CHEMISTRY PROJECT

(2019-2020)

NAME: DEBOJYOTI BANGAL

CLASS:XII [MBIPC]
ROLL NO:182022
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project has been satisfactorily performed by Master DEBOJYOTI BANGAL
Studying in VIKAS THE CONCEPT SCHOOL of class XII-S4 under the guidance of Mr: Bhanu Prasad
During the academic year 2019-2020.

Signature of Head of Department Signature of External Examiner

School Stamp
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry mentors Mr: Rajeshwar Rao
and Dr: PSN Murti for there vital support, guidance and encouragement without which
this project would not have come forth from my side.

I would like to express my heartily gratitude to the lab assistant Mr: Bhanu Prasad for his
support during the making of this project.

I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project.

I would like to acknowledge the Almighty God who made all the things possible.
Index
Metals and alloys undergo rusting and corrosion. The process by which some metals when
Exposed to atmospheric condition i.e., moist air ,carbon dioxide from undesirable compounds
On the surface is known as corrosion, The compounds formed are usually oxides. Rusting is
also a type of corrosion but the term is restricted to iron or products made from it. Iron is
easily prone to rusting making its surface rough. Chemically, rust is a hydrated ferric oxide.
 Rusting an Electrochemical Mechanism
Rusting may be explained by a electrochemical mechanism. In the presence of moist air
Containing dissolved oxygen or carbon di oxide, the commercial iron behave as it is
composed of small electrical cells. At anode of cell, iron passes into solution as ferrous ions.
The electron moves towards the cathode and from hydroxyl ions. Under the influence of
dissolved oxygen the ferrous ions and hydroxyl ions interact to form rust, i.e, hydrated ferric
oxide.
 Methods of prevention of corrosion and Rusting
Some of the methods used to prevent corrosion and rusting are -
• Barrier protection –
In the method ,a barrier film is introduced between iron surface and
atmospheric air. The film is obtained by painting, varnishing etc.

• Sacrificial protection –
The metallic iron is covered by a layer of more reactive metal such as zinc. The
active metal looses electrons in preference of iron. Thus, protecting from rusting
and corrosion.

• Electrical protection –
The metallic iron is connected with more active metals like magnesium or zinc.
The active metal has lower reduction potential than iron and will loose electron in
preference to iron, This method is used for protecting iron articles which are in
contact with water.
• Anti-Rust Solution –
To retard the corrosion of iron, certain anti-rust solutions are used. Example-
alkaline phosphate and alkaline chromates.
 Aim

In this project the aim is to investigate effect of the metals

coupling on the rusting of iron.

Metal coupling effects the iron .if the mail is coupled with a
more electropositive metal like zinc, magnesium or aluminum
rusting is prevented but If on the other hand , it is coupled with
less electropositive metals like copper, the rusting is facilitated
 Materials Required

1. Two Petri dishes

2. Four iron nails
3. Beaker
4. Sand paper
5. Wire gauge
6. Gelatin
7. Copper, zinc & magnesium strips
8. Potassium ferricyanide solution
9. Phenolphthalein
10.Bunsen Burner
 Procedure

1. At first we have to clean the surface of iron nails with the help of sand paper.

2. After that we have to wind zinc strip around one nails, and clear copper wire around
the second and clean magnesium strip around the third nail. Then to put all these
three and a fourth nail in petri dishes so that they are not in contact with each other.

3.Then to fill the petri dishes with hot agar-agar solution in such a way that the lower
half of the nails are covered with the liquids. cover petri dishes for one day or so.

4.The liquids set to gel on cooling. Two types of patches are observed around the rusted
nails, one is blue and the other is pink. Blue patch is due to the formation potassium
ferro- ferricyanide KFe[Fe(CN)6] where pink patch is due to the formation of hydroxyl
ions which turns colorless phenolphthalein to pink.
 Observation

S.No Metal pair Color of Nails

the patch Rust
1 Iron-Zinc Pink No

2 Iron-Magnesium Pink No

3 Iron-Copper Blue Yes

4 Iron-Nail Blue Yes

 Associated reactions
The rusting of iron is an electrochemical process that beings with the transfer of electrons
From iron to oxygen. The iron is the reducing agent (gives up represent) while the oxygen is
the oxy di sing agents (gains electrons). The rate of corrosion is affected by water and
accelerated by electrolytes, as illustrated by the effects of road salt on the corrosion of
automobiles.

. The key reaction is the reduction of oxygen

O2 +4e- +2H2O 4OH –
Because it forms hydroxide ions, this process is strongly affected by the presence of acid.
.Indeed the corrosion of most metals by oxygen is accelerated at low PH.

. Providing the electrons for the above reaction is the oxidation of iron that may be described
as follows:
Fe Fe2+ + 2e -
. The following redox reaction also occurs in in the presence of water and is crucial to the
Formation of rust:
4Fe 2+ + O2 4Fe3+ +2O2—
. In addition , the following multistep acid-base reactions affect the course of rust formation:
Fe 2+ + 2H2O Fe(OH)2 +2H +
Fe 3+ +3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3H+
as do the following dehydration equilibria:

Fe(OH)2 FeO + H2O

Fe(OH)3 FeO(OH) + H2O
2FeO(OH) Fe2O3 + H2O

From the above equations, it is also seen that the corrosion products are dictated by the
availability of water and oxygen. With limited dissolved oxygen, iron(II)-containing materials
are favoured, including FeO and black lodestone or magnetite(Fe3O4). High oxygen
concentrations favour ferric materials with the normal formulae Fe(OH)3 – XOx/2. The
nature of rust changes with time, reflecting the slow rates of the reactions of the solid.

Further more, these complex processes are affected by the presence of other ions, such as
Ca2+ ,both of which serve as an electrolyte, and thus accelerate rust formation, or combine
with the hydroxides and oxides of iron to precipitate a variety of Ca-Fe-O-OH species.

Onset of rusting can also be detected in laboratory with the use of ferroxyl indicator
solution. The solution detects both Fe2+ ions and hydroxyl ions . Formation of Fe2+ ions and
hydroxyl ions are indicated by blue and pink patches respectively.
It is clear from the observation that coupling of iron with more
electropositive metals such as Zinc and magnesium resists corrosion and
rusting of iron. Coupling of iron with less electropositive metals such as
copper increases rusting.
1. WWW.en.Wikipedia.org/ wiki/Rust
2. WWW.Slideshare. net
3. NCERT Chemistry Textbook(class XII}
4. Board Material (Chemistry)