Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs In Chapter 2 you saw that people become actualized to

accomplish higher motives only after they have fulfi lled certain basic needs.
Psychologist Abraham Maslow identifi ed seven categories of basic needs common to
all people. Maslow represented these needs as a hierarchy in the shape of a pyramid
(Figure 3.1). A hierarchy is an arrangement that ranks people or concepts from
lowest to highest. According to Maslow, individuals must meet the needs at the
lower levels of the pyramid before they can successfully be motivated to tackle the
next levels. The lowest four levels represent defi ciency needs, and the upper three
levels represent growth needs.
Physiological Needs Notice that the physiological needs are the foundation of the
pyramid. Why do you suppose these needs occupy this position? Maslow suggested that
the fi rst and most basic need people have is the need for survival: their
physiological requirements for food, water, and shelter. People must have food to
eat, water to drink, and a place to call home before they can think about anything
else. If any of these physiological necessities is missing, people are motivated
above all else to meet the missing need. Have you ever had a hard time paying
attention to what the professor is saying when you are hungry? Some of your future
students may not have had breakfast—or even dinner the night before. Free and
reduced breakfast and lunch programs have been implemented in schools to help
students meet some of their physiological needs.
Safety and Security Needs After their physiological needs have been satisfi ed,
people can work to meet their needs for safety and security. (But the physiological
needs must be met fi rst.) Safety is the feeling people get when they know no harm
will befall them, physically, mentally, or emotionally; security is the feeling
people get when their fears and anxieties are low. How does this relate to students
in school? What threats to their physical, mental, or emotional security might
students perceive in school? (You will investigate safety and security in the
classroom more thoroughly in Chapter 8.)