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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

DC - DC boost converter plays a vital role in the implementation of

modern PV systems. In the following sections, various techniques used to
develop a boost converter that is available in the literature are presented.

2.1 Survey on Open Loop Coupled Inductor Based Boost Converter

Mohammadi & Farzanehfard (2012) have presented about the design of zero
voltage conversion bi-directional converters through coupled inductors and two
added switches. While adding two switches, voltage and current stresses
occurring across the main switches might be minimized significantly.

Rodrigues et al (2010) designed a DC - DC boost converters for high output

voltage applications, which need to employ high voltage devices. The
topologies developed through ZVS converters have attained less switching
losses when compared with the traditional boost converter. These topologies
are capable to attain high efficiency and can be applied for high switching
frequency applications.

Nahavandi et al (2015) suggested a topology for no isolated bidirectional DC -

DC power converter by using soft switching technique, which is more
appropriate to work under ZVS situation. To attain this condition, power
converter device utilizes a coupled inductor, additional switches and diodes.
Due to this implementation, switching stress across the switches has been
reduced and also removed the reverse recovery trouble occur in MOSFET and
anti-parallel diodes.

Augustine et al (2015) addresses about the load current division and flowing
current issues in the construction of parallel circuit DC - DC converters for
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low-voltage DC minor scale network and also introduced Swing control

procedure to allocate load current in DC minor scale network. The major
limitations of the traditional sag approach are poor current distribution and
drop in DC network voltage. This approach records the practical resistance R
droop positive or negative values to intimate the occurrence of voltage
deviation rapidly.

Bautista et al (2015) presented regarding the production of power by

influencing the environmental elements like Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) and
elective renewable sources. In any case, the applications of Power Management
Systems (PMS) are essential to handle the MFC energy and also to attain
proper voltage and power levels as per the load requirements.

The utilization of a high step-up converter is essential for the network related
small scale inverter, with the input voltage range about 15 V to 40 V for a
single PV panel. Chen.S.M and Liang.T.J (2013) recommended a converter
that comprises of a zeta converter and coupled inductor, with minimum duty
ratio and maximum turns ratio for the coupled inductor to achieve high voltage
gain. The leakage energy present in the coupled inductor has been effectively
reused for the load. The low ON-state resistance RDS (ON) may be selected to
enhance the energy transformation efficiency.

Choi et al (2014) implemented a single-active switch-based Zero Voltage and

Zero Current Switching (ZVZCS) converter, which utilized three diodes and
two capacitors along with the common boost converter. While the active switch
is turned ON, Zero Current Switching (ZCS) occurs with the support of leakage
inductance. While the active switch is turned OFF, Zero Voltage Switching
(ZVS) occurs, leakage inductance is switched to a snubber capacitor through a
diode.

Do et al (2010) introduced a soft-switching DC - DC converter, which provides

a nonstop input current and high voltage gain. Moreover, the soft-switching
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characteristic for this kind of converter minimizes the switching loss and
enhances the efficiency. The reverse-recovery issue of the output rectifiers has
been mitigated for controlling the current by changing the rating of diodes with
the utilization of the leakage inductance of a coupled inductor.

Do et al (2011) designed a zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) DC - DC converter

with high voltage gain, which combines ZVS boost converter stage and a ZVS
half-bridge converter stage and converges into the single stage. ZVS boost
converter stage provides the continuous input current and ZVS operation of the
power switches.

Elserougi et al. (2014) considered the offshore wind energy as an important

factor in the development of renewable energy. The introduction of HVDC
advances the empowerment of never-ending utilization of the offshore wind.

Evran and Aydemir (2014) suggested a novel Z-source constructed topology

that can improve the input voltage to the required range with reduced duty
ratio. This leads to the high step-up ratio DC - DC converters in renewable
energy system applications. The introduction of this topology minimizes the
device stress and reduced the voltage. Conduction loss occurs in switches can
be decreased by setting smaller RDS (on) in MOSFETs.

Hu et al (2015) designed a wind Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) with

interleaved interface DC - DC converter. The hysteresis current controlled
PWM technique has been recommended to attain the winding current control
and the hearty voltage control under various driving speed and load conditions.
Commutation shift approach used in this design improves the voltage
regulation and power rating of a device. Moreover an interleaved current-
sustained push-pull interface DC - DC converter has been created to increase
the DC transport voltage of a DC small scale matrix from the SRG.

Hwu and Peng (2012) designed buck-boost converter combined KY converter

and SR buck converter by using power switches, which produce positive output
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voltage and no right-half plane zeroes. This converter always operates in CCM
inherently, thereby causing variations in duty cycle all over the load range,
which made the control easy. This converter not only decreases the current
stress but also reduce the output voltage ripple.

Kan et al (2014) suggested voltage-fed isolated Bidirectional DC - DC

Converter (BDC), which has been developed based on Immittance Network
(IMN). The operations of the BDC are analyzed in the buck and boost mode.
This converter can attain unity power factor at both High Voltage Side (HVS)
bridge and the Low Voltage Side (LVS) bridge, which is helpful to improve the
converter's efficiency.

The inversely coupled, interleaved, DC - DC boost converter designed by

Kosai et al (2013) has been tremendously increased the efficiency, reduced
size, reduced electromagnetic emission, enhanced transient response and
improved the reliability while comparing with the conventional boost
converters.

2.2 Survey on Coupled Inductor Based Hybrid Boost Converter

Liu et al (2011) presented a high-efficiency multi-cascaded hybrid power

converter for high voltage application. In this design, the source is sequentially
connected to the output terminal of a converter circuit, which leads to increase
the voltage gain in each stage of a coupled inductor.

Changchien et al (2010) developed a converter which uses a multi-winding

coupled inductor with a voltage doubler to accomplish the high voltage gain.
This converter reused energy stored in the leakage inductor and clamped the
voltage across the switch, which leads to diminish the voltage stress on the
switch and increased the efficiency.

Lee et al (2013) designed soft-switched DC - DC converter by involving

voltage multiplier cells for the high-voltage application. This type of converters
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provide the benefits like doubling of voltage transformation ratio, achieves

ZVS while turn ON and ZCS while turn OFF the switches, reduced input
current ripple and the size and improved flexibility in device selection.

Liang et al (2012 suggested to manage half Hybrid Power Sources (HPS) with
the help of three DC - DC converters which consists of two bi-directional
converters and one converter. In this arrangement boost converter direct the
current / voltages yield of battery and super capacitor are controlled by the bi-
directional converters. In this framework, energy unit reduces recurrence power
sources with the help of super capacitor.

Chen.S.M et al. (2011) developed a quadratic boost converter with the coupled
inductor in the second support converter which achieves high voltage gain with
suitable duty ratio and small voltage stress on the switch. Also, the energy
stored in a leakage inductor can be reused. Highest efficiency has been derived
while setting the low ON-state resistance RDS and employing soft switching on
the switch.

Chen.Y.M and Yu.A.Q.H.X (2013) devised a three-port DC - DC converter

coordinating PV battery power for high voltage applications. The topology
suggested consists of five power switches, two coupled inductors and clamp
circuits. The coupled inductors have been used to attain high voltage gain and
to reduce the voltage stress on switches. The clamp circuits are employed to
reuse the energy in the leakage inductors and to enhance the efficiency. The
control strategy employed in this converter provides the chance to use the PV
power most often. Subsequently, this technique has the benefits of high
boosting level, reduced number of switches and direct control scheme.

Forest et al (2013) recommended the topology of the interleaving standard

which has been achieved by the execution of an isolating Inter Cell
Transformer (ICT) that provides isolation, separation and inter-cell coupling
are done through magnetic stage. The execution of integrated magnetic strategy
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eliminates the requirement of discrete inductors. This kind of converter is the

best choice to attain a high step up power transformation. High conduction
achieved in this mode enables the utilization of a low transformer ratio which
leads to plan effective ICTs. Leg cells employed here provided the better
response to minimize switching stresses on the HV side. The minimized
switching loss has been achieved by setting high duty cycle in LV - HV power
flow.

Gu.B et al (2015) developed non-isolated high boost ratio DC - DC converter

for PV module applications, which utilized the hybrid transformer to fuse the
rolling operation mode into a conventional high boost ratio, active clamp
coupled-inductor PWM DC - DC converter, ZVS turn-on of switches and ZCS
turn-off of diodes. As a result the inductive and capacitive energy has been
exchanged during the entire switching period, usage of the power device is
increased, and magnetic use is advanced.

Gu.Y et al (2015) designed an Integrated Magnetic Boost Converter (IMBC)

with the cancelation of input - output current ripple and the rejection of Right
Half Plane (RHP). The magnetic core present in IMBC integrates input
inductor, an output inductor and the ripple cancelation system. Two numbers of
additional capacitors were added to achieve input and output current ripple
cancelation. The entire arrangement made can 5 attain high efficiency.

Hegazy et al (2012) ) suggested Multi-Device Interleaved Boost Converter

(MDIBC) that interfaces a fuel cell with the power train of hybrid electric
vehicles. A multi-device structure with interleaved control suggested here may
reduce the input current ripple, the output voltage ripple, and the size of the
passive element with high efficiency. This scheme achieves low EMI and low
stress in the switches. An appropriate controller has been evolved to attain
quick transient response for the converters with the execution of computerized
double loop control.
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Hu and Gong (2015) presented an input-parallel output-series boost converter

with dual coupled inductors and a voltage multiplier module. This type of
converter inherits the merits of high voltage gain, low output voltage ripple,
and low switch voltage stress. Further, the secondary sides of two coupled
inductors are connected in series with a regenerative capacitor through a diode
to extend the voltage gain and the primary-parallel current balancing.
Moreover, the active switches are turned on at zero current and eliminated the
reverse recovery problem occurred in diodes through the reduction of the
leakage inductance of the coupled inductors.

Khan et al (2014) developed a bidirectional DC - DC converter topology for

vehicle-to-grid energy capability, which has an intermediate DC-link capacitor
that enables the input-output voltage overlap. The utilization of half-bridge
switches reduces the switching stresses that lead to improve the efficiency. The
intermediate DC bus voltage set point control permits to improve the transient
operation of the converter. The topology suggested provides modularity,
control, flexibility and excellent transient performance when individual
modules interleaved with electric vehicle applications.

2.3 Survey on Closed Loop Coupled Inductor Based Boost Converter

Anun et al (2015) presented the geometric control technique by employing

round switching surfaces, to address constant power load variation in electric
vehicle's power systems. The stable power of close-fitting-speed controllers in
the vehicle work and confidently managed DC - DC converters produces
insecurity controls. The system recommended involves exchanging surfaces,
which give a response in the geometrical area under constant power loading
conditions.

To direct the terminal voltage of the PV array, Bastos et al (2014) designed a

PI controller. The power electronics based interfaces have been used to make
the PV array to work near the Maximum Power Point (MPP) and to deal with
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charging and discharging of batteries. PI controller has been used to control the
DC-link voltage, which leads to attain power balance between the DC-link and
system, to find the current and power consumed by the system.

Choi et al (2015) reported a Medium-Voltage (MV) DC bus PV system design

based on high gain Soft Switched Interleaved Boost (SSIB) DC - DC converter.
The interleaved characteristic improves the flexibility and power rating of the
converter. The high-step capability of the SSIB converter permits it to associate
directly to MV DC bus.

Kong et al (2014) implemented a PWM controller with a Self-aligned

Comparator Control (SCC) for a DC - DC converter to overcome sub-harmonic
switching and hysteretic characteristics present in conventional control
schemes. In this scheme, the output voltage is converted into phase difference
through the SCC block. The control loop regulates the inductor current to an
optimum value by using the phase difference. Moreover, the recommended
PWM controller can also be fully integrated on-chip or off-chip to decrease the
size and cost of the DC - DC converter.

Lai et al (2012) designed a modular interleaved boost converter by combining

forward energy delivering circuit and voltage doubler circuit to achieve high
voltage gain and efficiency. A small-signal model has also been derived to
perform closed loop control. In high power applications, the power rating and
dynamic performance has been increased by connecting more number of
modules in parallel, which may also lead to attain high voltage gain and
efficiency.

2.4 Survey on Modified Coupled Inductor Based Boost Converter

Barreto et al (2014) derived a high-voltage pickup boost converter topology

by employing three-state commutation cell and reduced number of
transformation stages for charging the battery present in PV panels. ZVS mode
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has been utilized for the switches to minimize switching losses. The
introduction of this topology may also helpful to improve the efficiency of the
converters to be utilized for a PV and fuel cell applications.

Caracas et al (2014) developed a drive for a three-phase induction motor

specifically to be utilized for PV power. This topology employs two-inductor
support converter, which can achieve high voltage gain and low input current
ripple. The Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) incorporated with the DC - DC
converter leads to improve the efficiency and reduce the ripples.

Das et al (2015) implemented high switching frequency PWM DC - DC three-

level converters with MOSFETs for less and medium load application. The
upgraded load-adaptable ZVS has been utilized to minimize switching losses
for the full load range. The load adaptive methodology supports the general
three-stage AC - DC converter, which is a cascaded configuration of front-end
three stage PWM converter and the recommended PWM three-level DC - DC
disconnected converter.

Fu et al (2014) investigated on system efficiency to determine the ideal

impedance needed for coils, rectifier and DC - DC converter. A cascaded
boost-buck DC - DC converter coordinated with the Wireless Power Transfer
(WPT) system for different loads has been suggested to provide the ideal
impedance. This arrangement may be helpful to improve the overall system
efficiency.

Guo et al (2012) derived a multimedia charge-pump-based two-stage model

for low-power and wide input range applications. This system utilizes an
unregulated multimode charge pump, which acts either as a pre-stage of buck
converter or as a post stage of the boost converter. Moreover, the low duty
cycle of buck/boost converter has been maintained to enhance the general
effectiveness and adaptive switching.
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Haroun et al (2015) accomplished high-voltage transformation ratios by

utilizing a cascade connection of DC - DC boost converters. This cascade
connection can be effectively controlled by a sliding-mode plan employing a
Loss Free Resistor (LFR). The operation of the circuit has been examined with
numerical simulations involving PV and MPPT models, which are connected to
the perfect sliding-mode dynamic model and approved by utilizing the full-
arrange exchanged model to minimize the simulation time. This security
investigation validates that the system possess a stable LFR qualities with no
conditions.

Haroun et al (2014) suggested a methodology to connect cascade DC - DC

switching converters to get the high voltage transformation ratio by utilizing
DC power generator, DC transformer and DCLFR in power processing. These
standard components are composed by sliding-mode control hypothesis, and
after that, their dynamic conduct is concentrated. The sliding-mode conditions
in every case are inferred in a closed structure to acquire design criteria to
select system parameters.

Hartnett et al (2013) developed a CCTT - core split-winding Integrated

Magnetic (IM) structure to improve the control of DC - DC converters. The IM
structure employs a split-winding arrangement, which leads to minimize the
outer leakage inductance. The magnetic poles are joined to shape leads to have
the leakage flux inside the core winding. This design utilized Low-cost, low
power loss ferrite and more precise configuration to improve its capability.

Hartnett et al (2015) recommended two attractive topologies for 8-kW two -

stage interleaved boost converter, which has been used in PV applications. The
industry standard two-stage converter utilizes two discrete 3C92 toroid
inductors, which have more phase-current ripple. Designing the CCTT IM for
this condition helps to decrease the inductance and size while comparing with
the baseline plan. The size reduction leads to reduce the leakage inductance of
the CCTT IM compared to the Toroid Inductor for the same case phase-current
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ripple. The CCTT IM achieved a half reduction in mass and boxed volume over
the 2L discrete toroid inductors. The general LC filter of the IM design,
containing the boost magnetics also take part in minimizing the mass and
boxed volume.

Khan et al (2015) analyzed the performance of two types of bidirectional DC -

DC converters-cascaded buck-boost capacitor in the middle and cascaded
buck–boost inductor in the middle used as a plug in electric and hybrid electric
vehicles. The comparison has been done based on device requirements, switch
rating of components rating, control strategy and performance. Each converter
topologies have certain advantage over the other in some aspects.

Lai et al (2013) developed a four-phase current-fed converter with the

interleaved configuration and maintained the less input current ripple and
inductance size. The topology suggested achieves high voltage gain and fewer
turns ratio. Also, the voltage stresses of both active switches and rectifier
diodes are greatly reduced, which leads to adopt low on-resistance active
switches and to reduce the reverse-recovery effect of rectifier diodes can be
decreased naturally.

2.5 The Inferences of Literature Review

An overview of design and development of DC - DC boost

converters carried out by previous researchers has been presented. The
literature review provides the following inferences:

 The high voltage gain can be attained by appropriately adjusting the

number of turns present in the primary and secondary coil of a coupled
inductor. The converter efficiency has been increased by recycling the
energy stored in the leakage inductor of the coupled inductor.

 The step up topologies with ZVS have the capability to decrease

switching losses when compared with the conventional boost converter.
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These topologies may be able to achieve higher efficiency at higher

switching frequencies.

 To achieve a high step up ratio and high efficiency for DC micro grid
applications, forward energy delivering circuit has to be integrated with
a voltage doubler circuit.

 The voltage on the active switch has been clamped and the energy stored
in the leakage inductor is recycled, in order to reduce the amount of
voltage stress present on the switch.

 The conduction loss present in low voltage MOSFETs has been reduced
by appropriately choosing small RDS (on) values.

To achieve high voltage gain, reduce the ripples as well as the

voltage stress and to improve the conversion efficiency, suitable DC - DC
converter has to be designed.