IMAGINARIUM

CLASS 9
 Things to Remember

Lines and Angles

|. If two lines intersect, then vertically opposite angles are equal.

2. A line that intersects two or more given lines at distinct points is

called a transversal of those lines.

3. Some properties of Lines and Transversals

2
 Things to Remember

Type of angles Angles Relation

1 & 5,
Corresponding 2 & 6, Corresponding angles
Angles 4 & 8, are equal
3&7
Alternate interior 4 & 6, Alternate interior
angles 3&5 angles are equal

Alternate exterior 1 & 7, Alternate exterior

angles 2&8 angles are equal

Interior angles on
the same side of the 4 & 5, Co-interior angles
transversal 3&6 are supplementary
(Co-interior angles)

3
 Things to Remember

Motion

| Distance-time graph:
The change in the position of an object with time can be
represented on the distance-time graph. The distance-time
graph for a moving body can be used to calculate the speed of
the body.

a. Body at Rest - The distance-time graph is parallel to the time

axis when the body is at rest.

b. Body Moving with a Uniform Speed: The distance-time

graph for a body moving at uniform speed is always a
straight line as it moves equal distances in equal time
intervals.

4
 Things to Remember

A
60
50
40
30
Distance in km

20
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16 18
Time in second

c. Body Moving in Non-Uniform Speed: When the graph of distance

vs time is plotted for an object moving with non-uniform speed,
the slope of the graph will not be a straight line. The rising
trend of slope shows the increasing trend of velocity.

A
60
50
40
30
Distance in km

20
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 16 18
Time in second

2 Velocity - time graph:

a. Body Moving with a Uniform ‘Velocity': If a body moves with a
uniform velocity (no acceleration) then velocity-time graph for
this body would be a straight line parallel to the time axis.

5
 Things to Remember

Constant t
velocity
(Zero acceleration)
b. Body Moving with Non-Uniform Velocity and constant acceleration :
If a body moves with a non-uniform velocity (uniform acceleration)
then the velocity-time graph would be a straight line inclined at 450
to the x-axis.
v

Constant t
acceleration

If velocity increases (positive uniform acceleration) with time,

the graph would be a straight upward slope. If velocity decreases
(negative uniform acceleration) with time, the graph would be a
straight downward slope.
c. Body Moving with Non-Uniform Velocity and Varying Acceleration:
Zig - zag graph and the curved graph show that the object is
moving with non-uniform velocity (with non-uniform acceleration).

6
 Things to Remember

Variable t
acceleration
3. Uniform circular motion
It is the motion in which an object moves on a circular path with
constant speed. For example motion of hands of a watch, rotation
of fan blades, etc.
The speed of an object in a circular motion is given by,
S = Distance
Time = Circumference of Circle = 2πr
Time t

7
 Things to Remember

Matter in Our Surroundings

1. Evaporation:
The process of conversion of a substance from the liquid state
to the gaseous state at any temperature below its boiling point
is called evaporation or vaporization.
2. Factors affecting the rate of evaporation:
Surface area: The rate of evaporation increases on increasing
the surface area of the liquid.
Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with an
increase in temperature.
Humidity: Decrease in the humidity increases the rate of
evaporation.
Wind speed: An increase in wind speed increases the rate of
evaporation.

3. Evaporation causes cooling:

During the process of evaporation, the particles of liquid
absorb energy or latent heat of vaporisation from the
surrounding to get converted to gaseous state. This absorption
of energy from the surroundings makes the surroundings cold.

8
 Things to Remember

Cell - The Fundamental Unit of Life

|. Cell Organelles:
Every cell has a membrane around it to keep its content
separate from the external environment. The different
components of cell perform different functions and these
components are called cell organelles.
Double membraned organelles – mitochondria, plastids.
Single membraned organelles – Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles.
Membraneless organelles – ribosomes.
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (Channels, Network for transport):
The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a large network of
membrane-bound tubes and sheets.
Endoplasmic Reticulum is of two types-

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes are present Ribosomes are absent

Specialized to proteins Specialized to synthesize lipids

and steroids
SER in liver cells takes part in
It helps in the modification of detoxifying many poisons and
RNA drugs

9
 Things to Remember

Proteins and lipids synthesized in ER are used for building cell

membrane and this process is known as Membrane Biogenesis.
Proteins function as enzymes. Proteins and lipids form
hormones.
ER helps in intercellular and intracellular transport of
substances.
ER gives internal support to the cytoplasm.
ER provides a large surface area for the synthesis of many
chemicals and various physiological activities.

Animal Cell Plant Cell

10
 Things to Remember

3. Golgi Apparatus (Packaging) :

The Golgi apparatus, first described by Camillo Golgi, consists of a
system of membrane-bound vesicles arranged approximately
parallel to each other in stacks called cisterns.
The material synthesized near the ER is packaged and dispatched
to various targets inside and outside the cell through the Golgi
apparatus.
Its functions include the storage, modification and packages of
products in vesicles. In some cases, complex sugar may be made
from simple sugars in the Golgi apparatus.
It is also involved in the formation of lysosomes.

4. Lysosomes [Suicide bags] (Cleanliness of cell) :

Lysosomes are small spherical vesicles covered by a single
membrane
They are found in all animal cells, except mammalian RBCs and
plant cell

11
 Things to Remember

It contains digestive enzymes for intra-cellular digestion and waste

disposal. Due to this, they are called Suicide bags of the cell.
Digestive enzymes are synthesized by Rough ER.
The enzymes are released only when the cell has been damaged
Old organelles, germs, food, etc. enter the lysosomes for disposal
by digestion
In damaged cells, lysosomes digest cellular components and they
will burst.
5. Mitochondria (Powerhouse, Energy provider):
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell.
It is a site where aerobic respiration is performed
The energy required for various chemical activities needed for life
is released by mitochondria in the form of ATP [Adenosine
Triphosphate] molecules.

12
 Things to Remember

ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell.

Mitochondria have two membrane coverings instead of just one.
The outer membrane is very porous while the inner membrane
has deep infoldings called cristae.
They are able to make some of their own proteins.
6. Plastids:
Plastids are present only in plant cells. There are two
types of plastids chromoplasts and leucoplasts.

Chromoplast Leucoplast

Chromoplasts are the

coloured plastids present They are colourless plastids
in leaves, flowers and fruits.

The green plastid chloroplast

in the leaf performs They can store fats,
photosynthesis and chromoplasts carbohydrates and proteins.
present in the flowers help in
attracting insects for pollination.

13
 Things to Remember

The internal organization of the plastids consists of numerous

membrane layers embedded in a material called stroma.
Plastids are similar to mitochondria in external structure.
Plastids have their own DNA and ribosomes.

7. Vacuoles (Storage):
Vacuoles are storage sacs for solid or liquid contents.
Vacuoles are small-sized in animal cells while plant cells have
very large vacuoles [50% to 90% of the cell volume].
In plant cells, vacuoles are full of cell sap and provide
turgidity and rigidity to the cell.
In Amoeba, the food vacuole contains the food items that are
consumed by it and contractile vacuoles expel excess water
and wastes from the cell.

14
 The Reason Behind

| Cotton clothes are preferred in summer.

2 When a boiled egg without shell is placed in

pure water for 5 minutes, the egg gains water
and swells.

3 Water does not overflow even when sugar is

added to a glass full of water.
4 Evaporation causes cooling.

5 Ice at 273 K is less energetic than water at the

same temperature.

16
 The Reason Behind

6 A single-celled organism does not need

specific organs for taking in food,
exchange of gases or removal of wastes.

7 Viruses do not show the characteristics of life.

17
 Lines & Angles 1

Solve the following questions

01. In the adjoining figure, the bisectors of ∠PBC and ∠BCQ meet at
O. If ∠BOC = 90° - (x)∠A, what is the value of x? A

| |
A. 2 B. 3 B
| 2
C

C. 4| D. 5| P
0
Q

02. In the adjoining figure, the bisector of ∠BAC meets BC at L. What

is the value of ∠ABC + ∠ACD? A

A. 2∠ACL B. 2∠ALC
C. 4∠ALC D. 4∠ACL B L C D

03. In the figure ∠ ACB = 90 o , ∠ BAC = 40 o and ∠ BED = 100 o.

What is the value of ∠ EDB? A

A. 25° B. 30° E
40

|00

C. 35° D. 40° B
90
C D

04. In the given figure, ∠ABC and ∠ACB are bisected by OB Aand
OC, respectively. What is the value of ∠COB ?
50

A. |05° B. ||0°
O

C. ||5° D. 120° B C

18
 Lines & Angles 1

05. In the given figure, ∠ACB : ∠ABC : ∠BAC = 1 : 2 : 3. What is

the value of ∠DCE ? A
D

A. 60 0
B. 75 0

B C E
C. 800 D. 850

A
06. In the adjoining figure, what is the value of ∠BEA ?
30

A. 600 B. 750 D

C. 800 D. 850 B
40
C
E

07. In the adjoining figure, bisectors of ∠RQP and ∠SRP meet at

point T. What is the value of ∠RTQ ? T

∠RPQ
P

A. 0.4 B. 0.5
C. 0.7 D. 0.8 Q R S

19
 Lines & Angles 2

Solve the following questions

01. In the adjoining figure PQ∥ST. What are the values of ∠x and ∠y?
P Q
x

A. ∠x = 370, ∠y = 530 B. ∠x = 470, ∠y = 330 28

C. ∠x = 330, ∠y = 570 D. ∠x = 470, ∠y = 530 y 65

S R T

02. In the given figure, AB∥CD, ∠BAC= 800 and ∠CFE = 250. What
is the value of ∠FEC ? B
D
F
25
A. 450 B. 55
0
80
C

C. 650 D. 750
A

03. In the given figure, AB∥CD, ∠BAE = 500 and ∠DCE = 600.
What is the value of ∠BEA ? D
B

A. 500 B. 600
E
60 50

C. 700 D. 80 0
A
C

04. In the given figure, AC 11 DG. If HEG is an equilateral triangle,

then what is the value of ∠EBF?
B C
A

A. 300 B. 450
H
|0 20

0
C. 500 D. 65 D
E F

20
 Lines & Angles 2

05. In the given figure, if AB∥CD, then What is the value of ∠COA ?
O

A. 500 B. 550 110

C. 650 D. 700 C D

60
A
B

06. In the adjoining figure, AB∥CD and CD∥EF. What is the

value of ∠x + ∠y + ∠z ? A C
E
z
A. 2500 B. 255 0 D 55
y

C. 2850 D. 2900 B x
F

07. In the adjoining figure, AB∥CD. What is the value of ∠x ?

A F E
B
65
A. 1050 B. 1060 G

C. 1070 D. 1080 H 40
C D
K
I

21
 Motion

An object is dropped from a certain height. What is the ratio of

1
distances travelled by the ball in first, second and third seconds
of its fall?
A. 1:3:5
B. 1:4:7
C. 1:3:7
D. 1:4:5

Following data gives the journey details of a car travelling with

2
different acceleration for different periods of time. If the car
starts from rest, what is the total displacement of the car?
Time Interval Acceleration
0s-3s 4 ms-2
3s-5s 3 ms-2

A. 26 m
B. 34 m
C. 48 m
D. 52 m

22
 Motion

Which of the following is correct regarding the given

3
velocity-time graph?

A. The body has uniform velocity.

B. The body has non-zero initial velocity and is under uniform
retardation.
C. The body has non-zero initial velocity and is under uniform
acceleration.
D. The body has zero initial velocity and it has variable
acceleration.

23
 Motion

What type of motion is represented by the following

4
displacement - time graph?

A. From O to A, the body has uniform velocity and from A to B,

the body is at rest.
B. From O to A, the body has uniform negative velocity and
from A to B, the body has uniform positive velocity.
C. From O to A, the body has variable positive velocity and
from A to B, the body is at rest.
D. From O to A, the body has variable positive velocity and
from A to B, the body has a variable negative velocity.

24
 Motion

5 Which of the following is true for a body undergoing free fall?

A. It is a uniformly accelerated motion.

B. It is a non - uniformly accelerated motion.
C. Its velocity remains constant.
D. Its velocity decreases.

The following plot depicts the variation of acceleration over a

6
time period of 10 s. The body has a constant acceleration of 20
ms-2 for first 4 s and then it decreases linearly thereafter. What
is the total change in the velocity of the particle over a period of
10 s?

A. 120 m s-1
Acceleration

0 A
B. 140 m s-1 20
C. 160 m s-1
B
D. 180 m s-1 |0s
Time

25
 Motion

Which of the following plot correctly depicts the variation in

7
velocity and acceleration with height, for an object thrown
vertically upwards?

Acceleration
Velocity

A B

Height Height
Acceleration
Velocity

C D

Height Height
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D

26
 Matter in our Surroundings

1) Which of the following is the correct method to liquefy

atmospheric gases?

A. Increasing both pressure and temperature.

B. Decreasing both pressure and temperature.
C. Decreasing pressure and increasing temperature.
D. Increasing pressure and decreasing temperature.

2. Which of the following process is the reverse of boiling?

A. Freezing
B. Condensation
C. Sublimation
D. Fusion

27
 Matter in our Surroundings

3) A substance A is kept in three different closed containers

such that
Pressure in first container = 2 atm
Pressure in second container = 4 atm
Pressure in third container = 6 atm
Then which of the following is true?

A. Rate of sublimation of A in the first container > Rate of

sublimation of A in the second container > Rate of
sublimation of A in the third container
B. Rate of sublimation of A in third container > Rate of
sublimation of A in the second container > Rate of
sublimation of A in the first container
C. Rate of sublimation of A in the first container > Rate of
sublimation of A in third container > Rate of sublimation
of A in the second container
D. Rate of sublimation of A is the same in all three
containers.

28
 Matter in our Surroundings

4) Which of the following process shows that water vapour is

present in the atmosphere?

A. Evaporation
B. Condensation
C. Sublimation
D. All of the above

5) It has been found that 22.5 ×105 joules of heat is

required to change 1 kilogram of water(at 100°C) to steam
at the same temperature of 100°C. Now you are given 2
kg of water. What is the latent heat present in the water
given to you?

A. 11.25×105 joules
B. 22.5 ×105 joules
C. 32×105 joules
D. 45×105 joules

29
 Matter in our Surroundings

6) Why is a cooler more effective on a hot dry day?

A. Higher temperature increases the rate of evaporation.

B. Higher temperature decreases the rate of evaporation.
C. Dryness of the air increases the rate of evaporation
D. Both A and C.

7) When a substance is heated, why does the temperature

remain constant during the change of state?

A. Heat is stored in the particles as potential energy.

B. Heat is dissipated in the surrounding.
C. Heat is utilized in overcoming intermolecular forces.
D. Heat is not equally distributed among all the particles.

30
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

1. Which cell organelle plays a crucial role in detoxifying many

poisons and drugs?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Lysosomes
C. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Vacuoles
2. Which organelle is not present in human cheek cells?
A. Nucleus
B. Plasma membrane
C. Mitochondria
D. Chloroplast

3. Which of the following is a Plastid which is responsible for

giving colours to fruits and flowers?
A. Chloroplast
B. Leucoplast
C. Chromoplast
D. Protoplasts

31
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

4. Chromosomes are made up of _________________:

A. Phosphorus
B. Protein
C. Sugar
D. Calcium

5. Which of the following is a phenomenon by which

protoplast of a cell shrinks?
A. Osmosis
B. Plasmolysis
C. Diffusion
D. Glycolysis

6. Which term is used to refer to the process of absorption of

water by raisins, when the raisins are kept in water
overnight?
A. Osmosis
B. Endosmosis
C. Diffusion
D. Imbibition

32
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

7. When the cell is about to divide, the chromatin material

gets condensed and organized into_____________ :
A. Chromatin membrane
B. Chromatin material
C. Chromatic acid
D. Chromosomes

8. A cell ‘X’ possesses a cell wall, large central vacuole and a

nucleus at the periphery. The cell ‘X’ is
A. Animal cell
B. Plant cell
C. Bacterial cell
D. Prokaryotic cell

9. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell

because -
A. it generates nerve impulses.
B. it produces ATP.
C. it produces protein molecules.
D. it helps in cell division.

33
 Visualizing the Basics

1 1. What is the velocity at t= 50 seconds in the graph shown below?

x(m)
100

80

60

40

20

t(s)
10 20 30 40 50 60

2 The given plot shows the variation in speed of a particle over a

period of 10 s. The particle’s speed increases uniformly for first 4 s
and becomes uniform thereafter. The maximum speed achieved by
the particle is 20 m s-1. Find the total distance covered by the
particle for the complete journey.

A. 160 m
B. 165 m
A B
Velocity

C. 170 m
D. 175 m

0 Time

34
 Visualizing the Basics

3 4. Arrange the following cylinders in the increasing order of rate of

evaporation. Assume that the liquid in all the containers has the
same temperature.
300ml of water
300ml of water

V W X Y

4 4. Find p, q, r and s from the following figure.

5 4. Find x from the following figure.

35
 Visualizing the Basics

6 4. What type of cell is shown in the given figure? What is the basis
of your answer?

7 4. Identify the type of solution in each of the cases shown below.

36
 The Reason Behind

Solution:
|. In order to keep the body cool in summer, the water from the body
evaporates and gets deposited on the body surface as sweat. Cotton
helps in absorbing and removing body moisture caused by sweat. It,
therefore, minimizes fungal breeding by keeping your body dry and
cool. Therefore we should wear cotton clothes in summer.
2. When an egg without shell is placed in pure water for 5 minutes, the
egg gains water and swells. This is because the concentration of water
is more outside which makes it move into the egg cell through the egg
cell membrane by osmosis.
3. When sugar is dissolved in water, the particles of sugar get settled in
between the spaces of the particles of water and fill that space. From
this process, we conclude that the particles of water have space
between them and that is why the sugar particles get into those
spaces.

38
 The Reason Behind

4. Due to evaporation, only high energy particles leave the surface of

evaporation. This results in a decrease in the average kinetic energy of
the particles in the system. The particles of liquid being evaporated,
absorb energy from the surroundings to regain the energy lost during
evaporation. This absorption of energy from the surroundings makes
the surroundings cool.
5. To convert ice at 273 K to water at the same temperature, we need
to supply the latent heat. This latent heat is present in the molecules of
liquid phase(water) but not in the solid state(ice). Hence, ice at 273 K
is less energetic than water at the same temperature.
6. A single-celled organism does not need specific organs for taking in
food, exchange of gases or removal of wastes because the entire
surface of the organism is in contact with the environment. Thus, the
exchange of gases can take place by simple diffusion and there is no
need for special organs.
7. Viruses lack any membranes. Also, they depend on the host cell for the
raw materials and energy necessary for nucleic acid synthesis, protein
synthesis, processing, and transport. Hence, they do not show the
characteristics of life until they enter a living cell and use its cell
machinery to multiply.

39
 Lines & Angles 1

Answers
01. Option A
We have ∠ABC + ∠CBP = 1800 (Linear pair)
Given, ∠CBP and ∠BCQ are bisected by BO and CO respectively.
⇒ 2| ∠ABC + 2| ∠CBP = 900
⇒ | ∠ABC + ∠| = 900
2
⇒ ∠| = 900- 2| ∠ABC -----(I)
Similarly,
∠ACB + ∠BCQ = 1800 (Linear pair)
⇒ 2| ∠ACB + 2| ∠BCQ = 900
Given, ∠CBP and ∠BCQ are bisected by BO and CO respectively.
⇒ 2| ∠ACB + ∠2 = 900
⇒ ∠2 = 900- 2| ∠ACB -----(II)

Now, in OBC, we have

∠1 + ∠2 + ∠BOC = 1800 (Angle sum property of a triangle)
Using (I) and (II), we have
⇒ (900- 2| ∠ABC) + (900- 2| ∠ACB) + ∠BOC = 1800
⇒ 1800 - 2| ( ∠ABC + ∠ACB ) + ∠BOC = 1800
⇒ ∠BOC = 2| ( ∠ABC + ∠ACB )
⇒ ∠BOC = 2| ( 1800 - ∠A )
⇒ ∠BOC = 900- 2| ∠A

40
 Lines & Angles 1

02. Option B
We have
∠ALC = ∠ABL+ ∠BAL (An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to
the sum of the opposite interior angles)
Hence, ∠ALC = ∠ABC + 2| ∠BAC (∵ ∠ABL= ∠ABC and ∠BAL
= 2| ∠BAC)
⇒ ∠ALC = ∠ABC + 2| ∠BAC
⇒ 2∠ALC = 2∠ABC + ∠BAC ------(I)
Also,
∠ACD = ∠ABC + ∠BAC ----(II) (An exterior angle of a triangle
is equal to the sum of the opposite interior angles)

Subtracting (II) from (I)

⇒ 2∠ALC - ∠ACD = ∠ABC
⇒ ∠ABC + ∠ACD = 2∠ALC

03. Option B
In ABC
400 + 900+ ∠ABC = 1800 (Angle sum property of a triangle)
⇒ ∠ABC = 500
Similarly, in EBD
∠EBD + ∠BED + ∠EDB = 1800 (Angle sum property of a triangle)
∴ 500 + 1000 + ∠EDB = 1800 (∵ ∠ABC = ∠EBD = 500)
⇒ ∠EDB = 300

41
 Lines & Angles 1

04. Option C
In ABC
∠BAC + ∠ABC + ∠ACB = 1800 (Angle sum property of a
triangle)
⇒ 500+ ∠ABC + ∠ACB = 1800
So, ∠ABC + ∠ACB = 1300
⇒ 2| ∠ABC + 2| ∠ACB = 650 -----(I)
Now, in OBC
∠OBC + ∠OCB +∠COB = 1800 (Angle sum property of a
triangle)
|
⇒ 2| ∠ABC + 2 ∠ACB + ∠COB = 1800 (∵ ∠ABC and ∠
ACB are bisected by OB and OC, respectively)
Using equation (I)
⇒ 650 + ∠COB = 1800 ⇒ ∠COB = 1150

42
 Lines & Angles 1

05. Option A
In ABC
∠ABC + ∠BAC + ∠ACB = 1800 --(I) (Angle sum
property of a triangle)
Given that ∠ACB :∠ABC :∠BAC = 1 :2: 3
Let ∠ACB = x, then ∠ABC = 2x and ∠BAC = 3x ---(II)

Using equation (I) and (II)

x + 2x + 3x = 1800
⇒ 6x = 1800 ⇒ x = 300
∴ ∠BAC= 3x = 900, ∠ABC = 2x = 600 and ∠ACB = x

Now,
∠ACE = ∠ABC + ∠BAC (An exterior angle of a triangle
is equal to the sum of the opposite interior angles)
⇒ ∠ACE = 900+ 600 = 1500
We have ∠ECD + ∠ACD = ∠ACE
⇒ ∠ECD + 900 = 1500 (∵ ∠ACD = 900)
Hence, ∠ECD = 600

43
 Lines & Angles 1

06. Option C
In BCD
∠CBD + ∠BDC + ∠BCD = 180° (Angle sum property of a
triangle)
⇒ 400 + 900 + ∠BCD = 1800
⇒ ∠BCD = 500
Hence, ∠ACE = 500

Now, in AEC side CE has been produced to B

∴ ∠BEA = ∠EAC + ∠ACE (An exterior angle of a triangle
is equal to the sum of the opposite interior angles)

⇒ ∠BEA = ∠EAC+ ∠ACE = 300+ 500 = 800

44
 Lines & Angles 1

07. Option B
In RTQ, ∠TRS is an exterior angle.
∴ ∠TRS = ∠RTQ + ∠TQR (An exterior angle of a triangle
is equal to the sum of the opposite interior angles)
⇒ ∠RTQ = ∠TRS - ∠TQR ----(I)

In PQR, ∠PRS is an exterior angle.

∴ ∠PRS = ∠RPQ + ∠PQR (An exterior angle of a triangle
is equal to the sum of the opposite interior angles)
⇒2∠TRS = ∠RPQ + 2∠TQR (As QT and RT are angle
bisectors)
⇒ ∠RPQ = 2(∠TRS - ∠TQR)
Using equation (I)
∠RPQ = 2(∠RTQ)
Hence, (∠RTQ)/(∠RPQ)= 0.5

45
 Lines & Angles 2

Answers
01. Option A
It is given that PQ∥SR and QR is a transversal line.
∴ ∠PQR = ∠QRT (Alternate interior angles)
⇒ ∠x + 28 = 65 ⇒ ∠x = 370
0 0

In SPQ
Also, ∠SPQ + ∠x +∠y = 1800 (Angle sum property of a triangle)
⇒ 900 + 370 + ∠y = 1800
⇒ ∠y = 530

02. Option B
AB∥CD and AF is transversal
So, ∠BAC = ∠DCF = 800 (Corresponding angles)
∠DCF = ∠FEC + ∠CFE (An exterior angle of a triangle is equal
to the sum of the opposite interior angles)
So, ∠FEC = ∠DCF - ∠CFE = 800- 250= 550

03. Option C
Since, AB∥CD and CB is transversal
Hence, ∠DCB = ∠ABC (Alternate interior angles)
In EBA,
∠ABE + ∠AEB + ∠BAE = 1800 (Angle sum property of a triangle)
So, ∠AEB = 1800- ∠BAE - ∠ABE = 1800- 500- 600= 700

46
 Lines & Angles 2

04. Option A
∠EHF = ∠HEF = ∠HFE = (1800)/3 = 600 ( EHF is an equilateral
triangle)
∠BEF = 100 + 600 = 700 (∠HEF = 600) -----(I)
∠BFE = 200 + 600 = 800 (∠HFE = 600) ------(II)
We have in EBF
∠BFE + ∠BEF + ∠EBF = 1800 (Angle sum property of a triangle)
Hence, ∠EBF = 1800 - (700 + 800) (Using (I) and (II))
∴ ∠EBF = 300

05. Option A
Extend DC to P such that DC intersects AO at P.
Now PD∥AB and AO is transversal.
So, ∠CPO = ∠BAP = 600 (Corresponding angles)
Also, ∠DCO = ∠CPO + ∠COP (An exterior angle of a triangle
is equal to the sum of the opposite interior angles)
So, ∠COP = 1100- 600 = 500
∠COP = ∠COA = 500
O

110

P
C D

60
A B

47
 Lines & Angles 2

06. Option C
∠y + 550 = 1800 (Interior angles on the same side of
transversal ED)
∠y = 1800 - 550 = 1250
Also, ∠x = ∠y (AB∥CD, ∠x and ∠y are corresponding
angles)
∴ ∠x = 1250
Now, since AB∥CD and CD∥EF ⇒ AB∥EF.
So, ∠EAB + ∠FEA = 1800 (Interior angles on the same side
of transversal EA)
∴ 900 + ∠z + 550 = 1800
⇒ ∠z = 350
∠x + ∠y + ∠z = 1250 + 1250 + 350 = 2850

07. Option A
∠KHG = ∠HFA = 650 (Alternate interior angles as AB∥CD,
and EI is transversal)
∴ ∠HGK = 180° - (∠GKH + ∠KHG ) = 1800 - (400 + 650)
(Angle sum property of a triangle)
⇒ ∠HGK = 1800 - 1050 = 750
Hence, ∠x = ∠FGK = 1800 - ∠HGK = 1800 - 750 = 1050

48
 Motion

1 Option A
Initial velocity of the object = 0 m s-1
Acceleration due to gravity(g) = 9.8 m s-1
S = ut + | gt2, where u = initial velocity, t = time taken, S = displacement.
2
Distance travelled in one second = (0)(1) + |2 (9.8)(1)2 = 4.9 m ----(I)
Distance travelled in two seconds = (0)(2) + | (9.8)(2)2 = 19.6 m
2
So, distance travelled in second second = distance travelled in two seconds -
distance travelled in first second = 19.6 m - 4.9 m = 14.7 m
------(II)
Distance travelled in three seconds = (0)(3) + | (9.8)(3)2 = 44.1 m
2
So, distance travelled in third second = distance travelled in three seconds -
distance travelled in two seconds = 44.1 m - 19.6 m = 24.5 m
-----(III)

Using equation (I), (II) and (III)

Ratio of distances = 4.9 : 14.7 : 24.5 = 1:3:5 (Divide the ratio by 4.9)

49
 Motion

2 Option C
s = ut + | at2
2
where u = initial velocity, t = time taken, s = displacement, a = acceleration.
Displacement in first three seconds = (0)(3) + | (4)(3)2 = 18 m -----(I)
2
Now, the velocity at the end of three seconds, v = u + at
where v = final velocity, t = time taken, a = acceleration and u = initial velocity.
Hence, velocity at the end of three seconds = 0 + 4(3) = 12 m s-1
This 12 m s-| is the initial velocity for the journey after three seconds.
Displacement for the next two seconds = (12)(2)+ | (3)(2)2 = 30 m ----(II)
2
Using (I) and (II), the total displacement = 30 m + 18 m = 48 m

3 Option C
The body has some initial velocity as the line has some positive intercept on the
Y-axis initially. Also, the velocity-time plot is linear. Hence, the acceleration is
uniform.

50
 Motion

4 Option D
From O to A, the displacement is increasing continuously with time but the
increase is not linear. Hence, the body has a variable positive velocity during this
period. Also, from A to B, the displacement is decreasing continuously with time
but the decrease is not linear. Hence, the body has a variable negative velocity
during this time period.

5 Option A
Since the body is under the influence of gravitational force only, the
acceleration of the body remains constant throughout the journey, i.e., 9.8 m s-2.
Also, the velocity increases as it falls towards the earth.

6 Option B
Change in velocity
Acceleration = A
Acceleration

Time taken
20
O

D C B
4s 6s
Time
Change in velocity = Acceleration x time taken, i.e.,
area under the acceleration - time plot.
The area under acceleration- time plot = area of rectangle OACD + area of
triangle ACB = (4)(20) + | (20) (6) = 140 m-s-1
2

51
 Motion

7 Option A
Since the body is under the influence of gravitational force only, the acceleration
of the body remains constant throughout the journey, i.e., 9.8 m s-2.
The velocity at any moment is given by the kinematic equation, v = u - gt
where v = final velocity, t = time taken, g = 9.8 m s-2, and u = initial velocity.
The acceleration due to gravity is taken negative because the velocity and
acceleration have opposite directions.
As per the equation v = u - gt, the velocity decreases linearly. Hence, option A is
correct.

52
 Matter in our Surroundings

1 Option D
On decreasing the temperature, the kinetic energy of the molecules is decreased
and hence their random motion. On increasing pressure, the molecules of the
gaseous phase are compressed and come closer together. This causes the
intermolecular forces to dominate and hence the matter gradually changes from
gaseous state to liquid state.
2 Option B
Boiling is the process of changing liquid phase to the vapour phase. And
condensation is the process of converting vapour phase to the liquid phase. Thus,
condensation is the reverse of boiling.
3 Option A
Rate of sublimation decreases with an increase in pressure inside the container.
Thus, Rate of sublimation of A in the first container > Rate of sublimation of A in
second container > Rate of sublimation of A in the third container
4 Option B
Water vapour from the atmosphere condenses on the outer surface of a glass
containing ice cubes showing the presence of water vapour in the atmosphere.
5 Option B
Latent heat of the water is defined as the heat required to change | kilogram
of water(at 100°C) to steam at the same temperature of 100°C. Thus, no
matter how much amount of water we take the latent heat of the water will
remain the same. Thus, the answer is 22.5 ×105 joules.

53
 Matter in our Surroundings

6 Option D
When a liquid evaporates, the particles of the liquid absorb energy from the
surroundings. This makes the surroundings cool. In a cooler, the water inside it
is made to evaporate. This leads to the absorption of energy from the
surroundings, thereby cooling the surroundings. Rate of evaporation is directly
proportional to temperature. Also, evaporation depends upon the amount of
water vapour present in air(humidity). If the amount of water vapour
present in air is less, then evaporation is more. On a hot dry day, the amount
of water vapour present in air is less. Thus, the water present in the cooler
evaporates more ,thereby, cooling the surroundings more.
7 Option C
During the change of state, the temperature remains constant. This is
because all the heat supplied to increase the temperature is utilized in
changing the state by overcoming the forces of attraction between the
particles. Therefore, this heat does not contribute to increasing the
temperature of the substance.

54
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

|. Option C
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum helps in detoxification of poisons and drugs.
It metabolizes toxic materials and drugs like aspirin, insecticides, petroleum
products, and pollutants. These toxic materials enter the body through
food, water, and air.
2. Option D
The chloroplast is not visible in the human cheek cell. This is because
chloroplast is a plastid which contains green pigments i.e., chlorophyll, which
helps in carrying out photosynthesis and is present only in plant cells.
3. Option C
Chromoplast is responsible for giving colours to fruits and flowers.
Chromoplast is a plastid which contains pigments other than chlorophyll. It
usually stores pigments such as carotene which gives orange colour,
xanthophylls which gives a yellow colour and various other red pigments.
4. Option B
In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like
structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA
tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its
structure.
5. Option B
The phenomenon by which protoplasts of a cell shrinks from the wall is called
Plasmolysis. Plasmolysis is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic
solution which results in shrinking of the protoplast. It happens due to osmosis
and does not happen often. It only takes place in extreme conditions.

55
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

6. Option D
Imbibition is the process of adsorption of water by substances without
forming a solution. Swelling of seeds when immersed in water is an example
of imbibition. Imbibition is the temporary increase in the volume of the cell.
7. Option D
When the cell is about to divide, chromatin material gets organized to form
chromosomes. Double-stranded DNA loops around 8 histones twice, forming
the nucleosome, which is the building block of chromatin packaging. DNA can
be further packaged by forming coils of nucleosomes, called chromatin
fibres. These fibres are condensed into chromosomes during mitosis or the
process of cell division.

56
 Cell - The Fundamental unit of life

8. Option B
Only plant cells have a cell wall, large vacuole and the central nucleus. Animal
cells do not have cell wall and vacuole. The nucleus is not necessarily present
in the centre of an animal cell. Therefore, it is a plant cell.
9. Option B
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of cells because the energy
required for various chemical activities needed to support life is released by
mitochondria in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) molecules.

57
 Visualizing the Basics

1. Since the slope is constant from t = 45 seconds to t = 60 seconds,

velocity is also constant in that time interval.
⇒ Velocity ( at t = 50 seconds ) = total displacement= (100-40)=4ms-1
total time 15

2. Option A
Since the maximum speed achieved by the body is 20 ms-1. Hence,
the speed from point A to point B is 20 ms-1. Also, the time for
which the body moves with this uniform speed is
10 s - 4 s = 6 s.
The area under the speed-time plot gives us the total distance
covered by the particle.
So, the total area under the plot = area of triangle OAC + area of
Y
rectangle ABDC
= ( | ×OC×AC ) + ( CD×AC )
2
A B
|
Velocity

= ×4×20 + 6×20 = 160 m

2

0 C D X
6s
4s Time

58
 Visualizing the Basics

3. Evaporation is directly proportional to the surface area of

the container i.e. rate of evaporation increases with an
increase in surface area.
Thus, the order of rate of evaporation in all the containers
is Y > W > V > X

4. p = 1100 (vertically opposite angles are equal)

q + 1300 = 1800 (sum of angles in a straight line is 1800)
q = 500
q = s (Alternate interior angles)
s = 500
p + q + r = 1800 (sum of angles in a triangle is 1800)
500 + 500 + r = 1800
r = 800
5. Draw one more line parallel to the given lines

∠1 = 350 (Alternate interior angles)

∠2 + 1400 = 1800 (Co - interior angles)
∠2 = 400
X = ∠1 + ∠2 = 350 + 400 = 750

59
 Visualizing the Basics

6. A prokaryotic cell is shown in the figure.

Prokaryotic cells do not have a well-defined nucleus instead they
have a nucleoid(the undefined nuclear region containing only nucleic
acids). Prokaryotic cells also lack most of the other cytoplasmic
organelles present in eukaryotic cells.

On the other hand, eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus,

where genetic material is stored.

60
 Visualizing the Basics

7. The solution shown in case A is Hypertonic. If the

extracellular fluid has a higher osmolarity than the cell’s
cytoplasm, it’s said to be hypertonic to the cell, and water
will move out of the cell to the region of higher solute
concentration.
The solution shown in case B is Isotonic. In an isotonic
solution—iso means the same—the extracellular fluid has the
same osmolarity as the cell, and there will be no net
movement of water into or out of the cell.
The solution shown in case C is Hypotonic. If the
extracellular fluid has a lower osmolarity than the fluid
inside the cell, it’s said to be hypotonic to the cell, and the
net flow of water will be into the cell.

61