Hazardous waste from special waste flows (packaging waste, WEEE, batteries and
accumulators, C&D, healthcare waste, sludge from used water treatment).
The following chapters only refer to the first two categories of hazardous waste.
2.6.1 Amounts of hazardous waste
Municipal hazardous waste
According to [NWM Report 2016], there are no data regarding the generation of municipal
hazardous waste at the national level. This type of waste is collected with the title of exception.
According to EUROSTAT data, the generation average of hazardous municipal waste in UE 28 was 5
kg/inhabitant/year in 2008, rising to 7 kg/inhabitant/year in 2012.
Industrial hazardous waste

According to [ARSE Romania 2015], in 2014, 431,714 tonnes of waste were generated in Romania
from economic processes, as follows:
- Mining industry – 206,857 tonnes;

- Oil processing industry, coal coking – 54,725 tonnes;
- Manufacturing of chemical substances and products – 7,180 tonnes;
- Metallurgical industry – 33,226 tonnes;
- Machinery and equipment industry – 10,010 tonnes;
- Automotive industry – 24,210 tonnes;
- Other activities 95,506 tonnes.

2.6.2 Responsibilities regarding hazardous waste
The main stakeholders and their responsibilities are the same as for municipal waste (see section
2.1.2).
The stakeholders and the responsibilities presented for non-hazardous industrial waste (section
2.5.2) are also valid for hazardous industrial waste.

Moreover, [L 211 2011] also provides specific responsibilities for hazardous waste management,
namely:
- Hazardous waste producers/owners, as well as the companies environmentally authorised

for collection, transport, temporary storage, treatment or recovery of hazardous waste must
collect, transport and store separately the different categories of hazardous waste;
- Controls regarding hazardous waste management are performed by approved institutions;
such controls are aimed at the origin, destination, as well as the measures taken by the
waste producer in order to pack and label waste;
- The transport of hazardous waste on the territory of Romania must comply with the specific
legislation;
- It is forbidden to mix hazardous waste;
- Labelling of hazardous waste.

2.6.3 Objectives and targets regarding hazardous waste

At present, the legislation provides no other objectives than the responsibilities mentioned in section
2.6.2.

Sanitation operators, who are responsible for the management of municipal hazardous waste on
behalf of local public authorities, must meet the performance indicators regarding the management
of this waste flow included in the delegation contracts.

Regarding hazardous industrial waste, in addition to the responsibilities mentioned in section 2.6.2.,
there are legislative objectives applicable both to hazardous waste, and to non-hazardous waste
(section 2.5.3).

Besides the legislative requirements, both generators of industrial waste and companies authorized
to collect and treat industrial waste must meet the requirements included in environmental permits
as well as the legislative provisions regarding the transport of hazardous waste.

[NWMS 2014] does not include any objectives or targets specific to managing this waste flow, and
NWMP is currently being elaborated.

2.6.4 Current situation regarding the collection and recovery/disposal of hazardous waste

Local public authorities delegate the responsibility for collecting and managing hazardous municipal
waste to sanitation operators. This responsibility has actually appeared in the awarding
documentations of delegation contracts only in the last two years. In fact, the separate collection of
hazardous municipal waste has not been implemented at the national level yet.
When hazardous municipal waste is collected separately, it is managed in authorized facilities that
also receive industrial hazardous waste.

There are companies that are authorised to collect and transport hazardous industrial waste.

According to [NWM Report 2016], the largest amount of industrial hazardous waste generated is
recovered. However, we must notice the fact activity R12 takes the largest part of the recovery
activities (more than 43%). This is not an actual recovery activity, and it stands for the exchange of
waste in order to expose it to one of the recovery activities. The second recovery activity in terms of
its quantitative importance is energetic recovery from co-incineration R1 (over 42 %). Thus, material
recycling activities stand for about 10% of all recycling activities.
[NWM Report 2016] shows the fact that, at present, there are about 50 companies authorized for
the treatment and recovery of hazardous industrial waste, except cement factories, at the national
level.
Regarding the disposal of hazardous waste, [NWM Report 2016] mentions that the most commonly
used methods in 2014 were D9 – physical-chemical treatment (about 42%), D10 – incineration (about
28%), and D5 – building special landfills, for example, storage in separate sealed compartments
(about 15%).
According to [NWM Report 2016], there are currently 12 incineration facilities at the national level.
These facilities treat industrial waste taken over from third parties. There are 7 facilities that treat
industrial waste generated from their own activities. With regard to landfilling, there are 10 landfills
for hazardous waste at present. Of these, only 2 receive waste from third parties, while the other
landfills belong to generators. Details regarding the operators of incineration facilities and landfills
are provided in Annex 4.
Considering the wide range of waste included in this category and the wide variety of treatment,
disposal and recovery techniques used, we cannot provide the exact management costs for this type
of waste. The market for services is a free market, there is strong competition among suppliers
(mostly companies that ensure collection, sometimes treatment and transfer of waste to recovery or
disposal facilities).
Based on the practice and the information in the field, unit costs for hazardous waste, including the
whole chain of operations, vary approximately between 100 and 440 Euro/tonne. There are higher
prices for certain special types (e.g. PCB), [Consultant e]. Certain waste flows with intrinsic value (e.g.
oils) can be collected for free.
2.6.6 Gaps identified in hazardous waste management
The main gaps identified in hazardous waste management, supplementary to those presented in
section 2.5, are the following:
- The lack of collection systems for hazardous municipal waste from the population. Only
retailers have such collection points for certain flows of hazardous waste (batteries,
fluorescent lamps). However, the population does not always dispose of these types of

hazardous waste here due to a lack of information or to the lack of any sanctions for
disposing of such waste together with domestic waste. Thus, the large majority of hazardous
waste from the population reaches domestic waste landfills.
- According to [L 211 2011], waste must be labelled similar to chemical products, according to
[REG 1272 2008]. In most cases, this requirement is not met. This labelling involves a
complex assessment of the hazardous chemical properties of the type of waste, including
hazard statements and precautionary statements, as well as the hazard pictograms according
to the legislation available for chemicals, especially since there are differences between the
criteria for establishing the hazardousness of a kind of waste and of a chemical product.
- The consultant’s experience shows that there are problems with the temporary storage of
waste at the owners’ premises, especially within small companies.
- In Romania, there are still non-compliant pits for waste resulting from oil refinaries (Ploiesti,
Campina, Darmanesti). These pits need to be rehabilitated as contaminated sites by
treatment /disposal/recovery of the resulting waste.
- There are only two hazardous waste landfills for third parties in the South-East of Romania in
the context of an intense industrial activity going on in the North-West of Romania.
2.6.7 Business opportunities for hazardous waste
Table 13: Business opportunities for hazardous waste

Due to the lack of collecting municipal Providing consultancy
hazardous waste, most of it reaches to local authorities and
Building centres for municipal waste landfills. It is necessary operators.
collecting hazardous to built local centres with a good Designing collection
1 ###
waste from the coverage in the territory, together with centres.
population implementing sanctions for disposal of Pilot projects.
hazardous waste together with Equipment for the
domestic waste. collection centres.
According to legal requirements and to
good practice, it is necessary to provide
Consultancy and
Improving hazardous special areas for storing hazardous
design.
2 waste management waste, using proper containers and ###
Supplying equipment
with the owners secondary retention systems.
and containers.
It is necessary to label products similar
to chemical products.
Consultancy and
Decommissioning pits design.
There are historical pits containing oil
that contain oil waste Laboratory tests.
3 products that must be environmentally ###
and decontaminating Supply and operation
cleaned and decontaminated.
the sites of the necessary
equipment.
Building new storage There is no other feasible option for A detailed market
4 ###
capacities for hazardous hazardous waste than disposal in analysis.

waste. Providing landfills. At present, there are only two Consultancy for
consultancy, landfills for hazardous waste that environmental
technologies, receive waste from companies in the authorities, local
execution. South-East of Romania. authorities, landfill
operators, investors in
the field.
Providing consultancy,
design, materials and
equipment for building
landfills.

2.7 SPECIAL STREAMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
The economic activity in Romania during this development stage (10 years following EU accession)
shows several characteristics and particularities. Two aspects have been taken into account in
selecting special streams of industrial waste:
- The type of generating activity and its economic weight (including geographical distribution);
- The characteristics and the quantitative dimension of the waste stream.
Thus, the team of experts has selected the following generic types of waste (not waste classes or
waste codes):
- Waste with a large content of organic matter resulting from food industry;
- Waste specific to surface treatment activities;
- Waste specific to mechanical processing operations.
Each of these categories is represented well both in terms of number of generation points and in
terms of quantities.
2.7.1 Waste with a large content of organic matter resulting from food industry
It includes only typical organic waste, without any contaminants that might jeopardize their possible
recovery (including agricultural) but which doesn’t meet the requirement regarding the content of
organic matter in order to be accepted for landfilling (this is expressed by means of the dissolved
organic carbon indicator).
Two types of waste can be generically included in this category:

- Sludge resulting from the treatment of their own effluents, when no sanitary - domestic
effluents are introduced in the water treatment plants. In this case, we usually have a sludge
cake with a content of volatile organic matter of about 70% d.s., TOC15 25 – 30% d.s.
- Sludge resulting from filtering products (using kiesselguhr) for beer and vegetal oil. In these
situations, waste is mainly inorganic (the siliceous matrix is the main constituent), and the
content of volatile organic matters varies between 10 - 20% d.s., TOC 0,5- 20% d.s.
The quantities of these types of waste have not been quantified at the national level yet. As a
consequence of the explanations that have been previously included in this report, regarding the lack
of a single and sometimes fair practice used in characterising and classifying waste (non-hazardous,
in this case) in Romania, the six-figure codes used for classifying the same type of waste coming from
two different generators can be different.
The estimates of the project team indicate an annual generation level of 15,000 – 25,000
tonnes/year for the beer and food oil industries.
The current options for these types of waste are extremely limited, and it is basically disposed in
landfills.
The market services specific to this field are unusually small since no private operator authorised to
treat / recover these types of waste has been identified.
The content of biodegradable organic matter of the two types of waste (larger than 3% s.u.) indicates
the necessity of assessing the different possibilities of recovery of this potential – either directly by
means of anaerobe fermentation, or associated to other properties of these types of waste – for
example, as fertilizers.
On the other hand, no matter if there is or there isn’t a viable recovery option, any type of disposal in
a landfill must be preceded by prior treatment in order to comply with the following two conditions:
- Reaching a content of dry matter of minimum 35%, and

- Stabilizing the biodegradable content (making it inert).
Romania has imposed a provision regarding the minimum humidity of sludge that is meant to be
disposed of in landfills, and the value of 35% is impossible to get by means of technologies that
involve reasonable costs. On the other hand, controlling if the biodegradable content has been
stabilised has not been regulated or even commented upon in the official texts of this professional
field in Romania. It is expected that the revised National Waste Management Plan will clarify this
aspect.
Most of the newly built treatment /disposal facilities (built from public financing) either don’t accept
manufacturing waste or they haven’t been commissioned yet. The general characteristic is that all
the treatment /disposal facilities (except cement factories and some landfills developed as PPP) are
public investments, intended almost exclusively for public service.
15
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is the amount of carbon found in an organic compound

No private treatment facilities have been identified (anaerobe fermentation, composting) to be in
operation or as a project.
Certain agricultural recovery can be done only if all the provisions of [MO 344 2004] are observed,
including obtaining a prior Application permit (we must mention the fact that the national document
has restrictive provisions as compared to the Council Directive 86/278/EEC or to other regulations in
other Member States).
Cost assessment, in the context of the introduction of the additional tax that is meant to discourage
landfilling as of 2017, indicates that the recovery of these types of waste will become a viable option
in the near future (the main option is agricultural recovery as compost for sludge, and using
kieselguhr to replace raw materials in cement factories).
On the other hand, the option of agricultural recovery (as such) remains open. Its limitative factors
are temporary storage (while it cannot be used on land) and the transport distance.
Therefore, the valid options, which can be implemented for the two categories of waste are:
a) Agricultural recovery – waste as such;

b) Agricultural recovery – following composting (please refer to COM(2016) 157 final, the
Regulation proposal of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the norms on
launching fertilizers with the EC mark on the market, amending Regulations (EC) no.
1069/2009 and (EC) no. 1107/2009);
c) Recovery in the cement industry;
d) Prior treatment in view of disposal – making the biodegradable content inert (MBT);
e) Prior treatment in view of disposal – stabilizing it with lime;
f) Disposal as such in landfills.
Table 14: Business opportunities for food industry waste

A detailed analysis of the sector
A market study
1 assessing the feasibility of the measures Consultancy ###

to be taken
There are several technical solutions
that can be applied depending on the
properties of waste and on the
Consultancy and
particularities of the available site.
Promoting some pilot design
Collecting and treatment of waste on a
projects in order to Supply of specific
different site has been particularly
demonstrate the equipment and
2 envisaged. Producing biogas and organic ###
technology
good practice fertilizers seem to be feasible solutions
Supply of know-how
for the time being. Such a pilot project
and exchange of
should ensure good spreading of the
experience
project outcomes and its advantages,
(including economic ones) in order to
replicate and expand this practice.


2.7.2 Waste resulting from mechanical processing activities
The industrial field of mechanical processing has been invigorated over the last few years. Several
manufacturing companies have been set up16. Industrial development has led to an increase in the
amount of waste specific to this field, which, in turn, has resulted in an increase of specific services
offered by authorised operators. Thus, there are two categories of waste (with different
identification codes) envisaged by this report:
- Used emulsions
- Sludge resulting from the local treatment of emulsions.
Practice indicates an increased receptiveness of manufacturing companies (we usually refer to

relocated production units or those belonging to parent companies headquartered in the West) to
the following categories of services:
- Prolonging the emulsion life span – a technique to prevent sludge generation (implementing
local treatment units or even third party services carried out on site);
- Waste treatment on site – in order to minimize the cost by having no cost of transport;
- Taking over and treatment / disposal off site.
Table 15: Business opportunities for waste resulted from mechanical processing activities

A detailed analysis of the sector
A market study
1 assessing the feasibility of the measures Consultancy ###

to be taken
There are several technical solutions

that can be applied depending on the
properties of the waste and on the Consultancy and
Promoting some pilot particularities of the available site. design
projects in order to Treatment on site (third party) as well as Supply of specific
demonstrate the collection and treatment of waste on a equipment and
2 ###
different site have been envisaged. Such technology
good practice
a pilot project should ensure good Supply of know-how
spreading of the project outcomes and and exchange of
its advantages, (including economic experience
ones) in order to replicate and expand
this practice.

16
Eurostat places Romania in the European top of processing industry evolutions as compared to the reference year 2010,
and on the first/third place if we consider the period of the economic recession 2008 – 2014, (following Estonia and
Slovacia), with an increase in the sector turnover of 30.16%.

2.7.3 Waste resulting from surface treatment activities
In a similar way and, very often, in a strong economic relation, surface treatment industrial activities
have developed at the same time as mechanical processing activities.
Both integrated units (complex galvanizing lines) and preparation units (degreasing or acid and basic
pickling) are included here. The main characteristic of the new units is their reduced size, namely the
reduced volumes of the tanks.
Based on economic considerations, the solution to implement neutralizing/ treatment lines for used
effluents is not viable in small units. Therefore, there is the practice of having the content of used
baths (usually concentrated solutions) taken over by authorised operators in order to be treated off
site, in a centralized manner.
A major advantage of this method lies in the possibility to (at least theoretically) recover the metals
from the concentrated solutions. Another advantage of the centralized treatment / neutralizing
system is a better management of the sludge cake resulted from treatment.
Here are the opportunities in this field:
1. A detailed analysis of the sector (market study) assessing the feasibility of the measures to
be taken;
2. Promoting some pilot projects in order to demonstrate the good practice;
3. Supply of know-how and exchange of experience;
4. Supply of specific equipment and technology.

3. NECESSARY RESOURCES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT MARKET DEVELOPING
In the table below a summary of necessary resources for each waste stream is presented.
Table 16: Necessary resources
Highly qualified people Highly developed Plants/Equipment Services

No. Type of waste
in methods for (type) (type)
Municipal waste
Sorting waste equipment’s,
management (data Planning, feasibilities studies and
municipal hazardous waste
management, separate technical projects elaboration,
1 Municipal waste - collection and storage, landfill
collection systems, consultancy for source separation
gas treatment, anaerobic
treatment installations) system implementation
treatment of bio-waste

Consultancy for source separation
Local separate collection
2 Used cooked oil - - system implementation, public
equipment’s
awareness
Reverse
vending
machines
for glass
Specific field of the packaging
packaging waste: for beer, Market analysis, technical
3 Packaging waste environmental duties and - soda, and assistance, design for new facilities
liabilities, EPR scheme, mineral
clearinghouse water

Equipment
’s for wood and glass packaging
waste recycling
4 Procedures and - Pre-treatment and recycling Market analysis, technical

Highly qualified people Highly developed Plants/Equipment Services
No. Type of waste
in methods for (type) (type)
Construction and guidelines for law equipment’s for the new assistance, design for new pilot
demolition waste enforcement (C&D waste generation C&D waste facilities
sector) (insulation, gips plate,
sandwich panels, etc)
Procedures and
Market analysis, technical
guidelines for law Pyrite ash and
Industrial waste assistance, design for new disposal
enforcement (waste phosphogypsum Temporary storage facilities,
5 (non-hazardous, and treatment facilities (including
characterisation, treatment and treatment equipment
general) fly ash recovery)
guidelines), waste recovery

minimisation
Procedures and
guidelines for law
Collection and transport assistance, design for new disposal
enforcement (waste
equipment’s, temporary and treatment facilities (including
6 Hazardous waste characterisation, -
storage facilities, treatment asbestos and historical oil waste
guidelines) oil waste
equipment lagoons)
decontamination, waste

minimisation, labelling
Non Hazardous
organic waste from Pre-treatment, stabilisation,
7 - - assistance, design for new disposal
food & breweries aerobic & digestion installation
and treatment facilities
industry
Liquid waste
(emulsions) from Oil and synthetic Specific for local (on site) or Market analysis, feasibility studies,
8 Specific industrial sector
mechanical emulsion treatment centralised (off site) treatment design for new treatment facilities
processing

Waste form surfaces Specific for local (on site) or Market analysis, feasibility studies,
9 Specific industrial sector -
treatment industry centralised (off site) treatment design for new treatment facilities


4. SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES THAT NEED TO BE SOLVED IN THE

NEXT 5 YEARS
This final section of the report briefly presents information on two key aspects of environmental
protection – rehabilitation of contaminated sites and the issue regarding used water treatment.
These are regarded as key aspects due to the size of the potential problem (the physical dimension
of the phenomenon) and to the cooperation potential (business, the large volume of necessary
investment).
4.1 REHABILITATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES
The economic operations that were intensively developed during the last decades of the last
century have left Romania with an impressive number of industrial and agro-industrial sites, many
of them hugely affected by soil and underground water contamination.
The massive privatizing procedure of economic assets associated with a component of taking over
responsibilities for historical pollution (environmental obligations – have been regulated since
1995) has led, as the economic decline and bankruptcy of many privatised companies occurred, to
the following characteristic situations:
- The vast majority of assets carrying environmental obligations concerning soil / underground
water rehabilitation were privately owned, while their owners were in deep financial trouble
(insolvency or even bankruptcy);
- For sites / objectives that are still owned by the state (usually we refer here to landfills),
rehabilitation measures / projects are accepted to be financially supported, but this is not
possible for private companies;
- The concept of orphan site has been developed and introduced in order to make it possible to
do something in those situations where risks were imminent for the population and for the
environment.
At present, there is one first inventory of contaminated sites and potentially contaminated sites at
the national level. This inventory (including a number of about 1,300 enters) is managed within an
electronic application - CoSIS at NEPA level. The inventory was initially done between 2007 -2009,
and it was updated in 2013. The information included in this database is technically based on the
data existing at the level of LEPAs, but it is also based on the answers to a questionnaire provided
by the companies.
Since the administrative procedures on the classification / reclassification / investigation /

rehabilitation /declassification of a contaminated site have not been implemented yet, the records
in the CoSIS application are still informal. An evaluation of the typology and sizes of the sites in this
inventory has been included in the text of the National Strategy on Contaminated Sites [GD
683/2015]. We would like to add the fact that CoSIS data is not public.

The current legislative package does not include any operational administrative procedures. That is
why the progress of the rehabilitation actions taken, as compared to the initially assessed volume
as potential business for this sector (900,000 ha of affected land and minimum 5 billion Euro) has
been insignificant so far.
It is important to mention the fact that, since the date when this first inventory was carried out to
this day, even without any sebsequent regulations specific to this field, rehabilitation works have
been performed in Romania, usually by private oil companies, both regarding the soil and the
underground water. The way in which these projects have been promoted and advised has not
been a unitary one, and the situations generally varied according to the size and particularities of
the sites.
The strategy approved by [GD 683/2015] has the following objectives: on the short term, by the
end of 2015, the purpose of the strategy was to lay down the principles regarding the
management of contaminated sites (objectives that still haven’t been met); on the medium term,
by 2020, the strategy aims at solving the issue of contaminated sites that need urgent action; and
on the long term, by 2050, the aim is to complete this action. The estimated costs related to risk
assessment and the rehabilitation of approximately 210 contaminated sites considered to require
urgent action are 1,264 billion Euro in total. These costs will be paid by accessing structural funds
from the European Union, as well as by the state, and also by means of external investments in the
private sector.
In addition to all the above, the following conclusions can be drawn based on the consultants’
experience:
- The sector of rehabilitating contaminated sites is probably the biggest cooperation

opportunity with national authorities (methodologies, guidelines, staff training, exchange of
experience), service operators (firms that are already involved in this sector), and even directly
with the site owners (those who are actually carrying the environmental obligations).
- Even if administrative procedures have not been implemented yet, there are periodic
collaboration opportunities in this field (the last public bid was launched on 20.03.2017 by
OMV Petrom – Participation announcement no. 173869/18.03.2017, https://www.e-
licitatie.ro/Public/Common/Notice/CNotice/CNoticeList.aspx )
- Certainly, the number of projects receiving support (co-financing) from EU funds or from
national funds (the Administration of the Environmental Fund) will increase as soon as the
field is thoroughly regulated.
- However, in order to substantiate their decision to carry out activities in this field in Romania,
a foreign company will require additional information and clarifications (which can be
obtained from the specialised department in the Ministry of Environment), and possibly a
preliminary study assessing the market of existing services.

4.2 WATER QUALITY AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Romania is one of the Member States that already had, at the time of its EU accession, good
professional culture, operational organization, and even qualified personnel for the water
management sector.
The implementation of the [WFD] in Romania has not met any special organizational or institutional
issues. The problems in the field of water quality arise mainly from the insufficient funding for water
pollution prevention measures – that is used water treatment.
Planning documents are a synthesis of the information in the field. These documents were drawn up
according to the provisions of [WFD] – Basin Management Plans, approved by [GD 80/2011] for the
first planning cycle, and by [GD 859/2016] for the second planning cycle.
Thus, regarding the quality of water bodies, the following assumptions were valid in 2015:
- As compared to the first planning period, there was a significant increase in the percentages of
water bodies that met their environmental objective regarding their ecological status, from
about 17 % to 75.22 %.
- At the national level, 70.88 % of water bodies – rivers are in good and very good ecological
status, while the hydrographical basins /areas: Banat, Jiu, Olt, Mureș, Criș are above the national
average.
- As compared to the ecological status in the first plan, one may notice an increase in the
percentage of water bodies that are in good and very good ecological status (natural rivers) from
66.42 % to 70.88 %, which indicates an improvement.
As far as the ecological status of above-the-ground water bodies is concerned, if we compare the two
management plans, we can notice an increase in the percentage of water bodies that meet the
environmental requirements.
However, there are 15 underground water bodies in Romania that risk not reaching a good level
from the chemical point of view, for the following parameters: nitrates and ammonia. This risk is due
to diffuse emissions produced by human agglomerations, especially those under 2,000 l.e. with a low
degree of connection to sewage systems and to adequate water treatment systems, or to historical
sources such as agro-zootechnical units that have stopped or reduced operation, as well as to
agricultural operations.
Regarding the environmental objective – good ecological status, the following shall be mentioned in
relation to water bodies:
- The percentage of water bodies that reached the environmental objectives was 68.37% in 2015,
that is higher than estimated in the first planning;
- The percentage of water bodies that will reach the environmental objectives by 2021 will
increase as compared to 2015, namely from 68.37% in 2015 to 86.43% in 2021.

- It is estimated that all water bodies will reach the environmental objectives by 2027 (including
less severe environmental objectives).
With regard to the underground water bodies that managed to reach the environmental objectives
in 2015, namely a good chemical status, their percentage has increased as compared to the first
planning assessment by 2.9%, from 86.62 % to 89.51%. This is also valid for 2021. It is estimated that
all underground water bodies will reach the environmental objectives by 2027. The environmental
objective regarding a good quantitative status was met during the first planning cycle for all the
underground water bodies.
Detailed information on the management objectives for the Danube basin and the sub-basin of the
Tisa river can be found on the website: www.icpdr.org (the public section).
The possible collaboration opportunities in this sector belong to the fields:
- Management of treatment sludge. No sustainable solutions have been implemented so far in

Romania. The agricultural recovery of the sludge resulting from municipal WWTP is facing huge
difficulties in its implementation, and the accelerated development of treatment capacities (in
agglomerations of less than 10,000 EL) is going strengthen this problem. Any concept /solution /
technology/ equipment dedicated to this sector is welcome. The stakeholders in this field are
regional water and sewage operators. A list of the main stakeholders and their contact
information can be accessed here
http://patronatulapei.ro/uploads/docs/MembriPatronatuluiApei.pdf
- Establishing BAT-AEL for companies under the incidence of IED. The implementation of the BAT
conclusions for certain sectors of operation has led to new approaches with regard to
establishing ELV, the calculation of the treatment efficiency, and discharge monitoring. We
consider the exchange of experience to be welcome in the field regulating this type of project
(Industrial WWTP). It is useful both for the technical field (modeling the dispersion of pollutants
at discharge, establishing mixing lengths, assessing treatment efficiency in biological steps), as
well as for the economic field (cost benefit analyses regarding the efficiency of the measure),
both for the competent authority and, bilaterally, for the companies interested in this field.

5. INSTEAD OF A CONCLUSION
The main aim of this report (assessment) consisted in identifying the opportunities available and
grounding the strategic communication and collaboration decisions, so that waste management
Norwegian companies may have a clear picture of this field in 2017’s Romania.
We have analysed the municipal waste field (including packaging waste), the area of services where
the opportunities granted by the fact that Romania is a EU member state are more and more visible
(we refer to the massive investments in the public sector of municipal waste collection, treatment,
and disposal services).
Also, we have analysed the specific sectors of special waste flows (C&D waste, organic waste
resulting from industrial waste), considered by the project team and by the beneficiary to be
important for the objectives of this study both due to the evolution of the quantitative generation
rate and to the individual treatment/ recovery applicable solutions.
Another subject to be mentioned is the one regarding the availability of data and public information
on this field (waste management in Romania). It is difficult to carry out a quantitative assessment in
any given sector (categories and types of waste) due to the lack of relevant information. If for
municipal waste there is general quantitative data regarding waste generation / treatment/ recovery
and disposal due to the implementation of integrated waste management projects at county level,
for the industrial business sector, the only available information is the one at national level. This is
the main reason for the majority of practical problems – if we don’t know what we’re talking about
(waste quantities, and properties, etc.), we cannot improve the system or refer to any such
opportunities.
Therefore, most of the opinions included in the report draw on the practical day-to-day experience
of those preparing the report regarding the private sector, in particular (this type of activity is usually
ruled by confidentiality terms). Most likely, a series of regular sectorial assessments, carried out at
the national level under the approval of the regulating authority, would significantly improve the rate
at which we know the actual size of the matters. This is where and how a whole improvement and
business development chain could start.
Considering all the above, it is clear that an assessment of the technical performance of the systems
and technologies that are being currently used in this sector in Romania could be prepared only as a
result of dedicated assessment and analysis work. It is important and interesting, at the same time,
to notice that, for example, when analysing environmental permits (the information is public for
facilities falling under IED Directive17) there is almost 100 % compliance with BAT practices.
However, most waste flows and installations in operation could be improved. The major drawback
preventing investment in this field (public or private), once the technical solution has been identified,
refers to the very small profit margin of all economic activities in Romania. Therefore, the drawbacks
17
Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)

imposed by CAPEX and OPEX usually lead to adopting the simplest possible solutions. Disposal of
waste in landfills was by far the most efficient and sustainable solution for waste generators. The
application of financial instruments (such as the landfill tax) has suddenly led to a change in options,
especially for the industrial sector. Simple calculations have proven that treatment and recovery of
waste (for certain waste flows) is now a viable option from an economic point of view at factory
level. Thus, we strongly believe that keeping at least the landfill tax is going to result in an increase of
the market of services in the waste management field. However, this statement should be carefully
considered as the success of actions depends on the correct and sustained implementation of
authorization, inspection and control activities, including checking compliance of the operations
carried out by companies. On the contrary, leaving aside the implementation of financial instruments
is going to result in the conservation of the current status quo.
As a general conclusion, we welcome the collaboration opportunity in this sector, starting from a
correct definition of the current situation (beginning with sectoral market studies), and having the
sustainability and affordability (the cost to be paid by the clients for the service) objective clearly in
mind at all times.

INFORMATION SOURCES
[NEPA 2014] Data regarding waste generation and management in 2014, obtained from
National Environmental Agency, March 2017
[HOLCIM 2016] Data regarding co-incineration capacities, obtained from HOLCIM Romania
SA, March 2017
[NWMS 2014] National Waste Management Strategy 2014 - 2020, elaborated in 2015,
http://www.mmediu.ro/beta/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/2013-01-11-
DGDSP-SNGD.pdf, accessed February 2017
[NWM Report 2016] The report analysing the data and the current waste management
infrastructure, November 2016, Fichtner Environment SRL – REC SRL
[ARSE Romania 2015] Annual Report on State of the Environment in Romania, elaborated by
National Environmental Protection Agency
http://www.anpm.ro/documents/12220/2209838/RSM_2015%27.pdf/924aa
8b6-429c-46f6-ac75-45f2fdd03e41, accessed February 2017
[ARSE Romania 2011] Annual Report on State of the Environment in Romania, elaborated by
National Environmental Protection Agency
http://www.anpm.ro/anpm_resources/migrated_content/uploads/82095_st
area_mediului_2011.pdf, accessed March 2017
[EC Report 2017] Commission staff working document, The EU Environmental Implementation
Review Country Report - ROMANIA
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_ro_en.pdf, accessed
March 2017
[NIS POP 2015] The population based on their domicile by localities

http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=POP10
8D, accessed February 2017
[ECOFYS 2013] Trends in the UCO market, ECOFYS Study, November 2013
http://www.apc-romania.ro/ro/i-studiu-despre-uleiurile-vegetale-de-pe-
piata-romaneasca/NDI4LTE.html

[EUROSTAT 2014] EUROSTAT Database – Waste streams – t_env_wasst
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database, accessed February 2017
[EUROSTAT 2015] EUROSTAT Database – Waste streams – t_env_wasst

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database, accessed March 2017


[ANRSC 2016] National Authority for the Regulation of Community Services by Public
Utilities (ANRSC), evidenta licente valabile la data de 18.11.2016
http://www.anrsc.ro/activitate/licente-si-autorizatii/, accessed March 2017
[MPF 2015] Ministry of Public Finance, data regarding economic agents activity
http://www.mfinante.gov.ro/agenticod.html?pagina=domenii, accessed
March 2017
[Consultant e] Estimations made by consultant, based on relevant experience
[GD 349 2005] GD 349/2005 regarding waste landfills, as amended
[L 211 2011] Law 211/2011 regarding waste management, as amended
[GD 856 2002] GD 856/2002 on waste management record and approval of the waste list,
including hazardous waste, as amended
[REG 1272 2008] REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF
THE COUNCIL of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging
of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC
and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006
[MO 344 2004] Order no. 344/2004 approving the technical norms regarding environmental
protection, especially of soils, when treatment sludge is used in agriculture

[JASPERS 2016] Assessment of the impact of various economic instruments on the quantities
of waste recycled/ recovered and diverted from landfills in Romania,
JASPERS, 2016
[EIB 2012] European Investment Bank, Instituto Superio Tecnio (2012): The economics
of packaging waste Recycling (http://eimpack.ist.utl.pt/outputs.html)
[EC BIO 2014] BIO by Deloitte, Arcadis, Ecologic, IEEP, Umweltbundesamt AT (2014),
Development of Guidance on Extended Producer Responsibilities,
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/waste/eu_guidance/index.htm
l
[L 249 2015] Law 249/2015 regarding management of packaging and packaging waste, as
amended
[GEO 196 2005] GEO 196/2005 regarding Environmental Fund, as amended
[GD 683/2015] The Governmental Decision approving the National Strategy and the
National Plan for the Management of Contaminated Sites in Romania
[GD 859/2016] The Governmental Decision approving the updated National Management
Plan related to the international hydrographical basin of the Danube river
located on the territory of Romania

[GD 80/2011] The Governmental Decision approving the National Management Plan
related to the international hydrographical basin of the Danube river located
on the territory of Romania (first planning)
[WFD] Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

establishing a framework for the Community action in the field of water
policy"

ANNEX 1 Class 1 licensed municipal waste collection operators
Fiscal
2015 Net
No Collection operator Contact data identification
turnover
code
1C Poligrafiei Boulevard,
COMPANIA ROMPREST SERVICE SA Floor 3, Bucharest
1 T +4 021 306 70 00 13788556 252,225,986
Bucureşti
office@romprest.ro
www.romprest.ro
11A Turturelelor Street,
Modul 15, Bucharest
2 ROSAL GRUP SA Bucureşti 6089555 221,678,646
T +4 021 200 69 51
www.rosal.ro
2A Spiru Haret Street
Constanta
3 POLARIS M. HOLDING SRL Constanţa T +4 0241 548 711 12079629 171,331,606
office@polaris.ro
www.polaris.ro
23 C Gherghitei Street,
Bucharest
T +4 0372 129 301
4 SUPERCOM SA Bucureşti 3884955 148,045,109
http://www.rolocal.ro/c
ompanii/supercom-
sa.html
35 Tudor Vladimirescu
Boulevard, Bucharest
RER Ecologic Service București REBU
5 T +4 021 407 32 00 9357725 90,777,285
SA București
office@rebu.ro
www.rebu.ro
3A Oituz Street
Timisoara, Timis county
RETIM ECOLOGIC SERVICE SA
6 T + 4 0256 499 490 9112229 76,127,088
Timişoara
secretariat@retim.ro
www.retim.ro
13 Vlad Tepes Stret,
Brasov, Brasov county
7 COMPREST SA Braşov T + 4 o268 414 974 RO 1095130 50,993,566
comprest@comprest.ro
www.comprest.ro
43 Soseaua Nationala,
Iasi, Iasi county
8 SALUBRIS SA Iaşi T + 4 0232 276 244 14816433 50,417,253
office@salubris.ro
www.salubris.ro
11/46 Lalelelor Street,
BRANTNER SERVICII ECOLOGICE SRL Cluj Napoca, Cluj county
9 7180367 38,933,742
Cluj-Napoca T + 4 0264 410 773
www.brntner.com

Fiscal
2015 Net
turnover
code
129 A Brestei Street,
Craiova, Dolj county
10 SALUBRITATE CRAIOVA SRL Craiova T +4 0251 414 660 27969145 35,648,834
www.salubritate-
craiova.ro
12 George Cosbuc
Street, Pitesti, Arges
11 FINANCIAR URBAN SRL Piteşti 15343880 32,162,613
county
T + 4 0248 210 111
6 Tolstoi Street, Bacau,
Bacau county
12 SOMA SRL Bacău T +4 0234 514 800 946778 31,960,133
office@soma.ro
www.soma.ro
38 Lunca Sighet Street,
Satu Mare, Satu Mare
county
13 FLORISAL SA Satu Mare 7377238 30,907,197
T +4 0261 713 330
eflorisal@yahoo.com
www.florisal.ro
Unirii Street Bloc 4B,
Buzau, Buzau county
14 RER ECOLOGIC SERVICE Buzău SA T +4 0238 412 063 7449237 30,710,714
office@rerbuzau.ro
www.rerbuzau.ro
79 Tudor Vladimirescu
Street Oradea, Bihor
county
15 RER ECOLOGIC SERVICE ORADEA SA 7449237 30,710,714
T +4 0259 433 044
office@reroradea.ro
www.reroradea.ro
2A Aleea Tineretului
Street, Slatina, Olt
16 SALUBRIS SA Slatina county RO 6516214 25,368,243
T +4 0249 414 693
www.salubris-slatina.ro
17 Soseaua Bucuresti-
Ploiesti, Bucharest
IRIDEX GROUP IMPORT EXPORT
17 T +4 021 233 20 15 24342060 22,855,364
BUCUREȘTI FILIALA COSTINEȘTI SRL
office@iridex.ro
www.iridex.ro
10-12 Buchetului Alley,
18 3D ROMÂNIA SA Bucureşti Bucharest 4928693 21,167,659
T +4 021 340 33 01
16/4 Unirii Boulevard,
19 DRUSAL SA Baia Mare 7233879 21,081,558
Baia Mare, Maramures

Fiscal
2015 Net
turnover
code
county
T +4 0372 773 579
office@drusal.ro
www.drusal.ro
Ion C. Bratianu Stret Bl.
A3 Ap. 4, Pitesti, Arges
20 GIREXIM UNIVERSAL SA Pitești 9054608 19,908,254
county
T + 4 0248 210 111
18 Grigore Alexandru
Ghica Street, Suceava,
Scuceava county
21 DIASIL SERVICE SRL Suceava RO 6419432 18,957,765
T +4 0203 525 115
diasil2003@yahoo.com
www.diasil.ro
19 1 Decembrie Street,
Botosani, Botosani
county
22 URBAN SERV SA Botoşani 10863076 17,321,804
T +4 0231 517 912
ubranservdg@gamil.com
www.urbanserv.ro
6 Oborului Street
Campina, Prahova
county
23 FLORICON SALUB SRL Câmpina 2992339 14,845,359
T +4 0244 375 151
office@floricon.ro
www.floricon.ro
130 Mihail Sebastian
Street, Bucharest
24 SALSERV ECOSISTEM SRL Bucureşti T + 4 0758 677 250 12510160 14,462,695
office@salserv.ro
www.salserv.ro
RDE HARGHITA SRL Odorheiu 73 Bethlen Gábor Street,
Secuiesc (AVE HARGHITA Odorheiu Secuiesc,
25 Harghita county 6582234 13,915,749
SALUBRITATE SRL Odorheiu
T + 4 0266 217 408
Secuiesc) www.rdero.ro
25 Targu din Vale Street,
Pitesti, Arges county
26 SALUBRITATE 2000 SA Piteşti T +4 0248 636 886 13031718 11,260,274
salubritate@gmail.com
www.salubritate-2000.r0
17 Soseaua Bucuresti-
Ploiesti, Bucharest
SERVICII SALUBRITATE BUCUREŞTI
27 T +4 021 233 21 67 12900081 9,987,485
SA
office@ssb.ro
www.ssb.ro

Fiscal
2015 Net
turnover
code
119 bis Bogdan Dragos
Street, Roman, Neamt
28 ROSSAL SRL Roman 15276951 9,705,077
county
T +4 0233 740 487
30/A Fabricii Street,
29 AVE SĂLAJ ECOSERV S.R.L. Zalău Zalau, Salaj county 10217334 8,785,945
T +4 0360 101 477
58 Mihai Eminescu
Street, Braila, Braila
30 BRAI-CATA SRL Brăila 13627967 7,139,874
county
T +4 0239 606 008
10 Pescarilor Street,
HERODOT GRUP SRL Sighetu Sighetu Marmatiei,
31 14339466 6,228,712
Marmaţiei Maramures county
T +4 0362 803 834
224 E Calea Bucurestilor,
32 ROMPREST ENERGY SRL Otopeni Otopeni, Ilfov county 22762032 4,358,378
T +4 0756 169 844
Source: Consultant processing based on [ANRSC 2016] data and [MPF 2015]


ANNEX 2 Recycling operators
Fiscal
Type of 2015 Net
No Recycling operator Contact data identificati
waste turnover
on code
24 Calea Unirii Street, Suceava,
Paper and
1 AMBRO S.A. Suceava* Suceava county 2691530 241,410,640
cardboard
T +4 0230 205 000
358 Bucuresti Street, Calarasi,
Paper and
2 COMCEH S.A. Călărași* Calarasi county 1921968 220,866,466
cardboard
T +4 0242 307 600
17 Teodoroiu Ecaterina Street,
Adjud, Vrancea county
Paper and
3 Vrancart S.A. Adjud* T +4 0237 640 800 1454846 210,089,199
cardboard
office@vrancart.ro
www.vrancart.ro
18 13 Decembrie Street,
Zarnesti, Brasov county
Paper and
4 ECOPAPER S.A. Zărnești* T +4 0268 223 139 1124988 167,998,324
cardboard
office@ecopaper.ro
www.ecopaper.ro
171 Decebal Street, Piatra
Neamt, Neamt county
PETROCART S.A. Piatra Paper and
5 T +4 0233 210 621 2046136 86,538,307
Neamț* cardboard
office@petrocart.ro
www.petrocart.ro
17 Industriilor Alley, Buzau,
Buzau county
6 GREENTECH SA Buzau T+4 0238 725 759 14855491 Plastic 170,387,547
office@greentech.ro
www.greentech.ro
38 8 Martie Street, Targu
Mures, Mures county
PROFFESIONAL RECYLCE SRL
7 T +4 0365 424 491 26455227 Plastic 18,732,210
Targu Mures
office@proffesionalrecycling.ro
www.proffesionalrecycling.ro
Dragomiresti Vale commune,
T41/1, P 402/21, lot 2, Ilfov
county
8 ROM WASTE SOLUTIONS SA 28364656 Plastic 18,088,031
T +4 0371 426 328

office@romwastesolutions.ro
www.romwastesolutions.ro
38 Unitatii Street, Balotesti,
9 ECOLINE ACVILA SRL Ilfov county 31662377 Plastic 13,126,415
T +4 0733 105 889
Soseaua Brailei km 7, Buzau
county
10 REPLASTICA HDPE SRL Buzau 22049226 Plastic 11,618,385
T +4 0730 711 606
www.replastica.ro

Fiscal
Type of 2015 Net
waste turnover
on code
2 Liviu Rebreanu Street, Tg. Jiu,
Gorj county
11 CRILELMAR SRL T +4 0253 228 203 8085185 Plastic 11,060,879
crilermar.srl@gmail.com
www.crilermar.ro
290A Valicu Aurel Boulevard,
12 M&M RECYCLING SRL Constanta, Constanta county 13768770 Plastic 7,366,258
T +4 0723 372 163
DN22C Medgidia, Constanta
county
13 ECOFRIEND RECYCling SRL T +4 0723 250 740 27492142 Plastic 6,868,545
ecofriend.recycling@gmail.com
www.ecofrienrecycling.ro
51-55 Carapati Street,
Hnedoara, Hunedoara county
14 CADELPLAST GROUP SRL T +4 0726-146760 18012172 Plastic 5,862,184
office@cadelplast.ro
www.cadelplast.ro
93 Mihai Viteazu Boulevard,
15 SILCOTUB SA Zalau** Zalau, Salaj county 15117182 Metal 1,696,555,756
T +4 0260 603608
145 Laminoristilor Street,
Campia Turzii, Cluj county
16 MECHEL CAMPIA TURZII SA** 199710 Metal 78,590,075
T +4 0264 305 308
www.isct.ro
Calea Smardan, Galati, Galati
SC ARCELORMITTAL GALATI county
17 1639739 Metal 3,803,508,731
SA** T +4 0236 801 331
http://galati.arcelormittal.com
33 Urziceni Street, Buzau,
18 HOEGONES CORPORATION Buzau county 13117640 Metal 166,287,482
EUROPE SA BUZAU T +4 0238 710 596
45 Theodor Pallady Boulevard,
Bucharest 335588
19 STIROM SA București*** Glass 251,346,555
T +4 021 201 8500
www.stirom.ro
181 Soeseaua Oltenitei, Popesti
GreenGlass Recycling SRL Leordeni, Ilfov county 31292568
20 Glass 5,227,560
Popesti Leordeni T +4 021 361 19 83
www.greenglass.ro
10 Libertatii Boulevard, bl. 114,
Bucharest RO
SC TC ROM GLASS SRL
21 T +4 021 317 77 57 387900 Glass n.d.
București
office@tcromglass.ro
www.tcromglass.ro
2 Austriei Street Wood
22 SC EGGER Romania SRL 16136689 1,300,843,201
PO Box 38, Radauti, Suceava packaging

Fiscal
Type of 2015 Net
waste turnover
on code
county
T +40 372 438 000
84 A Isaccei Street Tulcea ,
Tulcea county
SC JT GRUP SRL Wood
23 T +4 0240 52 7261 18011304 7,384,861
packaging
jtgruptulcea@yahoo.com
www.jtgrup.ro
14 Bucovina Street, Botoşani,
Botosani county
T +4 0231 522 525
SC AQUATERM GREEN Wood
24 office@ aquaterm-green- 18150574 3,282,544
ENERGY SRL packaging
energy.ro
www.aquaterm-green-
energy.ro
19 Drumul
Cetății Street, Bistriţa,
SC Iproeb SA Wood
25 Bistriţa-Năsăud county 566930 110,655,471
packaging
T +4 026 323 8165
www.iproeb.ro
Source: web searching data and [MPF 2015]
* paper factory
** metal pieces’ industry
*** glass factory

ANNEX 3 Data regarding UCO collection in Romania
Collected
Food waste oil Recovery Destination
No. Contact data Activities quantity in
collector operations country
2016
At present, it collects only in Bucharest (in all the districts), and it
ULEIOSUL, project financed by SEEE will expand to Iasi.
2009-2014 grants within the ONG fund in Of the collected quantity, half was from the population, and half
S.T.U.P
1 Romania from HORECA and the industry. 14 tonnes Biofuel Austria
Association
contact@uleiosul.com They’ve carried out awareness campaigns in schools,
http://uleiosul.com kindergartens, companies, owners associations. They got results
in a Montessori kindergarten and in an owners association.
Project carried out in Timisoara municipality endorsed by a public
figure (the actress Ana Munteanu). The project was carried out
for a year (May 2015 – May 2016).
The population was the main target of the project.
Circumvalatiunii street Timisoara,
EcoClub They got a positive reaction from the community (about 500 Austria,
2 ispasandreia@gmai.com 500 l Biofuel
Timisoara collectors answered). Germania,
Project Oil Jar, May 2015 – Max 2016
UCO was collected in a recipient (glass jar) provided by the
association, and it was transported by a cargo-bike.
The collected amounts were transported by RESPIRA VERDE SRL
to biodiesel factories in Austria and Germany.
3 1 Decembrie 1918 Boulevard, bl. F17,
sc. A, ap. 3, Constanţa
3 Mare Nostrum Constanta, from de population 1,300 l Biofuel Austria
office@marenostrum.ro
https://ongmarenostrum.wordpress.com
Collects in 56 cities in Romania (95% from HORECA)
They have carried out campaigns in order to collect from the
4 Nicolae Sova Street, Oradea, Bihor population in Timisoara, Cluj, Oradea, with very low results.
Austria,
anca@respiraverde.eu Have carried out awareness campaigns – the best results were
RESPIRA Germania,
4 www.respiraverde.eu obtained following the campaigns carried out in schools. 1,200 tonnes Biofuel
VERDE SRL Slovacia,
Contact person: Daniel Ciuciu They’ve started collaborating with SIGUREC – a collection
T +4 0741 648 908 Polonia
network developed at the national level - 43 waste collection
points from the population, most of them located in 2
super/hyper market chains in Romania.

Collected
Food waste oil Recovery Destination
No. Contact data Activities quantity in
collector operations country
2016
102 Carpati Street Bucharest
office@green-environment.ro Austria,
PMC
5 http://www.green-environment.ro Collecting from HORECA and from industry 1,500 tones Biofuel Germania,
ENVIRONMENT
Paul Pop Bulgaria
T +4 0769 646 570
179/B Calea Baciului Street, Cluj Napoca,
CONCEPT OIL Cluj county Ungaria,
6 Collecting from HORECA and from industry 62,3 tonnes Biofuel
SRL contact@conceptoil.ro Romania
www. Conceptoil.ro
STOEHR
22 Popa Petre Street, Bucharest
MINERAL &
7 office@colectareuleiuzat.ro Did not want to provide any data. - - -
VEGETAL OIL
http://colectareuleiuzat.ro
S.R.L.
77 21 Decembrie 1989 Boulevard, C-D
MOL Romania The Office, Floor 1, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj
Petroleum county
8 Did not answer the email and couldn’t be contacted on the phone - - -
Products SRL* Receptie.cluj@molromania.ro
https://molromania.ro/ro/persoane-
fizice/colecteaza-uleiul-alimentar-uzat
ROMANIAN 112 Principala Street, Stoenesti
USED commune, Olt county
9 Did not want to provide any data. - - -
COOKING OIL office@ruco.ro
S.R.L • www.ruco.ro
*The MOL chain of gas stations includes no less than 60 gas stations in 22 localities that take part in the programme for collecting used oil from the population. The 22 localities are: Alba Iulia,
Arad, Baia Mare, Bistrita, Bucharest, Cluj Napoca, Floresti, Gheorgheni, Iasi, Miercurea Ciuc, Odorheiu Secuiesc, Oradea, Pitesti, Ploiesti, Ramnicu Valcea, Reghin, Sfantu Gheorghe, Sibiu,
Sighisoara, Suceava, Targoviste, and Targu Mures.

ANNEX 4 Hazardous waste incinerators and landfills
Type of treated
No Treatment operator Contact data Treatment activity
waste
Suceava, Str. Calea Unirii, Incineration of
nr. 22, incinta Corp MALL, hazardous waste waste received from
1 SC MONDECO SRL
locatie EB1, Suceava third parties
Phone: +40 230 519 399
Iasi, Str. Valea Lupului Incineration of
waste from the own
2 SC ANTIBIOTICE SA IASI nr.1, Iasi hazardous waste
activities
Phone: +40 232 209 000
Săvinești, Neamț Incineration of
Strada Gheorghe Caranfil hazardous waste
SC KOBER SRL PL waste from the own
3 Nr.2 Dumbrava Rosie,
TURTURESTI activities
Neamt
Phone: +40 233 281 021
Str. Industriilor nr. 3, Incineration of
SC CHIMCOMPLEX SA waste from the own
4 Onesti 601124, Bacau hazardous waste
BORZESTI activities
Phone: +40 234 3022 50
Iasi, Str. Saulescu, nr.13 Incineration of
amplasament, str. Trei hazardous waste
Fantani, Iasi, waste received from
5 SC AVAND SRL
office@avand.ro, third parties
avand@engi.ro
Phone: +40 332 800 888
Comuna Lumina, parcela A Incineration of
314/1/1, Constanta, hazardous waste waste received from
6 ECO FIRE SISTEMS SRL
office@ecofire.ro third parties
Phone: +40 241 760 576
Galati, strada Bazinul Nou, Incineration of
nr.83, Galati hazardous waste
waste received from
7 SC DECINERA SRL decinera.romania@yaboo.
third parties
com Phone: +40 236 470
699
Sat Stejaru, com. Incineration of
Perieti, tarla 180/6, hazardous waste
parcela 21, judetul
waste received from
8 PRO AIR CLEAN S.A. Ialomita,
third parties
office@proairclean-
incinerare.ro
Phone: +40 758 038 788
Comuna Oarja sat Oarja, Incineration of
ENVISAN NV, BELGIA- NR.786 Bis, Arges hazardous waste waste received from
9
SUCURSALA PITESTI arpechim@envisan.com third parties
Phone: +40 248 223 313
Ploiesti str.Democratiei, Incineration of
nr.103, etaj 1, camera 7, hazardous waste waste received from
10 SC ECO BURN SRL
jud. Prahova third parties
simona.ursache@ecoburn.

Type of treated
waste
ro, amplasament, comuna
Brazi, sat Negoiesti,
str. Piatra Craiului, nr. 13,
jud Prahova,
office@ecoburn.ro Phone:
+40 373 550 044
Comuna Sopot, T 67, P 3, Incineration of waste received from
11 SC MEDLINE EXIM SRL
Dolj hazardous waste third parties
Str. Uzinei nr.1, Ramnicu Incineration of
waste from the own
12 SC OLTCHIM SA Valcea, Valcea hazardous waste
activities

Str. Mihai Eminescu, Incineration of
SC STERICYCLE ROMANIA nr.105T, comuna Isalnita, hazardous waste waste received from
13
SRL Dolj third parties
Phone: +40 374 205 219
Str. Sulina Incineration of
PRO AIR CLEAN ECOLOGIC waste received from
14 Nr.6b,Timisoara,jud.Timis hazardous waste
SA third parties
Phone: +40 256 306 018
Cluj-Napoca, B-dul Muncii, Incineration of
SC STERICYCLE ROMANIA waste received from
15 Nr. 16, Cluj hazardous waste
SRL third parties
Phone: +40 264 403 387
COMPANIA NATIONALA Bulevardul Iuliu Maniu Incineration of
waste from the own
16 IMPRIMERIA NATIONALA 244, București 061099 hazardous waste
activities
SA Phone: +40 21 434 8818
Drumul Poiana Trestiei nr Incineration of
SC STERICYCLE ROMANIA waste received from
17 27B, Sector 1 Bucuresti hazardous waste
SRL third parties
Phone: +40 21 490 00 26
Bucuresti, Bulevardul Incineration of waste from the own
18 CHIMESTER BV SRL
Timisoara 98 C hazardous waste activities
SC SINAROM MINING Landfill of waste from the own
19 Iacobeni, Suceava
GROUP SRL hazardous waste activities
Bulevardul Republicii 320, Landfill of
Bârlad 731130 Barlad, hazardous waste
waste from the own
20 SC RULMENTI SA BARLAD Vaslui
activities
info@urb.ro
Phone: +40 235 412 120
1, Aleea Industriilor, Landfill of
120224 Buzau hazardous waste waste from the own
21 SC DUCTIL STEEL SA
office@ductilsteel.ro activities
Phone: +40 238 405 102
Ariceștii Rahtivani, Landfill of
SC ECOMASTER SERVICII waste received from
22 Prahova hazardous waste
ECOLOGICE SRL third parties
Phone: +40 244 406 305
Slobozia, Tarlaua 327/4, Landfill of
SC VIVANI SALUBRITATE waste received from
23 parcela 11, Ialomita hazardous waste
SA third parties
Phone: +40 749 195 799
24 SC AUTOMOBILE DACIA Str. Uzinei, nr. 1, Mioveni, Landfill of waste from the own

Type of treated
waste
SA Arges hazardous waste activities
Phone: +40 248 500 000
Prl. Bucuresti 162, Landfill of
waste from the own
25 SC SILCOTUB SA Calarasi, Calarasi hazardous waste
activities
Phone: +40 242 306 600
Str. Pitesti nr.116 Landfill of
SC ALRO ALUMINIU waste from the own
26 Slatina, Olt hazardous waste
PRELUCRAT SA activities
Phone: +40 249 434 302
93, Mihai Viteazul Blvd. Landfill of
waste from the own
27 SC SILCOTUB SA 450131 Zalău, Salaj hazardous waste
activities
Phone: +40 260 620720
Str. Fabricii 124 Cluj Landfill of
waste from the own
28 SC TERAPIA SA Napoca, Cluj hazardous waste
activities
Phone: +40 264 501 500
Source: NEPA; [NWM Report 2016], and web searching data

ANNEX 5 Pictures
SEPARATE COLLECTION POINTS

Oradea municipal
waste collection point
(2 fractions)

Mediaș underground
(mixed waste)

Author:
Oana
Bucharest municipal
(3 fractions)

Photos author: Oana Mușuroaea

SORTING STATIONS

ECO BIHOR SRL Oradea, sorting of separate collected waste

Source: http://www.ecobihor.ro/compost.htm

ECO BIHOR SRL Oradea, manual sorting line

Source: ECO BIHOR


COMPOSTING PLANTS

ECO BIHOR SRL Oradea,
composting of green
waste

Source: http://www.ecobihor.ro/compost.htm

Sibiu composting plant (financed by SOP ENV)

Source: Sibiu County Council


MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PLANTS

MBT Plant Chiajna

Source: IRIDEX GROUP

NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILLS

Chiajna landfill (near
Bucharest)

Author: Oana Mușuroaea

ECO BIHOR SRL
Oradea, landfill
gas recovery
installation

Source: ECO BIHOR


Arges county
non-hazardous
waste landfill

Author: Alina Oberdörfer

Sibiu county
non-hazardous
waste landfill

Author: Alina Oberdörfer


CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE TREATMENT INSTALLATIONS

ECO
BIHOR
SRL
Oradea

Source: ECO BIHOR

Chiajna
site



LIFE project
on CDW,
Buzău

Source: http://life-dcd.ro/foto/galerie/photo-gallery/pilot-project-mechanical-
treatment-installation-for-construction-and-demolition-waste/

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STUDY

ON THE ASSESSMENT OF ROMANIAN

Document control sheet

Client: Innovation Norway, Akersgt. 13, 0104 Oslo, Norway

Contract Reference: No 3/20.02.2017

Title: Study on the assessment of Romanian waste market

AEF Administration of the Environmental Fund

ANRSC The National Authority Regulating Public Community Services

BAT Best available techniques

EU 28 Member States of the European Union

LEPAs Local Environmental Protection Agencies

MoE Ministry of Environment

PRO Producer Responsibility Organisation

WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant

ANNEX 1 Class 1 licensed municipal waste collection operators

All the numbers used in document are in European format.

2. ANALYSIS OF THE WASTE MARKET IN ROMANIA

- European and national objectives with regard to waste management;

2.1 MUNICIPAL WASTE

2.1.1 Amounts of generated and managed municipal waste

Figure 1: Composition of household waste and similar waste, 2014

Paper and cardboard Metals Plastic Glass Wood Bio-waste Others

11,3 2,5 12,3 4,9 2,0 56,3 10,7

Figure 2: Waste management in Romania, 2014

Of the entire amount of generated

Source: Consultant processing based on [EUROSTAT 2015]

Development Municipality No. of inhabitants Waste quantity

2.1.2 Responsibilities regarding municipal waste management

The main stakeholders involved in municipal waste management are:

- Other authorised collectors – collecting municipal packaging waste;

- The Environmental Guard – controls the activity of the operators;

Table 2: Main objectives regarding municipal waste management in Romania

No. Objective Current status of Responsible Normative act

Table 3: Municipal waste operators/installations

There are no anaerobic digestion installations6 for municipal bio-waste.

2.1.5 Financial aspects

2.1.6 Gaps identified in municipal waste management

- the lack of methodologies to assess the performance of waste treatment installations;

- the lack of quality standards for compost in Romania;

- the lack of guidelines regarding the implementation of the legislation;

- deficiencies regarding the definition and implementation of the current economic

2.1.7 Municipal waste business opportunities

2.2 USED COOKED OIL

In conclusion, the main gaps identified are the following:

Table 5: Use cooked oil waste business opportunities

2.3.1 Amounts of packaging and packaging waste

• by means of transfer of responsibility, based on a contract, to another company that is

S.C. NEXT ECO RECYCLING S.A. Operating license no. 6 of 14.01.2015

- Administrative Territorial Units (ATUs) – entering into partnerships in order to provide

- The National Environment Guard – acknowledges infringements and implements sanctions in

- ATUs - acknowledge infringements and implements sanctions in case municipal packaging

2.3.3 Objectives and targets regarding packaging waste

2.3.5 Financial aspects

2.3.6 Gaps identified in packaging waste management

- Technical issues regarding packaging waste management:

2.3.7 Business opportunities for packaging waste

Table 8: Business opportunities for packaging waste

2.4 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

The generators of construction and demolition waste are:

- The population carrying out construction /rehabilitation /maintenance works;

2.4.1 Amounts of construction and demolition waste

The reporting of amounts of construction and demolition waste is as following:

Table 9: Amounts of CDW, thousand tonnes