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Tsu-yuan) and others is a rare, early endeavor to create a representation which is both
"modern and national ." The dearth of designs in the latter mode and the prevalence of
Chinese antiquarianism continue to remind us of the difficulty of the modernization of
China. And the two extremes and their coexistence - imitation of Western modernism
and return to Chinese antiquarianism - can be interpreted as symptoms of ideological
confusion and failure to forge a new cultural identity .
Taiwan was Japan's colony from 1895 to 1945 . In terms of the global colonial history,
the Japanese adventure in Taiwan, if judged by the standard of achieving cultural
domination and ideological control, is not a "successful" one. However, the Japanese
colonializing of Taiwan is perhaps a most unique case for the following reasons : (l)
Unlike the Western imperialist rule of Latin America, Africa, and other parts of Asia,
which was consistently total and absolute, with the original indigenous powers com-
pletely subdued or demolished, the Japanese occupation of Taiwan was then propor-
tionately a very small area of China . More significantly, the motherland continued to
languish as a huge geographical polity across the Taiwan Strait, thus posing as a
reminder of sovereignty to the people if not as a threat to the occupation forces . (2) As
the Chinese written language and classical Chinese literature were part of the cultural
heritage of the Japanese elites, a decisive case of cultural superiority was not easy to
fabricate . Western powers, however, were able to rationalize their expansions and
suppressions on the basis of the chauvinistic perceptions of their own cultures. (3) Part
of the Chinese philosophical and religious traditions absorbed by Japan centuries ago
allowed the two countries to share certain affinities in these realms ; perhaps these
affinities made it difficult to destroy the national and cultural consciousness of the
colonized as they were not entirely opposing systems .
Perhaps the only superiority which Japan could boast of at the time of taking over
Taiwan was that Japan was the first industrialized and "Westernized" country in Asia.
(Needless to say, there must have been other claims and justification which would
require a scholarly archaeology to unearth) . Indeed, Japan's occupation of Taiwan was
confined to rudimentary industrialized development in the Western manner. The lin-
guistic and literary colonization of Latin America and Africa by the Western powers did
not happen in Taiwan, as witnessed by the perseverance of the Chinese script and the
Fujian dialect. If the Japanese dominance and superiority were to be mainly rational-
ized on the ground that they were the first "Westerners" in Asia, then it was not
accidental that instead of constructing a governor's building in the Japanese style,
which was adopted for other structures such as the railroad stations, the Gothic
Revivalism of Victorian England was emulated. (During the Meiji era, in order to
accomplish the task of constructing government buildings and to establish an education
system for architecture, foreign experts were invited to Japan - among whom the
British architect Josiah Condor was the most influential .) Since government buildings
are nearly always representations of historical character and even ideological content,
obvious traces of and ties to earlier models are almost prerequisites . The Japanese
governor's building in Taipei can then be read as a concrete symbol of Japan's
derivative Westernization, its inability to project an unambiguous identity as a coloniz-
ing master, for perhaps never in the global colonial history a colonizing power had to
appropriate a foreign design as the embodiment of its authority .
After 1949, this building became the presidential office of the Nationalist govern-
ment (Figure 7) . After the death of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in 1975, a memorial
hall was built almost next to this Victorian Gothic Revivalist structure . Chinese anti
quarianism was once again the solution to the problem of design ; but in this case there
were compelling ideological reasons for this solution. The design of the memorial hall
was clearly a simulation of the Altar to Heaven complex [Tiantan] in the southeastern
Figure 7. Former Japanese governor's building in Taipei .
Figure 9 . The statue of Chiang inside the memorial hall is an imitation of the Lincoln statue
in Washington, D .C.
Figure 10. The music hall (left) and the theater (right) adjacent to the Chiang Kai-shek
memorial hall are also antiquarian duplications.
(Figure 10) . But in the face of the rapid liberalization and democratization of Taiwan in
recent years, which includes one incident of vandalizing the exterior walls of the
memorial hall by a prominent member of the opposition, the authoritarianism exuded
by this antiquarian transplantation is certainly gone, though the hall will probably serve
in the future as a memorial of the government's authoritarian past.
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Glossary
Chiang Kai-shek 11
di tLb
Hongguo (Hung-koo)
Jiantan (Chinn-t'an) 0
Li Zuyan (Li Tsu-yuan) IfIfI W
minzu fengge
minzu xingshi R ffirt
Penghu (P'eng-hu) rwl
tian
Tiantan
Zhu Zuming (Chu Tsu-ming) T~~~