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PROJECT
TOPIC: TO CONSTRUCT AN AMPLIFIER USING A
TRANSISTOR
MADE BY: Chinmay Shah
CLASS - XII-B
GUIDED BY— Mrs. Soma Bandyopadhyay
BOARD ROLL NO. —
Physics Investigatory Project Chinmay Shah
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Chinmay Shah, student of class
XII-B has successfully completed the Physics Project
under the guidance of — Mrs. Soma Bandyopadhyay.
This project is genuine and is not plagiarism of any
kind. The references used in making this project file
are declared at the end of the file.
______________ _____________
Principal’s signature
School stamp
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to
the Principal, Mrs Murial Fernandez, Ryan International
School, Sanpada for her encouragement and for all the
facilities she has provided for this project work.
I extend my hearty thanks to my subject teacher Mrs.
Soma Bandyopadhyay and Lab Assistant Devesh Sir who
guided me to the successful completion of this project. I
take this opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for their invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement and immense motivation which has
sustained my efforts at all stages of this project work. I
can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my classmates
who helped me to carry out this project work successfully
and for their valuable advice and support which I received
for them time to time.
INDEX
Sr No. Contents Page No.
1 Aim of the Experiment 5
2 Introduction 6
3 Apparatus Required 9
4 Circuit Diagram 10
5 Theory 11
6 Procedure 13
7 Observations 14
8 Graph 16
9 Result 17
10 Conclusion 18
11 Precautions 19
13 Bibliography 20
AIM
INTRODUCTION
• An Amplifier is a device which is used for multiplying the Amplitude of
variation of alternating voltage or current or power.
Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick layer of the transistor which is
heavily doped;
Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick layer of the transistor which is
moderately doped;
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. A n-p-n transistor;
2. Two battery eliminators;
3. Two High resistance Rheostats;
4. Connecting Wires;
5. Two One Way keys;
6. Two Ammeters;
7. Two Voltmeters;
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
THEORY
The circuit details using an n-p-n transistor as a common base amplifier are
shown in the circuit diagram
• The base is common to both the input and the output circuits.
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• The input (Emitter Base) circuit is forward biased by using a low voltage
battery Vbb.
• The output (collector base) circuit is reverse biased by using a high
voltage battery Vcc.
• Let Ie, Ib and Ic be the emitter current, base current and collector current
respectively. Then, according to Kirchhoff’s first law:
Ie = Ib + Ic
Output Current 𝐼𝑐
Current Gain (β)= =
Input Current 𝐼𝑏
Ic.RL
= IB.Ri
𝑅𝐿
=β
𝑅𝑖
Vcc = Vce - VL
Vce = Vcc - VL
PROCEDURE
• Connect the apparatus accordingly as shown in the circuit diagram.
• Determine the least count and the zero errors of voltmeters and
ammeters.
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AMMETER
1. Least count of Milliammeter (inp)= 2 mA
2. Range of Milliammeter (inp)= 100 mA
3. Zero error of Milliammeter (inp)= 0 mA
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OBSERVATION TABLE:
Current(Input)(mA) Current(Output)(mA)
0.09 1.13
0.14 1.36
0.25 2.1
0.31 2.24
0.41 2.9
0.47 3.15
1.1 11
1.2 12.9
1.3 13.7
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2.1 16.7
2.5 19
4.2 21.1
20
15
Current (out)
10
0
0.09 0.14 0.25 0.31 0.41 0.47 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1
Current (inp)
RESULT
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𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕
= 8.48
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑪𝒖𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕
CONCLUSION
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PRECAUTIONS
• All the instruments for current and voltage should be of
proper range and least count.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
• colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/PDF/Experiment7.pdf
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• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor#Transistor_as_an_amplifier
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emitter
• 230nsc1.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/npnce.html
• tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece327/lab1_bjt/lab1_bjt_transistor_
basics.pdf
• hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.html
BOOKS-
• Comprehensive Lab manual PHYSICS Class 12;
• Pradeep Reference Guide for Physics-Class 12;
• NCERT Physics Part -II Class 12;