FUNDAMENTAL OF PHYSICS

MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

ARRANGED BY:

1. Kadek Ayu Rizki Dwijayanti / 1713021010 / IA

2. Ivan Hadi Prawira Negara / 1713021012 /IA
3. Luh Putu Linda Ary Noviani / 1713021024 / IA
4. Muhammad Rizky Fauzi / 1713021043 /IA

PHYSICS EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION GANESHA
SINGARAJA
2017

i
 FOREWORD

Praise the presence of God Almighty, because with all the blessings that have been
given we finally can finish our paper entitled "Momentum and Impulse". This paper was
made to fulfill the task of basic physics course 1. Hopefully this paper can help teachers in
finding additional information for the material they will teach to their students, and also this
paper is useful for students in looking for references or references. We also forgot to say our
gratitude to the lecturer who has guided we are in the making of this paper.
This paper still can not be said perfect, by that we as the writer apologize as much as
possible, if in this paper there are many mistakes.And by karna that also we ask for
suggestions when found errors.

ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER ...............................................................................................................................i
PREFACE ...........................................................................................................................ii
CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background .......................................................................................................3
1.2 Problem Formulation ........................................................................................3
1.3 Goal ...................................................................................................................3
1.4 Benefits .............................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2 DISCUSSION
2.1 Newton’s 2nd Law In Impulse and Momentum ................................................. 6
2.2 Implusive Force................................................................................................. 6
2.3 Ralation of Linear Moments and Impluse ......................................................... 7
2.4 The Law of Conservation of Momentum .......................................................... 7
2.5 Conservation of Energy at Collision ................................................................ 9
2.6 Central Collision 1 Dimension .......................................................................... 10
2.7 Application of Impulse and Momentum ........................................................... 15
CHAPTER 3 CLOSING
3.1 condusion ..........................................................................................................17
3.2 suggestion ........................................................................................................17
REFRENCES ......................................................................................................................28

iii
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1.Background
In everyday life, we often watch in volleyball matches, why do players try to hit the ball
as hard as possible? Similarly, when the game of football, why the players trying to kick the
ball as strong as possible? Why is it harder to hold back players who run faster and have big
stature than slow-running players with big stature? Then at the karate athlete's fight, why
should an athlete attempt to hit as fast as possible?
Against these questions, people often say that volleyball and soccer games include hard
games, so the ball must be hit or kicked hard. It is difficult for a player to withstand a fast-
paced player with a large body because the player is a well-known player who is difficult to
resist. At the time of karate fight, athletes try to hit as soon as possible in order to beat the
opponent quickly.
All of the above answers are wrong / misconceptions viewed from a physics point of
view. In the case of volleyball, or football, the player attempts to hit and kick the ball as
strongly as possible, much related to the concept of momentum, impulse and collision
(Giancoli, D.C. 1998: 215). Similarly, in the case of players who run fast and great stature
difficult to resist than the slow-paced player with great stature, also related to the concept of
momentum, impulse and collision. In a karate athlete's fight, an athlete tries to hit as fast as
possible. The phenomenon is also related to the concept of momentum, impulse and collision.
The next section in this paper will explain the material of impulse and momentum.

1.2.Problem Formulation
Based on the background then it can be drawn the formulation of the problem as
follows.
2) What is an impulsive force?
3) What is the relationship of impulse and momentum?
4) How is the sound law of conservation of linear momentum?
5) How is the sound law of conservation of kinetic energy in the event of collision?
6) What is the definition of collision (limited to 1 dimensional central collision)?
7) What are examples of impulse and momentum concepts in everyday life?

1.3.Goal
Based on the formulation of the problem, as for the purpose of writing this paper is as
follows.

1) Able to analyze Newton's Law II in the form of impulse and momentum.

2) Able to analyze impulsive style.

3) Ability to analyze impulse and momentum relationships.

4) Able to analyze the law of conservation of the Linear Momentum.

3
5) Able to analyze the law of conservation of kinetic energy in the event of collision

6) Able to analyze the definition of collision (limited to 1 dimensional central collision).

7) Know the application of the concept of impulse and momentum in everyday life

1.4.Benefits
Through the writing of this paper, as for the benefits to be achieved is as follows.

1. For Authors
Through the writing of this paper, the authors obtain additional experiences such as
experience to gather materials, understand and analyze the material in this paper as well as
experience on paper writing techniques, the incorporation of material from various sources.
2. For Readers
Through the writing of this paper, the authors expect everyday students who read this paper
will be more able to understand about the concept of impulse and momentum which can then
be applied in lectures, especially in basic physics course 1 and solve problems associated
with impulse and momentum in everyday life

4
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Newton’s 2nd Law In Impulse and Momentum

2.1.1. Understanding Impulse and Momentum
Momentum is a measure of difficulty to dismiss a moving object. The more difficult to
stop things, the greater the momentum. The difficulty of discharging an object depends on its
mass and velocity. Every object that moves has momentum.Momentum is defined as the
product of the mass of an object at speed. Since velocity is a vector quantity, while mass is a
scalar quantity, momentum is a vector quantity (Giancoli, DC 1998: 219). The direction of
momentum is in the direction of its velocity, while the sum is the product of the mass (m) and
its velocity (v). The unit of mementum is kg m / s or gram cm / s Secaramatematis can be
written as follows:
P =m.v ..................... equation (1)
with:
P = momentum (kg.m/s)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)

The greater the mass of an object, the greater its momentum, and the faster the motion
of an object, the greater its momentum. For example, with the same speed, the bridge hit by
the bus will suffer more damage than the bridge hit by the car. Cars with high speed will be
more difficult to stop than cars with low speed (Giancoli, D.C. 1998: 220). And if there is a
collision, the car with high speed will experience more damage. The greater the momentum
of a moving object, the harder it will be to stop it and the greater the impact it will have on
another object.

To make a stationary object move requires a force acting on the object over a given
time interval. Misanya in everyday life found many events such as the ball kicked, tennis ball
hit. In that event, the force acting on the object is only a moment, this is called impuls. The
pulpuls are defined as the product of force with time. Since force is a vector quantity, while
time is a scalar quantity, then impulse is a quantity
vector(Giancoli, D.C. 1998:225). Direction impulse in the direction of his style. While
the amount of time between the force (F) and time (t). Mathematically, the large impulse can
be written can be written as follows:
I = F.∆ t ............................... equation (2)
with:
I = impulse (N.s)
F = force (N)
∆t = interval (s)

2.1.2 Newton's Second Law in Impulse and Momentum Form

5
 In general, we have known Newton's second law of motion “the acceleration of an
object is directly proportional to the total force acting on it and inversely proportional to its
mass where the acceleration direction will be equal to the direction of the total force acting on
it”(Giancoli, D.C. 1998:231).
Mathematically can be written as follows.
F = m.a................................... equation (3)
At first, Newton declared his second law in the form of momentum by calling it the
quantity of motion. In modern language Newton's second law of momentum reads
“The rate of change in the momentum of an object is equal to the total force given to
it”(Giancoli, D.C. 1998:235).
Mathematically can be written as follows.
∆𝑝
∑𝐹 = .................................. equation (4)
∆𝑡
ΣF is the total force given to the object and Δp is the result of the momentum changes
that occur during the time interval Δt. From the equation can be derived as follows
∆𝑝 𝐯𝐭 −𝐯𝟎 ∆𝐯
∑𝐹 = dengan 𝐚 = =
.......... equation (5)
∆𝑡 ∆𝐭 ∆𝐭
∆𝑣
∑𝐹 = 𝑚
∆𝑡
(𝑣𝑡 − 𝑣0 )
∑𝐹 = 𝑚
∆𝑡
∑ 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂...................... equation (6)
(hukum II Newton tentang gerak)
If from Newton's second law about the motion we substitute equation 5 then Newton's
law equations about the momentum and impulse will be obtained as follows. F = ma
vt − v0
F=m
∆t
F∆t = mvt − mv0
𝐈 = ∆𝐩.......................... equation (7)

2.2. Implusive force

Although in a relatively short time a ball is initially silent when kicked then the ball will
move at a certain speed. This shows that an object will experience momentum changes due to
the influence of the contact force. The contact force acting on an object in a short time is
known as the impulsive force (Halliday, Resnick 1984: 115). The impulsive force begins an
acceleration of the object that gets older and faster and eventually stops. When there is
contact or collision between objects impulsive force acting on an object will move from zero,
then in a relatively short time becomes a very large value and then drastically the force will
return to zero. The graph of the influence of the impulsive force that an object exerts on
another object at the time of the collision, as a function of time can be represented by a.
As Newton's law of momentum has been explained at the beginning that "the total force
of an object is equal to the rate of change of momentum". Mathematically can be written as
follows.
∆𝒑
∑𝑭 = …………………. equation (8)
∆𝒕

6
 In discussions of impulsive styles such as when a baseball bat hits a ball, the force at
work is usually not constant over time. Therefore the force used is no longer a total force but
an average force that acts on an object in a short period of time. If both sides of the equation
are equiped with time interval, then the new equation is obtained as follows.
∆𝑝 ∆𝑝
𝐹= ↔ 𝐹∆𝑡 = ∆𝑡
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
𝑭∆𝒕 = ∆𝒑……………… equation (9)

The equation shows that the impulse of an object will be equal to its momentum
change. Where is the impulsive force which is the product of the average forces acting on an
object at very short intervals.

Since the impulse is the product of the magnitude of the vector force F with the scale of
time scalar Δt then the impulse includes the vector quantity. Direction of impulsive force in
the direction of impulse I (Halliday, Resnick 1984: 229).

2.3. Relations of Linear Momentum And Impulse

As already explained the momentum is a measure of the difficulty to dispose of a
moving object or it can also be defined as the product of mass times with its velocity.
Mathematically the momentum can be written in the following equation.
𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗 ............... equation (10)

From the equation it can be seen that an object moving at high speed will have greater
momentum when compared with other objects that have the same mass that move more
slowly. Likewise on an object that has a larger mass will have a greater momentum than other
objects that have a smaller mass with the same speed. The greater the momentum of an object
the more difficult it is to stop (Halliday, Resnick 1984: 224).
While the impulse is defined as the product of force by the time interval of the working
force it acts on the object. Mathematically impulse can be written in the following equation.
𝑰 = 𝑭∆𝒕 ....................................... equation (11)

According to Newton's law of momentum and impulse, a new equation is obtained

∆𝑝 ∆𝑝
𝐹= ↔ 𝐹∆𝑡 = ∆𝑡
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
𝑭∆𝒕 = ∆𝒑 ↔ 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒆 = 𝑭∆𝒕 = ∆𝒑.......... equation (12)

From the equation it is found that "the impulse of an object is equal to the momentum
of the object" (Halliday, Resnick 1984: 212).Dari pesamaan tersebut didapat hubungan
bahwa “

2.4. The Law of Conservation of Momentum

In a collision event, especially between two objects when the total external force acting
on the system is zero, meaning the significant force is simply the force that the ball passes to
the other ball when the collision. After the momentum collision of each ball will change but
the amount of their momentum remains the same as before the collision. In these
7
circumstances the object is called immutable momentum. The law of conservation of
momentum states "the sum of the momentum of objects after and before the collision is the
same". The collision event between two objects can be seen in the following figure

Picture c

In the figure m1v1 and m2v2 express the momentum of objects 1 and 2 before the
collisions and m1v'1 and m2v2 denote the momentum of objects 1 and 2 after collision then
mathematically, the law of conservation of momentum is expressed by the following
equation.
momentum before collision = momentum after collision
𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐 = 𝐦𝟏 𝐯′𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯′𝟐 ……… equation (13)
Information
m1 = mass of thing 1 (kg)
m2 = mass of thing 2 (kg)
v1 = velocity of object 1 before collision (m / s)
v2 = velocity of object 2 before collision (m / s)
v'1 = velocity of object 1 after collision (m / s)
v'2 = velocity of object 2 after collision (m / s)
Although the law of conservation of momentum is discovered from the experiment, it is
closely related to Newton's laws of motion and can be both proved equally. For example,
assume the force F given by one ball to another during a constant collision with the time of
collision Δt. Based on Newton's two laws of momentum,
∆𝑝
∑𝐹 =
∆𝑡
If both sides are multiplied by Δt then the equation can be
∑ 𝐹 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝
When ball 1 and ball 2 collide, ball 1 gives an action force on ball 2 of F12, where the
direction of the force to the right as the picture.
The momentum of ball 2 is expressed by equation:
∆p1 = F12 ∆t
p′1 − p1 = F12 ∆t
m1 v′1 − m1 v1 = F12 ∆t ……… equation n (14)
While the force given ball 2 gives reaction force to the ball 1 of F21 where the direction to
the left as picture e.
The momentum of ball 1 is expressed by equation :
− ∆p2 = −F21 ∆t

8
 −(p′2 − p2 ) = −F21 ∆t
−(m2 v′2 − m2 v2 ) = −F21 ∆t ……. equation (15)
note: the minus sign indicates that the force has a leftward direction.

Gambar dua benda yang (d) (e)

bertumbukan

According to Newton's 3rd Law of action-reaction, sphere 2 gives reaction force to sphere 1,
where the magnitude of F21 = -F12. The negative sign indicates that the direction of the
reaction force is opposite to the direction of the action force (Halliday, Resnick 1984: 195).
.
Karena F21 = −F12 sehingga 𝐹12 ∆𝑡 = −𝐹21 ∆𝑡 equation 14 and equation 15tersebut
dapat digabung menjadi
F12 ∆t = −F21 ∆t
m1 v 1 − m1 v1 = −(m2 v ′ 2 − m2 v2 )
′

m1 v ′1 − m1 v1 = −m2 v ′ 2 + m2 v2
𝐦𝟏 𝐯 ′ 𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯 ′ 𝟐 = 𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐 …… equation (16)

2.5. Conservation of Energy on Collisions

In everyday life, we used to watch objects collide with each other. Many of the
accidents occurring on the highway are partly due to a collision between two vehicles, either
between a motorcycle and a motorcycle, a car with a car or between a motorcycle and a car.
Similarly with trains or other vehicles. Our lives can not be separated from the collision.
When a soccer ball is kicked by a soccer player, at that moment there is also a collision
between the soccer ball with the player's foot. Without collision, a billiard game will never
exist. Likewise with the game marbles as a child. There are many other examples that you
can find in everyday life.
In the event of collision especially between two objects, if both objects are very hard
and no heat generated by the collision then the amount of kinetic energy of both objects is the
same as before the collision. In these circumstances the body is said to experience the
conservation of kinetic energy. The law of conservation of kinetic energy states "the amount
of kinetic energy of matter after and before the collision is the same" (Tipler, P.A. 1998:
173). This type of collision that is experienced is known as a resilient collision.
Mathematically the law of conservation of kinetic energy can be written as follows.
𝐸𝑘1 + 𝐸𝑘2 = 𝐸′𝑘1 + 𝐸′𝑘2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏′𝟐 + 𝟐 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐′𝟐 ……… equation (17)
𝟐
While in the opposite condition if in the collision is generated another energy either in
the form of heat energy or other energy then the law of conservation of kinetic energy is no
longer valid. In this state the object is said to have collapsed unfavorable. Mathematically the
kinetic energy equation on the collision is not as lofty can be written as follows.

9
 𝐄𝐤𝟏 + 𝐄𝐤𝟐 ≠ 𝐄′𝐤𝟏 + 𝐄′𝐤𝟐
but applicable
𝐄𝐤𝟏 + 𝐄𝐤𝟐 = 𝐄′𝐤𝟏 + 𝐄′𝐤𝟐 + 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (18)
In the event of the collision there is the term coefficient lenting or restitution
coefficient. the restitution coefficient is defined as the negative price of the ratio between the
relative velocity of the two objects after the collision and before the collision.
𝑣′1 − 𝑣′2
𝑒=− … … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 19
𝑣1 − 𝑣2
The equation is obtained from the comparison between conservation of energy law with
the law of conservation of momentum. Adapaun discussion is as follows
According to the Law of Conservation of Kinetic Energy,
Ek1 + Ek2 = Ek1` + Ek2`
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏′𝟐 + 𝟐 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐′𝟐 ………… equation (20)
𝟐
If both sides of equation 21 multiplied by 2 then the equation becomes
m1 v12 + m2 v22 = m1 v1′2 + m2 v2′2
m1 v12 − m1 v1′2 = m2 v2′2 − m2 v22
𝐦𝟏 (𝐯𝟏𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏′𝟐 ) = 𝐦𝟐 (𝐯𝟐′𝟐 − 𝐯𝟐𝟐 ) 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (21)
Based on (a+b)(a-b)=a2-b2 then equation 22 can be
𝐦𝟏 (𝐯𝟏 + 𝐯 ′ 𝟏 )(𝐯𝟏 − 𝐯 ′ 𝟏 ) = 𝐦𝟐 (𝐯 ′ 𝟐 + 𝐯𝟐 )(𝐯 ′ 𝟐 − 𝐯𝟐 ) equation (22)

According to the Law of Conservation of momentum can be written:

m1 v1 + m2v2 = m1 v1` + m2v2` ……………. equation (23)
or
m1 (v1 – v1`) = m2 (v2` - v2) ……………… equation (24)

If equation 24 divided by equation 22 then obtained

𝑚1 (𝑣1 − 𝑣′1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣′2 − 𝑣2 )
𝑚1 (𝑣1 + 𝑣′1 )(𝑣1 − 𝑣′1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣′2 +𝑣2 )(𝑣′2 − 𝑣2 )
The equation becomes(𝐯𝟏 + 𝐯 ′ 𝟏 ) = (𝐯 ′ 𝟐 + 𝐯𝟐 )
𝐯𝟏 − 𝐯𝟐 = −(𝐯 ′ 𝟏 − 𝐯 ′ 𝟐 )
𝐯′𝟏 − 𝐯′𝟐
𝒆=−
𝐯𝟏 − 𝐯𝟐

2.6. Central Crash 1 Dimension

The One Dimension Collision is a collision that moves before and after the collision lies
on the same line. Judging from the Law of Conservation of Momentum and the Law of
Conservation of Energy possessed by both objects before and after the collision, the collision
of one dimension is divided into 3 namely:

a. Perfect Collision If The momentum

Two objects are said to perform a perfect collision if the momentum and the Kinetic
Energy of both objects before the collision equals the momentum and kinetic energy after the
collision. In other words, at the perfect collision perfectly apply the Law of Conservation of

10
Momentum and the Law of Conservation of Kinetic Energy. The Law of Conservation
Momentum and the Law of Conservation Kinetic energy applies to the event of perfect
collision as the total mass and velocity of both objects are equal, both before and after the
collision. The Law of Conservation of Kinetic Energy applies to the perfect tidal collision
because during the collision no energy is lost (Tipler, P.A. 1998: 50).
In this collision the amount of kinetic energy of both objects before and after the
collision is the same. In other words, the lost energy is zero.
According to the Law of Conservation of Kinetic Energy,
Ek = Ek`
Ek1 + Ek2 = Ek1` + Ek2`
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐦𝟏 𝐯𝟏′𝟐 + 𝟐 𝐦𝟐 𝐯𝟐′𝟐 ………… equation (20)
𝟐
If both sides of equation 21 multiplied by 2 then the equation becomes
m1 v12 + m2 v22 = m1 v1′2 + m2 v2′2
m1 v12 − m1 v1′2 = m2 v2′2 − m2 v22
𝐦𝟏 (𝐯𝟏𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏′𝟐 ) = 𝐦𝟐 (𝐯𝟐′𝟐 − 𝐯𝟐𝟐 ) 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(21)
The equation becomes (a+b)(a-b)=a2-b2 then equation 22 can be 𝐦𝟏 (𝐯𝟏 + 𝐯 ′ 𝟏 )(𝐯𝟏 − 𝐯 ′ 𝟏 ) =
𝐦𝟐 (𝐯 ′ 𝟐 + 𝐯𝟐 )(𝐯 ′ 𝟐 − 𝐯𝟐 ) equation (22)

According to the Law of Conservation of momentum can be written:

m1 v1 + m2v2 = m1 v1` + m2v2` ……………. equation (23)
or
m1 (v1 – v1`) = m2 (v2` - v2) ……………… equation (24)

If equation 24 divided by equation 22 then obtained

𝑚1 (𝑣1 − 𝑣′1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣′2 − 𝑣2 )
𝑚1 (𝑣1 + 𝑣′1 )(𝑣1 − 𝑣′1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣′2 +𝑣2 )(𝑣′2 − 𝑣2 )
The equation becomes(𝐯𝟏 + 𝐯 ′ 𝟏 ) = (𝐯 ′ 𝟐 + 𝐯𝟐 )
𝐯𝟏 − 𝐯𝟐 = −(𝐯 ′ 𝟏 − 𝐯 ′ 𝟐 )
𝐯 ′ 𝟏 −𝐯 ′ 𝟐
𝟏=− ……… equation (25)
𝐯𝟏 −𝐯𝟐

From equation 26, it is found that the restitution coefficient on the perfect resilient collision is
1 (e = 1). This shows that after the collision of both objects will bounce perfectly.
Problems example:
1. The first ball moves to the right with a speed of 20 m / s chasing a second ball that
moves at a speed of 10 m / s to the right resulting in a perfect tidal collision.

If the mass of both balls is the same, each of 1 kg, determine the speed of each ball
after the collision!

11
Discussion
First sign agreement: Right direction (+) Left direction (-)
From the law of Conservation of Momentum comes the equation:
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣′1 + 𝑚2 𝑣′2
′
(1)(20) + (1)(10) = (1)(𝑣 1 ) + (1)(𝑣′2 )
𝑣 ′1 = 30 − 𝑣′2 ........... equation (i)
𝐯 ′ 𝟏 −𝐯 ′ 𝟐
The restitutant coefficient (e) for the perfect resilient collision is e = 1. 𝒆 = − 𝐯𝟏 −𝐯𝟐
′ ′
𝐯𝟏−𝐯𝟐
𝟏=−
𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎
10 = − 𝑣 ′1 + 𝑣 ′ 2
𝑣 ′1 − 𝑣 ′ 2 = −10 ........... equation (ii)
substitute equation (i) to equation (ii) to obtain
𝑣 ′1 − 𝑣 ′ 2 = −10
(30 − 𝑣 ′ 2 ) − 𝑣 ′ 2 = −10
30 − 2𝑣 ′ 2 = −10
2 𝑣 ′ 2 = 40
𝑣 ′ 2 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
By entering the value 𝑣 ′ 2 = 20 𝑚/𝑠 into one equation eg equation (ii) then the value 𝑣 ′1 is
obtained as follows.

𝑣 ′1 − 𝑣 ′ 2 = −10
𝑣 ′1 − 20 = −10
𝑣 ′1 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity of object 1 and object 2 after the collision is 10 m / s and
20 m / s (Tipler, P.A 1998: 115).

b. Most Partial Collision

Partial collision is partly a collision that during the collision process there is some energy
lost. The amount of kinetic energy of both objects after the collision turns out to be less than
the sum of the kinetic energy of both objects before the collision. This loss of energy can be a
form of other energy such as heat energy or sound energy. In the picture beside after the
collision between the ball and the batter racket then the ball will move towards the opposite
direction of the initial motion while the batter racket will be silent. This suggests that after the
collision on the resilient collision there is a possibility that one object will move in the
opposite direction of its original motion while the bendalain will be silent (Tipler, P.A. 1998:
171).
In this collision there is a loss of kinetic energy when a collision occurs. The decrease in
the amount of kinetic energy after the collision is caused by the energy that turns into heat. In
this collision only the Law of Conservation of Momentum and the Law of Conservation of
Energy is not applied. As with the perfect collision law the momentum conservation
equilibrium at partial collisions can be written as follows.
m1 v1 + m2v2 = m1 v1` + m2v2`ataum1 (v1 – v1`) = m2 (v2` - v2)

12
Disapproval of the law of conservation of kinetic energy on partial collision This is due to the
presence of kinetic energy which turns into another energy after the collision so that the
kinetic energy of the object after the collision is smaller than before the collision (Ek > Ek’).

Ek = ½ m1v12 + ½ m2v22 ………………………………. equation (26)

Ek` = ½ m1v`12 + ½ m2v2`2 ……………………………… equation (27)
Due to the partial collision part of Ek > Ek’ then obtained
m1 v1 + m2v2> m1 v1` + m2v2` ……………. equation (28)
or
m1 (v1 – v1`) > m2 (v2` - v2) ……………… equation (29)

While the amount of kinetic energy lost in the event is

ΔEk = Ekawal - Ekakhir
The value of the restitution coefficient on the collision is partially valued between zero and
one (0<e<1). Metaphysically writable
v′ 1 −v′2
− =𝑒
v1 −v2
𝐯 ′ 𝟏 −𝐯 ′ 𝟐
− = 𝟎 < 𝑒 < 1………….. equation (30)
𝐯𝟏 −𝐯𝟐
Problems example :
A ball with a mass of 0.5 kg falls from an altitude above the floor. The rate of the object
at the time of pounding the floor is 40 m / s and the ball bounces vertically upward at a rate of
30 m / s.

Po
Pt

Picture g, Images of the ball fall and

will bounce back
Specify:
a. The momentum of the ball on the floor
b. The momentum of the ball at the time of bouncing back
c. Change the momentum of the ball after and before mashing the floor

Is known :
m = 0,5 kg
vo= 40 m/s (down direction)
vt = - 30 m/s (direction up)
Asked :
a.po?
b.pt?
c.∆p?

13
Answer
If we take the downward direction as a positive direction, then
a. Initial momentum of the ball on the floor
po= m v

po= 0,5 kg x 40 m/s

po= 20 kg m/s

direction po down

b. final momentum

pt= m x vt

pt= 0,5 kg x (-30 m/s)

pt= -15 kg

a negative sign denotes the direction pt to up

c. momentum changes can be denoted as ∆

∆p= pt – po

∆p = -15 kg m/s - 20 kg m/s

∆p= -35 kg m/s(upward direction)(Tipler, P.A. 1998:1119)

c. The First Unhappy Collision

The collision is not altogether altogether is the collision where the two objects will unite
after the collision so that after the collision both have the same speed (Giancoli, D.C. 1998:
220).
Because after the collision of two bodies moving at the same rate the momentum
conservation law of momentum on this collision can be mathematically written as follows.
m1 v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2)v`……………. equation (31)
The value of the restitution coefficient on the collision is not altogether zero at all (e = 1).
Metaphysically
v′ 1 −v′2
− =𝑒
v1 −v2
𝐯 ′ 𝟏 −𝐯 ′ 𝟐
− = 𝟎………….. equation (32)
𝐯𝟏 −𝐯𝟐
At this collision does not apply the law of conservation of kinetic energy. Some of the
initial kinetic energy in this collision is converted into other types of energy, such as heat or
potential energy, so that the final total kinetic energy is less than the total initial kinetic
energy Ek > Ek’.
Ek = ½ m1v12 + ½ m2v22 ………………………………. equation (33)
Ek` = ½ m1v`12 + ½ m2v2`2 ……………………………… equation (34)
Due to the partial collision part of Ek> Ek 'then

14
m1 v1 + m2v2> m1 v1` + m2v2` ……………. equation (35)
or
m1 (v1 – v1`) > m2 (v2` - v2) ……………… equation (36)
While the amount of kinetic energy lost in the event is
ΔEk = Ekawal - Ekakhir
Problems example :
A 20 gram bullet about a wad of toy with a mass of 200 grams and hanging on a long string.
The bullet entered and clung to a candle toy. If the bullet velocity before about the candle is
200 m / s, then the magnitude of the wax velocity of the toy after the bullet enters therein is ...
a. 12.8 m / s
b. 14.2 m / s
c. 18.2 m / s
d. 20.2 m / s
e. 22.8 m / s
Answer: c
Resolution:
m1.v1 + m2.v2 = (m1 + m2).v`
0 + 0,02 . 200 = (0,2 + 0,02) . v`
4 = 0,22 v`
v` = 4 / 0,22
v` = 18,2 m/s(Giancoli, D.C. 1998:219)

2.7. Application Impulse And Momentum

Physics is the study of matter and its interaction. Many physical concepts can explain
the phenomena in nature. One is the application of the concept of impulse and momentum.
Impulses are forces that act on objects in a relatively short time, while momentum is a
measure of the difficulty to stop (silence) objects. Impulses are influenced by forces acting on
an object within a certain time interval whereas momentum is influenced by the mass of
matter and the velocity of the object. The following examples illustrate the application of the
concept of impulse and momentum in everyday life: Physics is the study of matter and its
interaction. Many physical concepts can explain the phenomena in nature. One is the
application of the concept of impulse and momentum. Impulses are forces that act on objects
in a relatively short time, while momentum is a measure of the difficulty to stop (silence)
objects. Impulses are influenced by forces acting on an object within a certain time interval
whereas momentum is influenced by the mass of matter and the velocity of the object. The
following examples illustrate the application of the concept of impulse and momentum in
everyday life:
1. Karate
If we notice karateka after hitting his opponent will quickly pull his hand. This is done so
that the touch time between the hand and the enemy's body part is relatively short. This
resulted in the enemy receiving a greater force. The shorter the touch time, the greater the
force (Halliday, Resnick 1984: 295).
2. Car

15
 The car is designed to dent easily with the aim of enlarging the touch time when hit. Long
touch time causes the car or driver's driving force to be smaller and the driver's safety is
expected to be more secure (Halliday, Resnick 1984: 238).
3. Air balloon on the car and seat belt
The design of the dented car is not enough to ensure the safety of the driver at the time
of tetabrak. A violent clash with the inside of the car may jeopardize the driver's safety. To
minimize the risk of such accidents, leading car manufacturers provide hot air balloons in the
car (usually under the steering wheel). When an accident occurs the driver will press the
button and the air balloon will expand, so the touch time between the head or other body part
is longer and the received style is smaller. Seat belts are also designed to reduce the impact of
accidents. The seat belt is elastic designed.
4. Boxing gloves
Boxing gloves worn by boxers serve to prolong the working of impulse style. When the
boxer hit his opponent, the blow has a longer contact time. Since the contact time is longer,
the impulse force that works is also smaller. The smaller the impulse force that works, the
pain becomes less.
5. Hammer

The hammer head is made of hard materials such as iron or steel. The hammer is made
with a hard material so that the contact time interval becomes shorter, so the style that is
massed is greater. If the force of the impulse is large then the spikes that are struck with the
hammer will be embedded deeper

6. Matras

Matras often used when sports or commonly used by pejudo. Matras is used to prolong
the time lapse of the working of impulse force, so that our body does not hurt when slammed.

7. Helmet

If you look at the inside of the helmet, surely you will see a soft layer. Like a cork or
sponge, the soft layer aims to prolong the contact time. Suppose your head hit the asphalt
when there was a collision. If there are no soft layers, the impulse will work faster so that
even if you wear a helmet, you will be dizzy when hit on the asphalt.

16
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
The momentum of an object can be defined as the product of the mass of an object at its
speed. The Law of Conservation Momentum is the total Momentum of a system of isolated
objects that remains constant. The impulse is the product of the magnitude of the vector of
force F with the magnitude of the time scalar Δt so that the impulse includes the vector
quantity. In the event of collision especially between two objects apply the laws of
conservation of momemtum and the laws of kinetic energy kekealan that vary in each type of
collision.

The One Dimension Collision is a collision that moves before and after the collision
lies on the same line. Judging from the Law of Conservation of Momentum and the Law of
Conservation The energy possessed by both objects before and after the collision, the one-
dimensional collision is divided into 3, namely the Perfect Lenting Crash, Partial Likelihood
Collision, and Uncertain Collision At All.

At Perfect Lenting Collapse apply the laws of conservation of kinetic energy and the
law of conservation of momentum. After the collision of both objects will bounce perfectly
so that the restitution coefficients are equal to 1. At partial tangle collisions, only validate
momentum conservation. In this collision there is a loss of kinetic energy when a collision
occurs. The decrease in the amount of kinetic energy after the collision is caused by the
energy that turns into heat

At the collision is not altogether altogether, merely punishes conservation of

momentum. Some of the early kinetic energy on this collision is converted into other types of
energy, such as heat or potential energy, so that the final total kinetic energy is less than the
total initial kinetic energy. After the collision both objects will converge and have the same
speed (e = 0).

3.2 Suggestions

The collision and momentum is one of the materials discussed in physics which is
quite difficult in his understanding. Because it is repeated reading is one of the understand in
studying this material, so that the concept given can be understood easily. In this paper also
been equipped with various problems, so to train the knowledge or application of physics in
doing the problem is also a help in understanding the material.

17
 REFERENCES

Giancoli, D.C. 1998. “Fisia Jilid 1 Edisi Kelima”. Jakarta:Erlangga.

Tipler, P.A. 1998. Fisika Untuk Sains dan Teknik-Jilid I. Jakarta:Erlangga

Halliday, Resnick. 1984. Fisika Jilid 1(Terjemahan). Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.

20