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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT
TOPIC: TO CONSTRUCT AN AMPLIFIER USING A
TRANSISTOR
MADE BY: Chinmay Shah
CLASS - XII-B
GUIDED BY— Mrs. Soma Bandyopadhyay
BOARD ROLL NO. —
Physics Investigatory Project Chinmay Shah

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Chinmay Shah, student of class
XII-B has successfully completed the Physics Project
under the guidance of — Mrs. Soma Bandyopadhyay.
This project is genuine and is not plagiarism of any
kind. The references used in making this project file
are declared at the end of the file.

External’s Sign: Internal’s Sign:

______________ _____________

Principal’s signature
School stamp
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to
the Principal, Mrs Murial Fernandez, Ryan International
School, Sanpada for her encouragement and for all the
facilities she has provided for this project work.
I extend my hearty thanks to my subject teacher Mrs.
Soma Bandyopadhyay and Lab Assistant Devesh Sir who
guided me to the successful completion of this project. I
take this opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for their invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement and immense motivation which has
sustained my efforts at all stages of this project work. I
can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my classmates
who helped me to carry out this project work successfully
and for their valuable advice and support which I received
for them time to time.

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INDEX
Sr No. Contents Page No.
1 Aim of the Experiment 5
2 Introduction 6
3 Apparatus Required 9
4 Circuit Diagram 10
5 Theory 11
6 Procedure 13
7 Observations 14
8 Graph 16
9 Result 17
10 Conclusion 18
11 Precautions 19
13 Bibliography 20

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AIM

To construct amplifier using n-p-n


transistor and study its current gain and
identify its active region

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INTRODUCTION
• An Amplifier is a device which is used for multiplying the Amplitude of
variation of alternating voltage or current or power.

Here’s a diagram of how an amplifier works:

• A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch


electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of
semiconductor material with three terminals for connection to an
external circuit.

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Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick layer of the transistor which is
heavily doped;

Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor which is lightly doped;

Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick layer of the transistor which is
moderately doped;

A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer of thin layer


of n-type semi-conductor in between two relatively thick layers of p-type
semi-conductor.

A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer p-type semi-


conductor in between two relatively thick layers of n-type semi-conductor.

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In this experiment, we will use a n-p-n transistor.

The common-emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage


(Vin) changes the small current through the base of the transistor; the
transistor's current amplification combined with the properties of the
circuit mean that small swings in Vin produce large changes in Vout.

Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some


providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both.

From mobile phones to televisions, vast numbers of products include


amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal
processing. The first discrete-transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a
few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased
as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved.

Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are


common and relatively inexpensive.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

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1. A n-p-n transistor;
2. Two battery eliminators;
3. Two High resistance Rheostats;
4. Connecting Wires;
5. Two One Way keys;
6. Two Ammeters;
7. Two Voltmeters;

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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THEORY
The circuit details using an n-p-n transistor as a common base amplifier are
shown in the circuit diagram
• The base is common to both the input and the output circuits.
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• The input (Emitter Base) circuit is forward biased by using a low voltage
battery Vbb.
• The output (collector base) circuit is reverse biased by using a high
voltage battery Vcc.

• Let Ie, Ib and Ic be the emitter current, base current and collector current
respectively. Then, according to Kirchhoff’s first law:
Ie = Ib + Ic

Output Current 𝐼𝑐
 Current Gain (β)= =
Input Current 𝐼𝑏

(ß is defined as AMPLIFICATION and generally has a large value of)


Output Voltage Vo
• Voltage gain = =
Input Voltage Vi

Ic.RL
= IB.Ri
𝑅𝐿

𝑅𝑖

• In the output circuit,

Vcc = Vce - VL

Vce = Vcc - VL

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Vce = Vcc - Ic.RL (1)

Transition output is Vce

• When Input signal forward biases the (ß - E) section, Ic section is large:


ICRL > Vcc and Vce is negative from eqn. (1)

When input section is reverse biased, by signal,


Ic.RL → 0
So, Vce = Vcc (approx.)
c
Output is therefore 180˚ out of phase w.r.t input and hence, a second stage
of amplification is required.

PROCEDURE
• Connect the apparatus accordingly as shown in the circuit diagram.
• Determine the least count and the zero errors of voltmeters and
ammeters.
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• Keep the potential of the battery Vb at a low voltage


• Make all the connections neat, clean and tight.
• Note the Least count
• Increase the voltage from input battery Vb from 0 to 0.6 V.
• Note the input current at this point.
• Now increase the input current by changing the resistance of rheostat
and record the corresponding output current.
• Ensure that the input voltage does not exceed 1 V (input and output
voltage will change correspondingly).
• Plot the readings of the current taken in the graph of Current (inp) vs
Current (out).
OBSERVATIONS
 VOLTMETER
1. Least count of Voltmeter (Vi)= 0.2 V
2. Range of Voltmeter (Vi)= 10 V
3. Zero Error of voltmeter (Vi)= 0 V
4. Least count of Voltmeter (Vo)= 0.2 V
5. Range of Voltmeter (Vo)= 10 V
6. Zero Error of Voltmeter (Vo)= 0 V

 AMMETER
1. Least count of Milliammeter (inp)= 2 mA
2. Range of Milliammeter (inp)= 100 mA
3. Zero error of Milliammeter (inp)= 0 mA
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4. Least count of Milliammeter (out)= 10 mA


5. Range of Milliammeter (out)= 500 mA
6. Zero error of Milliammeter (out)= 0 mA

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Current(Input)(mA) Current(Output)(mA)
0.09 1.13
0.14 1.36
0.25 2.1
0.31 2.24
0.41 2.9
0.47 3.15
1.1 11
1.2 12.9
1.3 13.7
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2.1 16.7
2.5 19
4.2 21.1

Current (inp) vs. Current (out):

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20

15
Current (out)

10

0
0.09 0.14 0.25 0.31 0.41 0.47 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1
Current (inp)

RESULT
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1. As seen from the graph, the active region with


maximum current amplification is from 0.41A to
2.0A.
2. Current gain(amplification)(β) =

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕
= 8.48
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑪𝒖𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕

3. A minimum of 0.6V needs to be provided as activation


voltage to input part of circuit, i.e., base-emitter (BE)
section.

CONCLUSION
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With the experiments carried out in the laboratory to


study the characteristics of the NPN transistor
proved the aim defined in the report. The NPN
transistor has got current amplification in the tune of
8.5 in the region of 0.4 to 2 ma.

PRECAUTIONS
• All the instruments for current and voltage should be of
proper range and least count.
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• There should be a proper forward and reverse biasing to


the transistor input and output section by connecting the
batteries with proper polarities.
• The readings in voltmeters Vi and Vo should be zero before
switching on the batteries.
• Never exceed the ratings for the current given in the
transistor manual.

A n-p-n transistor which broke due to


the passage of excessive current.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/PDF/Experiment7.pdf
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• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor#Transistor_as_an_amplifier

• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emitter

• 230nsc1.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/npnce.html

• tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece327/lab1_bjt/lab1_bjt_transistor_
basics.pdf

• hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.html

BOOKS-
• Comprehensive Lab manual PHYSICS Class 12;
• Pradeep Reference Guide for Physics-Class 12;
• NCERT Physics Part -II Class 12;

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