1.

INTRODUCTION

The majorproblems faced by our country is the solid waste disposal, availability of
drinking water and energy crisis. Many techniques and methods have been introduced frequently
in past years as a solution of these problems. Presently in India, about 960 million tonnes of
solid waste is being generated annually as by-products during industrial, mining, municipal,
agricultural and other processes. Of this 350 million tonnes are organic wastes from agricultural
sources; 290 million tonnes are inorganic waste of industrial and mining sectors and 4.5 million
tonnes are hazardous in nature.

The disposal of solid waste is a problem. This problem continues to grow with the
growth of population and development of industries. Disposal of waste in open pits has become
routine in majority of places.

Semisolid or solid matter that are created by human or animal activities, and which are
disposed because they are hazardous or useless are known as solid waste. Most of the solid
wastes, like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, and even used cars and electronic goods are
not biodegradable, which means they do not get broken down through inorganic or organic
processes. Thus, when they accumulate they pose a health threat to people, plus, decaying wastes
also attract household pests and result in urban areas becoming unhealthy, dirty, and unsightly
places to reside in. Moreover, it also causes damage to terrestrial organisms, while also reducing
the uses of the land for other, more useful purposes.

There is a large variety of technology, varying from stationary facilities designed to

combust millions of tons of waste per year collected from a broad geographical area, down to
mobile incinerators used to remediate wastes from specific sites that are contaminated by
hazardous waste. Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of
organic substances contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high-temperature waste
treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts
the waste into ash, flue gas and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of
the waste, and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue

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gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the
atmosphere. In some cases, the heat generated by incineration can be used to generate electric
power. Incineration with energy recovery is one of several waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies
such as gasification, pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion. Three types of waste to which
incineration is applied extensively are municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and medical
waste.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plants tend to be among the most expensive
solid waste management options, and they require highly skilled personnel and careful
maintenance. For these reasons, incineration tends to be a good choice only when other, simpler,
and less expensive choices are not available.

Availability and access to improved source of drinking water is a basic indicator for
human development. Water is essential for life. The amount of drinking water required is
variable. It depends on physical activity, age, health issues, and environmental conditions. It is
estimated that the average American drinks about one liter of water a day with 95% drinking less
than three liters per day. For those working in a hot climate, up to 16 liters a day may be
required. Water makes up about 60% of weight in men and 55% of weight in women. Infants are
about 70% to 80% water while the elderly are around 45%.

Drinking water, also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water that is
safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without risk of health problems Potable water is
available in almost all populated areas of the Earth, although it may be expensive and the supply
may not always be sustainable.

Water covers some 70% of the Earth's surface. Approximately 97.2% of it is saline, just
2.8% fresh. Besides the fact that it doesn't taste very good, drinking saltwater is a bad idea
because it causes dehydration. Seawater can be desalinated to bring salt levels down to where
they are palatable, but the technique is very energy-intensive. Advances in membrane technology
have made desalination of seawater and brackish waters an increasingly viable alternative to
produce safe drinking-water. For example, desalination has been gaining foothold in the water-
scarce WHO Region of the Eastern Mediterranean, along coastal areas of Australia, on the West
Coast of the USA and in many Small Island States including Singapore and Maldives.

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 Desalination is a process that extracts minerals from saline water. More generally,
desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance, as in soil
desalination, which is an issue for agriculture. Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable
for human consumption or irrigation. The principal methods used for desalination include:

• distillation, (or evaporation).

• Electrodialysis.
• freezing, ion exchange.
• reverse osmosis.

The method we suggest here is the distillation. In distillation saltwater is heated in one
container to make the water evaporate, leaving the salt behind. The desalinated vapor is then
condensed to form water in a separate container. Although long known, distillation has found
limited application in water supply because of the fuel costs involved in converting saltwater to
vapor. Modern technological advances led to the development of more efficient distillation units
using solar energy; however, since these units have small capacities, their utility is restricted.

Distillation plants having high capacities and using combustible fuels employ various
devices to conserve heat. In the most common system a vacuum is applied to reduce the boiling
point of the water, or a spray or thin film of water is exposed to high heat, causing flash
evaporation; the water is flashed repeatedly, yielding fresh distilled water. This multistage flash
distillation method is used in more than 2,000 desalination plants, including one in Saudi Arabia
that produces 250 million gallons of freshwater per day.

There are several different methods of achieving this distillation. The quality of water
produced and the heat consumed in its production can both be defined when the system is
designed.The steam generated during the process of distillation can be allowed to impact on a
steam turbine for the generation of power. Electrical energy generation using steam turbines
involves three energy conversions, extracting thermal energy from the fuel and using it to raise
steam, converting the thermal energy of the steam into kinetic energy in the turbine and using a
rotary generator to convert the turbine's mechanical energy into electrical energy. The steam
directed from the steam turbine is fed into a condensation chamber where it is converted into
liquid.

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 2. METHODOLOGY

The saline water is stored in a feeding tank from where it is released to the copper coil
wound inside the incineration chamber. A valve is used to adjust the flow of saline water from
the feeding tank to the incineration chamber. After the incineration of waste the exhaust gas is
made to expel out to the atmosphere through a stack provided. The stack may be provided with a
particulate filter for the removal of particulate matter. A fuel tank is provided for additional
supply of fuel for incineration. Due to the high degree of heat produced by the incineration
process the saline water get boiled and the steam produced is allowed to impact on a steam
turbine and further the steam to a condensation chamber. In the steam turbine the thermal energy
of steam turbine is converted into kinetic energy and with the help of an additional rotory
generator we can convert the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy. In the
condensation chamber the steam is converted into potable water.

Fig2.1 : Complete cycle of thermal desalinating power generation incinerator

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2.1 INCINERATION

Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves

the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high-
temperature waste treatment systems are described as "treatment”. To allow the combustion to
take place a sufficient quantity of oxygen is required to fully oxidize the fuel. Incineration plant
combustion temperatures are in excess of 850oC and the waste materials are converted
into ash, flue gas and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste,
and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must
be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere.

Incineration with energy recovery is one of several waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies

such as gasification, pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion. While incineration and gasification
technologies are similar in principle, the energy product from incineration is high-temperature
heat whereas combustible gas is often the main energy product from gasification. Incineration
and gasification may also be implemented without energy and materials recovery.

In several countries, there are still concerns from experts and local communities about the
environmental effect of incinerators.In some countries, incinerators built just a few decades ago
often did not include a materials separation to remove hazardous, bulky or recyclable materials
before combustion. These facilities tended to risk the health of the plant workers and the local
environment due to inadequate levels of gas cleaning and combustion process control. Most of
these facilities did not generate electricity.

Incinerators reduce the solid mass of the original waste by 80–85% and the volume
(already compressed somewhat in garbage trucks) by 95–96%, depending on composition and
degree of recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling. This means that while
incineration does not completely replace landfilling, it significantly reduces the necessary
volume for disposal. Garbage trucks often reduce the volume of waste in a built-in compressor
before delivery to the incinerator. Alternatively, at landfills, the volume of the uncompressed
garbage can be reduced by approximately 70% by using a stationary steel compressor, albeit

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with a significant energy cost. In many countries, simpler waste compaction is a common
practice for compaction at landfills.

Incineration has particularly strong

strong benefits for the treatment of certain waste
types in niche area such as clinical wastes and
certain hazardouswastes where pathogens and toxins can be destroyed by high temperatures.
Examples include chemical multi-product
multi product plants with diverse toxic or very toxic wastewater
streams, which cannot be routed to a conventional wastewater
wastewater treatment plant.

Waste combustion is particularly popular in countries such as Japan where land is a

scarce resource. Denmark and Sweden have been leaders in using the energy generated from
incineration for more than a century, in localized combined heat and power facilities
supporting district heating schemes. In 2005, waste incineration produced 4.8% of the electricity
consumption and 13.7% of the total domestic heat consumption in Denmark. A number of other
European countries rely heavily on incineration for handling municipal waste, in
particular Luxembourg,, the Netherlands, Germany, and France.

Fig2.2 : Levels of Air (Oxygen) Present During Pyrolysis, Gasification and Combustion

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2.1.1 INCINERATORS AND THEIR TECHNOLOGY

Incinerator can be understood more precisely as a furnace where waste is burnt. Modern
incinerators are equipped with pollution improvement systems, which play their part in cleaning
up the Flue gas and such toxicants. Following are the types of plants for burning waste:

2.1.1.1 MOVING GRATE:

The incineration plant used for treating MSW is moving grate. This grate is capable for
hauling waste from combustion chamber to give way for complete and effective combustion. A
single such plant is capable for taking in thirty-five metric ton of waste every hour for treatment.
Moving grates are more precisely known as incinerators of municipal solid waste.
This waste is poured in the grate with a help of crane from and opening or throat. From here, the
waste has to move towards the ash pit. Waste is further treated and water locks wash out ash
from it. Air is then flown through the waste and this blown air works for cooling down the grate.
Some of grates are cooled with help of water.
Air is blown through the boiler for another time but this time comparatively faster then before.
This air helps in complete burning of the flue gases with the introduction of turmoil leading to
better mixing and excess of oxygen. In some grates, the combustion air at fast speed is blown in
separate chamber.
European Waste incineration Directive is of the view that an incineration plant must be designed
so that operating worker must know that flue gases are reaching the temperature of eight fifty
degrees centigrade with in two seconds. This would ensure complete and required breakdown of
toxins of organic nature. In order to achieve this every time backup auxiliary burners must be
installed.

There are three main sub categories of moving grate combustion systems used for MSW. These
are as follows:

The Roller Grate – this consists of adjacent drum or rollers located in a stepped formation, with
the drums rotating in the direction of the waste movement

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The Stepped Inclined Grate – this system uses bars, rockers or vibration to move the waste
down each of the grates (typically three)

Inclined Counter-Rotating Grates – grate bars rotate backwards to agitate the waste and
prevent it tumbling down the forward inclined grate until burn out is complete.

2.1.1.2 FIXED GRATE:

This was the fixed and much older version for grate. This kind generally is lined with the
brick while lower or ash pit is made up of metal. This grate generally has an opening at the top
and for loading purpose; a side of the grate is left open. A number of fixed grate were first
formed in houses, which today are replaced by waste compactors. These are typically a series of
steps (normally 3) with the waste being moved by a series of rams. The first step is a drying
stage and initial combustion phase, the second is where the remaining combustion takes place
and the third grate is for final carbon burn-out.

2.1.1.3 ROTARY-KILN:

Industries and municipalities generally use this sort of incinerator. Incineration in a rotary
kiln is normally a two stage process consisting of a kiln and separate secondary combustion
chamber. The kiln is the primary combustion chamber and is inclined downwards from the feed
entry point. The rotation moves the waste through the kiln with a tumbling action which exposes
the waste to heat and oxygen. There is also a proprietary system which oscillates a rotating kiln
for smaller scale incineration of MSW with energy recovery.

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 Fig 2.3 :Rotary kiln incinerator

2.1.1.4 FLUIDIZED BED:

In this sort of incineration, air is blown at high speed over a sand bed. The air gets going through
the bed when a point come where sand granules separates and let air pass through them and here
comes the part of mixing and churning. Therefore, a fluidized bed comes in to being and fuel and
waste are then can be introduced.
The sand along with the pretreated fuel or waste is kept suspended and is pumped
through the air currents. The bed is thus mixed violently and is uptight while small inert particles
are kept suspended in air in form of fluid like form. This let the volume of the waste, sand and
fuel to be circulated throughout the furnace, completely

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 Fig 2.4: Fluidized bed incinerator.

2.1.2 POLLUTION CAUSED BY INCINERATORS:

Incineration is conducted with a number of outputs, which include ash and flue gas
emission. Before the flue gas cleaning systems were introduced, the flue gas has to move to
atmosphere thus leading to pollution.

Emission of Gases:
Furans and Dioxins
The biggest most concern, which has caught thoughts of environmentalists about MSW’s
incineration, is production of a huge amount of furans and dioxins. These are considered staidly
injurious to health. Modern generators are equipped with special equipment to clean emission of
gases from these injurious components. There was a time when no governmental regulation were
there to bound incineration and save environment and atmosphere from this hazardous emission
of gases but today there are strict and rigid rules and regulations to follow and conduct
incineration.

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Carbon dioxide
Incineration while being conducted produces a vast amount of Carbon dioxide. Carbon
dioxide plays a due role in global warming, as this is the green house gas. It has been observed
that almost everything which has carbon in its composition is when processed by incineration
evolves out as carbon dioxide.

Extra Emissions
Some other emissions of gases by waste processing are sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid,
fine particles and heavy metals.

Cleaning out Flue Gas:

A number of processes are involved for the cleaning up of flue gas. The mixture of flue
gas is collected by means of Particle filtration and this filtration is conducted using electrostatic
precipitators and baghouse filters. Baghouse are very effective for fine particles. The next step
of the processing and cleaning of flue gas is processing of scrubbers, which are critical for the
removal of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, mercury, hydrofluoric acid, lead and residuary heavy
metals. With the reaction of lime, sulfur is converted in to gypsum. The wastewater, which
comes out of scrubbers, is then passed through wastewater treatment plant.Desulphurization is a
process that is used to remove sulfur dioxide with the limestone slurry injection directly in to flue
gas. Nitric component or gases are reduced with catalytic reduction with help of ammonia
application. Heavy metals are removed with the help of active carbon injection. Particles are the
collected at filters.

Solidify Outputs
Flue ash and Bottom ash is produced with the processing of waste materials and settle at
the bottom of the incineration plant. The ash, which is produced, is four to five percent of total
weight of the waste processed while the flue ash makes up some ten to twenty percent of total
weight of waste material. The heavy metals, which are contained in the flue or bottom ash, are
lead, cadmium, zinc and copper. A small amount of furans and dioxins are also produced. It is to
mention here that bottom ash seldom have heavy metals in it. Flue ash is hazardous while bottom
ash is not that dangerous or injurious to health.

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Other issues related to Pollution:
Older models of incinerators have inconvenience that this produce odor pollution.
However, in modern plants are saved from producing dust and odor pollution. They are designed
to store waste in enclosed containers along with a negative pressure to keep from odor and dirt
dispersal.
Another issue that is affecting community is increased load of traffic due to WCV for hauling
waste materials. This is the issue, which has forced incinerators to move in to industrial areas

2.1.3 ADVANTAGES OF INCINERATION

Minimum of land is needed compared to the dimensions of waste disposal sites.

The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the initial value.
The waste volume is reduced to almost 10% of the initial value.
The flue gas, which is containing heavy metals and other harmful substances after the
incineration process, is cleaned and emitted through the stack in environmentally friendly
form. → If waste is dumped in untreated form, underground water can be poisoned and
different gases are developing which can harm our environment very badly as they
support the greenhouse effect.
Incineration plants can be located close to residential areas, which are the centres of the
production of waste, and this helps to reduce the volume of traffic, pollution, noise and of
course the costs for the waste transportation.
By using the ashes for environmentally appropriate construction, low costs are provided
and furthermore the need for landfill capacity is reduced.
The incineration of waste provides two possibilities of using the produced energy:
• First of all district heating can be produced with the help of hot water.
• Secondly current can be generated by means of steam turbines.
By using district heating single heating systems in houses can be replaced which helps to
reduce the pollution of the environment and greenhouse gas emissions are diminished.

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 The produced residues, ash and slag as well as the developed flue gases, are odour-free
compared to the partly offensive smells caused by dumps.
As the raw material needed for waste incineration, which is municipal waste, is said to be
kind of renewable it helps to reduce the use of fossil fuels or non – renewable resources.

2.1.4 DISADVANTAGES OF INCINERATION

The air pollution controls required in incineration plants are extremely expensive. Very
often up to one half of the costs of a plant are due to air pollution control facilities. As the
laws can change and maybe require updates in the air pollution controls this could lead to
much higher costs in the future.
Energy, produced by means of waste incineration is not likely to be practical for small
communities. Therefore incineration plants have be situated in areas where the district
heating network can easily be connected to very many households.
The extremely high technical standards of the plants require skilled workers, which leads
to the facts that rather high wages have to be paid.
The residues from the flue gas cleaning can contaminate the environment if they aren’t
handled appropriately and therefore they must be disposed of in controlled and well
operated landfill to prevent groundwater- and surface pollution.
Among the Austrian citizens the acceptance of waste incineration plants is very poor and
therefore people are fighting hard to avoid the construction of a waste incineration plant
in their neighbourhood.
People’s efforts to avoid waste production are minimized when they know that that their
waste is burnt in an incineration plant.

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2.2 DESALINATION

Desalination is a process that extracts minerals from saline water. More generally,
desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance, as in soil
desalination, which is an issue for agriculture.

Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation.

One by-product of desalination is salt. Desalination is used on many seagoing ships and
submarines. Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on cost-effective provision of
fresh water for human use. Along with recycled wastewater, it is one of the few rainfall-
independent water sources.

Due to its energy consumption, desalinating sea water is generally more costly than fresh
water from rivers or groundwater, water recycling and water conservation. However, these
alternatives are not always available and depletion of reserves is a critical problem worldwide.
Currently, approximately 1% of the world's population is dependent on desalinated water to meet
daily needs, but the UN expects that 14% of the world's population will encounter water scarcity
by 2025.

Desalination is particularly relevant in dry countries such as Australia, which traditionally

have relied on collecting rainfall behind dams for water.

According to the International Desalination Association, in June 2015, 18,426

desalination plants operated worldwide, producing 86.8 million cubic meters per day, providing
water for 300 million people. This number increased from 78.4 million cubic meters in 2013, a
10.71% increase in 2 years. The single largest desalination project is Ras Al-Khair in Saudi
Arabia, which produced 1,025,000 cubic meters per day in 2014, although this plant is expected
to be surpassed by a plant in California. Kuwait produces a higher proportion of its water than
any other country, totalling 100% of its water use.

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2.2.1METHODS OF DESALINATION

The traditional process used in these operations is vacuum distillation—essentially

boiling it to leave impurities behind. In desalination, atmospheric pressure is reduced, thus
lowering the required temperature needed. Liquids boil when the vapour pressure equals the
ambient pressure and vapour pressure increases with temperature. Thus, because of the reduced
temperature, low-temperature "waste" heat from electrical power generation or industrial
processes can be employed.

2.2.1.1 MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION:

Water is evaporated and separated from sea water through multi-stage flash distillation,
which is a series of flash evaporations. Each subsequent flash process utilizes energy released
from the condensation of the water vapour from the previous step.

2.2.1.2 MULTIPLE EFFECT DISTILLATION:

Multiple effect distillation (MED) works through a series of steps called “effects”. Incoming
water is sprayed onto vertically or, more commonly, horizontally oriented pipes which are then
heated to generate steam. The steam is then used to heat the next batch of incoming sea water. To
increase efficiency, the steam used to heat the sea water can be taken from nearby power plants.
Although this method is the most thermodynamically efficient, a few limitations exist such as a
max temperature and max number of effects.

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 Fig 2.5: Multi effect distillation

2.2.1.3 VAPOR COMPRESSION DISTILLATION:

Vapour compression distillation involves using either a mechanical compressor or a jet

stream to compress the vapour present above the liquid. The compressed vapour is then used to
provide the heat needed for the evaporation of the rest of the sea water. Since this system only
requires power, it is more efficient if kept at a small scale.

2.2.1.4 REVERSE OSMOSIS:

The principal competing process uses membranes to desalt saline water, principally applying
reverse osmosis (RO). The RO membrane processes use semipermeable membranes and applied
pressure (on the membrane feed side) to preferentially induce water permeation through the
membrane while rejecting salts. Reverse osmosis plant membrane systems typically use less

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energy than thermal desalination processes. Desalination
Desalination processes are driven by either thermal
(e.g., distillation) or electrical (e.g., RO) as the primary energy types. Energy cost in desalination
processes varies considerably depending on water salinity, plant size and process type. At
present the cost of seawater desalination, for example, is higher than traditional water sources,
but it is expected that costs will continue to decrease with technology improvements that include,
but are not limited to, reduction in plants footprint, improvements to plant operation and
optimization, more effective feed pre-treatment, andd lower cost energy sources.

Fig 2.6: Process of reverse osmosis.

2.2.1.5 FREEZING:

Freezing involves partially freezing the seawater and removing the ice to then clean and melt
backk down into now clean water. In the freezing process, water is separated from the salt in order
for the water
ater to crystallize properly.

2.2.1.6 SOLAR EVAPORATION:

Solar evaporation mimics the natural water cycle, in which the sun heats the sea water
enough for evaporation to occur. After evaporation, the water vapour is condensed onto a cool
surface.

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 2.2.1.7 ELECTRODIALYSIS/ELECTRODIALYSIS REVERSAL:

Electrodialysis utilizes electric potential to move the salts through a membrane.

Desalination Method Multi- Multi-Effect Mechanical Vapor Reverse

>> stage Flash Distillation Compression MVC Osmosis
MSF MED RO

Electrical energy 4–6 1.5–2.5 7–12 3–5.5

(kWh/m3)

Thermal energy 50–110 60–110 None None

(kWh/m3)

Electrical equivalent of 9.5–19.5 5–8.5 None None

thermal energy
(kWh/m3)

Total equivalent 13.5–25.5 6.5–11 7–12 3–5.5

electrical energy
(kWh/m3)

Table1 : Energy consumption of seawater desalination methods.

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2.2.2 ADVANTAGES OF DESALINATION

Clean and fresh drinking water.- Desalination plants can provide drinking water in areas
where no natural supply of potable water exists.
The water quality is safe- It is not dangerous or hazardous to any living thing.
It provides people with water- meaning that many people don't get water that is clean so
the desalination plants provide that.

2.2.3 DISADVANTAGES OF DESALINATION

The cost is high- meaning that it costs hundreds and thousands of dollars just to clean a
small among of water. It also costs a lot to create the plants.
Chemicals and waste produced in environment- meaning that lots of chemicals are
produced due to this process such as chlorine and others, also the salt left may be
dangerous to the environment.
Lots of land used- meaning that lots of land is used that may belong to animals and other
people.
Desalination removes iodine from water and could increase the risk of iodine deficiency
disorders.

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2.3 THERMAL POWER GENERATION

Thermal power generation is the process of generating power or electricity from heat.
Heat is a form of energy. Heat energy that is turned into electricity can be made in many ways. It
can be produced by burning fuels such as coal, oil, gas or wood. A thermal power station is a
power plant in which heat energy is converted to electric power. In most of the places in the
world the turbine is steam-driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine
which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed
in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The
greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different heat sources,
fossil fuel dominates here, although nuclear heat energy and solar heat energy are also used.
Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy
into electrical energy. Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for
industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating
electrical power.

2.3.1 TYPES OF THERMAL ENERGY

Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric and waste incineration plants,
as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal. Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas
turbines as well as boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine, in the form of hot exhaust gas, can
be used to raise steam, by passing this gas through a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
the steam is then used to drive a steam turbine in a combined cycle plant that improves overall
efficiency. Power plants burning coal, fuel oil, or natural gas are often called fossil-fuel power
plants. Some biomass-fueled thermal power plants have appeared also. Non-nuclear thermal
power plants, particularly fossil-fueled plants, which do not use co-generation, are sometimes
referred to as conventional power plants.

Commercial electric utility power stations are usually constructed on a large scale and
designed for continuous operation. Virtually all Electric power plants use three-phase electrical

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generators to produce alternating current (AC) electric power at a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
Large companies or institutions may have their own power plants to supply heating or electricity
to their facilities, especially if steam is created anyway for other purposes. Steam-driven power
plants have been used to drive most ships in most of the 20th century until recently. Steam power
plants are now only used in large nuclear naval ships. Shipboard power plants usually directly
couple the turbine to the ship's propellers through gearboxes. Power plants in such ships also
provide steam to smaller turbines driving electric generators to supply electricity. Nuclear marine
propulsion is, with few exceptions, used only in naval vessels. There have been many turbo-
electric ships in which a steam-driven turbine drives an electric generator which powers an
electric motor for propulsion.

Combined heat and power plants (CH&P plants), often called co-generation plants, produce
both electric power and heat for process heat or space heating. Steam and hot water.

2.3.2ADVANTAGES:

Fuel cost of thermal power plant is relatively low.

We can produce thermal energy almost everywhere in the world.
Heat production System is simple compared to other system.
Overall system cost effective.
Easy mechanism.
Same heat could be reused.
Easier Maintenance of power station.
Use of water is prominent here, therefore, any places with ample supply of water is a
perfect location for installing a thermal power station.
Thermal power plant requires comparatively small space to be installed.

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2.3.3DISADVANTAGES:

Huge production of Carbon-di-oxide (CO2) in the atmosphere.

Exhausted gases harms outside environment badly.
Low overall efficiency.
Thermal engines requires huge amount of lubricating oil that is very expensive.
Nuclear thermal power plant demands excessive amount of water for cooling purpose.
Coal type thermal power plant requires comparatively larger duration before it supply
generated power to the grid.
This type of power station ultimately responsible for raise in sea water level.

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 3. COMPOSISTION OF MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE

The composition of municipal solid waste varies greatly from municipality to

municipality and changes significantly with time. In municipalities which have a well
developed waste recycling system, the waste stream consists mainly of intractable wastes
such as plastic film, and non-recyclable packaging materials. At the start of the 20th century,
the majority of domestic waste (53%) in the UK consisted of coal ash from open fires. In
developed areas without significant recycling activity it predominantly includes food wastes,
market wastes, yard wastes, plastic containers and product packaging materials, and other
miscellaneous solid wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources.
Most definitions of municipal solid waste do not include industrial wastes, agricultural
wastes, medical waste, radioactive waste or sewage sludge. Waste collection is performed by
the municipality within a given area. The term residual waste relates to waste left from
household sources containing materials that have not been separated out or sent for
reprocessing. Waste can be classified in several ways but the following list represents a
typical classification:

Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper (most can be recycled
although some difficult to compost plant material may be excluded)

Recyclable materials: paper, cardboard, glass, bottles, jars, tin cans, aluminum cans,
aluminum foil, metals, certain plastics, fabrics, clothes, tires, batteries, etc.

Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris

Electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) - electrical appliances, light bulbs, washing
machines, TVs, computers, screens, mobile phones, alarm clocks, watches, etc.

Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such as toys

Hazardous waste including most paints, chemicals, tires, batteries, light bulbs, electrical
appliances, fluorescent lamps, aerosol spray cans, and fertilizers
23
Toxic waste including pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides

Biomedical waste, expired pharmaceutical drugs, etc.

Fig 3.1: Types and amount of municipal solid waste generation

24
 4. THERMAL DESALINATING POWER GENERATION
INCINERATOR

The actual plant design and configuration of incineration plant will differ considerably
between technology providers. However, an incinerator with energy recovery and
desalination will typically comprise the following key elements:

• Waste reception and handling

• Combustion chamber

• Desalination chamber

• Energy recovery plant

• Emissions clean-up for combustion gases

• Bottom ash handling and air pollution control residue handling

4.1 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED IN PROTOTYPE

Materials used.

• Copper tube

• Ms round bar

• Ms sheet

• Lpg

• Saline water

• Condenser

25
4.1.1 COPPER TUBE

Fig 4.1: copper tube

o Diameter : 0.25 inch

o Length:15 meter
o Thickness: 25 swg (Standard wire gauge)
o Thermal conductivity: 401 watts per meter per Kelvin (W·m−1·K−1)
o Melting point :1,085 °C
o Specific heat capacity :0.385 J/goC

26
4.1.2 M S ROUND BAR

Fig 4.2: M S Round bar

o Diameter : 10 mm
o Length : 6.5 m
o Melting point :1510 degrees C
o Specific heat capacity 0.49 (kJ/(kg K))

4.1.3 MS SHEET

Fig 4.3: M S Sheet

27
 o Thickness :1 mm
o Melting point :1510 degrees C
o Specific heat capacity 0.49 (kJ/(kg K))

4.1.4 L P G

o LPG has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg

o Household cylinder

o Capacity 33 liters

4.1.5 SALINE WATER

o Salinity : 35 mg/L
o Boiling point : 1000C
o Specific heat capacity : 3850 J/(kg C)
o Latent heat of vaporization : 540 calories per gram

4.1.6 CONDENSER

Fig 4.4: Condenser

28
 The average calorific value of residential waste was obtained. The material for
vaporization was identified according to the calorific value and latent heat of vaporization of
saline water. The copper tube having 1/4 inch diameter and 25 standard wire gauge thickness
having a length of 15 meter was used as the winding inside the incineration chamber for the
effective transfer of heat. Copper have better thermal conductivity compared to other metals.

A steel rod frame having 60cm height and 30cm diameter was made from a mild steel rod
of 12mm diameter. Copper tube was winded throughout the incinerator. The base for supporting
the waste was also made from the copper winding for maximum absorption of heat. The chamber
was covered using 1 mm mild steel sheet for providing better insulation and prevents the smoke
to stay inside the chamber. A door of 15cmx 15cm was made on the chamber. A waste residue or
ash collection bottom was attached in the bottom of incineration chamber. Exhaust pipe of 1m
height waste attached at the top of incinerator.

The condenser was selected according to the steam output at the turbine outlet. The
condenser of a residential refrigerator was used as the condenser had about 15m length. The
other end was placed above a measuring jar.

The steam pressure at the outlet was measured using a pressure gauge. A small turbine
along with a casing was attached to the outlet. The turbine was connected to a DC generator (6v).
A multimeter was connected with the generator to check the power generation. The steam
pressure at outlet was shown as 50 psi. A tachometer was connected to the turbine for checking
the rpm.

The overall cost of production of the prototype was Rs 7980.

Rpm was obtained in between 1100- 1200

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Fig4.5 :Setup for pressure output checking

Fig4.6:Experimental setup

30
 5. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

5.1 DESALINATION

5.1.1 Experiment No. 1

Aim: to determine the desalination capacity of incinerator without fuel

Materials used:

• Thermal desalinating Incinerator

• Saline water
• Graduatedmeasuring jar
• Solid waste (dry)
• Weighing Balance
• Kerosene

Procedure:

• Weigh 1 kg of dry municipal solid waste.

• Feed the weighed solid waste into the incineration chamber.
• Provide a small amount of kerosene or petrol for the ignition of waste.
• Light the waste and close the lid of incineration chamber.
• Adjust the discharge of saline water from the feeding tank.
• Place a measuring jar at the end of the condenser outlet for collecting the condensed water.
• Note the amount of water collected for 1 kg of waste incinerated.
• Continue feeding the weighed amount of waste and collect the condensed water from the
outlet.
• Plot graph between the amount of waste incinerated and water desalinated.

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 Observations:

Sl.No. Amount of waste incinerated (kg) Amount of water desalinated (ml.)

1 1 80

2 2 160

3 3 240

4 4 300

5 5 360

6 6 480

7 7 540

Table :2

600

500

400

Amount of water
desalinated (ml.) 300

200

100

0
0 2 4 6 8

Graph:1

Result:

Desalination rate without using fuel = 77.142ml/k

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5.1.2 Experiment No.2

Aim: to desalination capacity of incinerator with fuel

Materials used:

• Thermal desalinating Incinerator

• Condenser
• Saline water
• Graduated measuring jar
• Solid waste (dry)
• LPG
• Weighing Balance

Procedure:

• Weigh 1 kg of wet solid waste of about 60% moisture content.

• Feed it to the incineration chamber which is provided with a burner gas inlet.
• Light the burner.
• Adjust the discharge of saline water from feeding tank.
• Place a measuring jar at the end of the condenser outlet for collecting the condensed
water.
• Note the amount of water collected for 1 kg of wet waste incinerated.
• Continue feeding the weighed waste and collect the condensed water from the outlet.
• Plot graph between collected condensed water and fuel consumed for incineration.

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Observations:

Sl.No. Amount of gas consumed (kg) Amount of water desalinated (ml.)

1 0.1 110

2 0.2 215

3 0.3 320

4 0.4 410

5 0.5 530

6 0.6 650

7 0.7 780

Table :3

900

800

700

600

Amount of water 500

desalinated (ml.)
400

300

200

100

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Graph:2

Result :

Desalination rate using fuel =

=97.5ml/k

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5.2 TOTAL SOLIDS

5.2.1 EXPERIMENT NO :1

Aim: Determine the total solids of saline water

Apparatus:

1. Evaporating dishes
2. Muffle furnace
3. Steam Bath
4. Desiccators
5. Drying oven
6. Filter paper
7. Analytical Balance
8. Imhoff cone

Procedure:

a) Total Solids
1. Ignite the clean evaporating dishes in the muffle furnace for 30minutes at 550o and
cool in adesiccators.
2. Note down the empty weight of the dish.
3. Take 50 or 100ml of the well mixed sample into the dish and evaporate the contents
by placing the dish on a steam bath.
4. Transfer the dish to an oven maintained at 103-105oC and dry it overnight or at least
one hour in an oven.
5. Allow the dish to cool briefly in air before placing it in a desiccators to complete
cooling in a dry atmosphere
6. Weigh the dish ( W2 ) mg
7. Weight of total residue = (W2 – W1 ) mg.

35
Observations:

No. Item Sample Number

Or Description
1. Volume of sample 50 ml
2. Weight of empty evaporating dish for total solids = W1 mg. 92.734 mg
3. Weight of dish + total solids = W2 mg. 94.484 mg
4. Total solids in mg = W2 - W1 1.75 mg

Calculation:

mg/l of total solids =

Results:

Total solids = 35 mg/L

36
5.2.2 EXPERIMENT NO: 2

Aim: Determine the total solids of desalinated water.

Apparatus:

1. Evaporating dishes
2. Muffle furnace
3. Steam Bath
4. Desiccators
5. Drying oven
6. Filter paper
7. Analytical Balance
8. Imhoff cone

Procedure:

a)Total Solids

1. Ignite the clean evaporating dishes in the muffle furnace for 30minutes at 550o
and cool in adesiccators.
2. Note down the empty weight of the dish.
3. Take 50 or 100ml of the well mixed sample into the dish and evaporate the
contents by placing the dish on a steam bath.
4. Transfer the dish to an oven maintained at 103-105oC and dry it overnight or at
least one hour in an oven.
5. Allow the dish to cool briefly in air before placing it in a desiccators to complete
cooling in a dry atmosphere
6. Weigh the dish ( W2 ) mg
7. Weight of total residue = ( W2 – W1 ) mg.

37
Observations:

No. Item Sample Number

Or Description
1. Volume of sample 50 ml
2. Weight of empty evaporating dish for total solids = W1 mg. 98.524 mg
3. Weight of dish + total solids = W2 mg. 98.524 mg
4. Total solids in mg = W2 - W1 0.165 mg

Calculation:

mg/l of total solids =

Results:

Total solids = 3.3 mg/L

38
 6. CONCLUSION

• Waste where incinerated completely and efficiently even without fuel.

• Salinity reduced from 35g/L to 3.3g/L
• Standards of desalinated water are under its specifications.
• Minimum cost of construction for a household unit. The cost of production of prototype
was only under 8000 Indian rupees.
• Average rate of desalination is 77.142ml/kg without using fuel.
• Average rate of desalination is 97.5ml/kg using fuel.
• Discharge pressure of steam was 55 psi at steam outlet is sufficient for energy
production.
• The rpm of turbine was between 1100 and 1200.
• A maximum voltage of 4.6 V was shown in the multimeter.
• The energy wasted during incinerations was recovered and utilised efficiently.

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 7. INFERENCE

• Efficiency of heat absorption can be increased by increasing number of winding of

copper tube inside incineration chamber.
• The combined utilization of fuel and waste can increase energy production and
efficiency.
• Better refractory lining should be provided to avoid wastage of heat energy.
• The copper should be protected from corrosion by scientific methods such as sacrificial
protection.
• The prototype should be industrialized for better efficiency and mass disposal of solid
waste and power generation.
• Exhaust filter should be provided for reducing air pollution.
• Ashes and residue can be utilized for fertilizer or making fly ash bricks.

40
 8. REFERENCES

• THERMAL DESALINATION PROCESSES Asghar Husain, Adel Al Radif, Ali El-

NasharAnd Klaus WagnickinternationalCenter For Water And Energy Systems, Abu
Dhabi, UAE
• SOLID WASTE POWER GENERATION, Swithenbankj,Nasserzadeh V And
Gohr,SheffieldUniversity Waste Incineration Centre, UK
• Waste Incineration ,August 2006,Integrated Pollution Prevention And
Control,EUROPEAN COMMISSION
• Modelling Waste Incineration AndWind Energy For Water Desalination, Udono, K. And
R. Sitte
• Power Generation From Waste Incineration, James O Kolbe, Kenneth E Wilkes, June
1988,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• Desalination And Water Purification ResearchAnd Development Program Report No.
144,Barriers To Thermal Desalination In The United States, March 2008, U.S. Department Of
The InteriorBureau Of Reclamation
• 21’ Century Advanced ConceptFor Waste-Fired Power Plants, Babcock &Wilcox Vølund
A/SFalkevej, DK-6705 Esbjerg Ø, Denmark, 2012

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