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Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the
walls of blood vessels and is one of the principal vital signs.
Blood pressure is also defined, as it is the force created by the heart as it
pushes blood into the arteries through the circulatory system. Each time the heart
contracts or “beats” the blood is pumped out and creates a surge of pressure in the
arteries. Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood
vessels. The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as blood moves through
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins; the term blood pressure generally refers to
arterial pressure [1], i.e., the pressure in the larger arteries, arteries being the blood
vessels which take blood away from the heart. Fig 6.1 shows the force applied to
artery walls for measureement of Blood Pressure. Blood pressure usually refers to
the arterial pressure of the systemic circulation, usually measured at a person's upper
arm.
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A person’s blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic
pressure over diastolic pressure and is measured in millimeters of mercury. The
systolic arterial pressure is defined as the peak pressure in the arteries, which occurs
near the beginning of the cardiac cycle. The diastolic arterial pressure is the lowest
pressure (at the resting phase of the cardiac cycle). The average pressure throughout
the cardiac cycle is reported as mean arterial pressure. The pulse pressure reflects the
difference between the maximum and minimum pressures measured. The blood
pressure values are reported in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
Systolic Pressure (SP)
The maximum pressure reached during peak ventricular ejection. Systolic
pressure [2] is the pressure generated when the heart contracts.
Diastolic Pressure (DP)
The minimum pressure just before beginning of ventricular ejection. Diastolic
pressure is the blood pressure when the heart is relaxed.
Table 1: Classification of blood pressure for adults
Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg)
Hypotension < 90 or < 60
Normal 90 – 119 and 60 – 79
Prehypertension 120 – 139 or 80 – 89
Stage 1 Hypertension 140 – 159 or 90 – 99
Stage 2 Hypertension ≥ 160 or ≥ 100
Typical values for a resting healthy adult human are approximately
120 mmHg (16 kPa) systolic and 80 mmHg (11 kPa) diastolic written as 120/80 mmHg.
These measures of arterial pressure are not static, but undergo natural variations from
one heartbeat to another and throughout the day, they also change in response to
stress, nutritional factors, drugs, or disease. Hypertension refers to arterial pressure
being abnormally high, as opposed to hypotension, when it is abnormally low along
with body temperature. The table 1 shows the classification of blood pressure for
adults aged 18 and older.
Pulse pressure (PP) is the difference between SP and DP, i.e., PP = SP - DP.
The period from the end of one heart contraction to the end of the next is called the
cardiac cycle. Mean pressure (MP) is the average pressure during a cardiac cycle.
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Mathematically, MP can be decided by integrating the blood pressure over time.
When only SP and DP are available, MP is often estimated by an empirical formula:
MP = DP + (PP/ 3) ----------------------------------- (1)
The values of blood pressure vary significantly during the course of 24 h according
to an individual’s activity [3]. Basically, three factors, namely, the diameter of the
arteries, the cardiac output, and the state or quantity of blood, are mainly responsible
for the blood pressure level. When the tone increases in the muscular arterial walls so
that they narrow or become less compliant, the pressure becomes higher than normal.
Unfortunately, increased blood pressure does not ensure proper tissue perfusion and in
some instances, such as certain types of shock, blood pressure may seem appropriate
when peripheral tissue perfusion has all but stopped. The observation of blood
pressures affords dynamic tracking of pathology and physiology affecting the
cardiovascular system. This system in turn has pro- found effects on the other organs
of the body. The measurement of blood pressure requires the anatomy and physiology
of heart.
The human heart is located under the ribcage in the center of the chest
between the right and left lung. It’s shaped like an upside-down pear. Its muscular
walls beat, or contract, pumping blood continuously to all parts of the body. The
size of the heart can vary depending on the age, size, or the condition of the heart. A
normal, healthy, adult heart most often is the size of an average clenched adult fist.
Some diseases of the heart can cause it to become larger. The exterior human heart
of a normal and healthy person is as shown in fig 6.2. The heart has four chambers.
The right and left atria (AY-tree-uh) are shown in purple. The right and left
ventricles (VEN-trih-kuls) are shown in red. Connected to the heart are some of the
main blood vessels—arteries and veins—that make up the blood circulatory system.
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Fig 6.2: External Heart Anatomy
The ventricle on the right side of the heart pumps blood from the heart to the
lungs. When a person breathes air in, oxygen passes from the lungs through blood
vessels where it’s added to the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product is passed from
the blood through blood vessels to the lungs and is removed from the body when the
person breathes air out.
The atrium on the left side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the
lungs. The pumping action of the left ventricle sends this oxygen-rich blood through
the aorta (a main artery) to the rest of the body.
In the heart, blood is pumped by the left heart into the aorta, which supplies it
to arterial circuit, due to load resistance of arterioles and precapillaries. It loses most
of its pressure and returns to heart at low pressure via highly distensible veins. Right
heart pumps it to the pulmonary circuit. This operates at lower pressure. Blood
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pressure measurements are made with reference to atmospheric pressure, which saves
persons. If BP is high, i.,e hypertension [4], it gives warning to provide treatment.
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a patient is induced to general anesthesia, continuous monitoring of blood pressures
becomes vital. This is usually done by an anesthesiologist or surgeon in a hospital.
Most commonly used sites to make continuous observations are the brachial
and radial arteries. The femoral or other sites may be used as points of entry to sample
pressures at different locations inside the arterial tree or even the left ventricle of the
heart. Entry through the venous side of the circulation allows checks of pressures in
the central veins close to the heart, the right atrium, the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery. A catheter with a balloon tip carried by blood flow into smaller
branches of the pulmonary artery can occlude flow in the artery from the right
ventricle so that the tip of the catheter reads the pressure of the left atrium, just
downstream. These procedures are very complex and there is always concern of risk
of hazard as opposed to benefit [8].
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6.3.2 Indirect Blood Pressure Measurement
Indirect measurement is often called Non-Invasive measurement because the
body is not entered in the process. The upper arm, containing the brachial artery, is
the most common site for indirect measurement because of its closeness to the heart
and convenience of measurement, although many other sites may have been used,
such as forearm or radial artery, finger, etc. Distal sites such as the wrist, although
convenient to use, may give much higher systolic pressure than brachial or central
sites as a result of the phenomena of impedance mismatch and reflective waves [13].
An occlusive cuff is normally placed over the upper arm and is inflated to a pressure
greater than the systolic blood pressure. The cuff is then gradually deflated, while a
detector system simultaneously employed determines the point at which the blood
flow is restored to the limb. The detector system does not need to be a sophisticated
electronic device. It may be as simple as manual palpation of the radial pulse. The
most commonly used indirect methods are Auscultation and Oscillometry each is
described below.
The Korotkoff sounds are mainly generated by the pulse wave propagating
through the brachial artery [16]. The Korotkoff sounds consist of five distinct phases.
The onset of Phase I Korotkoff sounds (first appearance of clear, repetitive, tapping
sounds) signifies SP and the onset of Phase V Korotkoff sounds (sounds disappear
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completely) often defines DP [17]. Fig 6.3 shows the summary of the five Korotkoff
sounds a patient. The pressure is then reduced slowly (about 2−3 mmHg a second)
and 4 (or 5) different ‘phases’ of Korotkoff sounds are by the clinician over sequential
pressure ranges:
i. Initial "tapping" sounds.
ii. The tapping sounds increases in intensity are less precise in time.
iii. The loudest phase, more akin to a thump than a tap.
iv. A much more muffled sound.
v. Silence − no Korotkoff sounds
Fig 6.3: A summary of the five Korotkoff sounds for a healthy human
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where oscillations caused by the pressure pulse amplitude are interpreted for SP and
DP according to empirical rules [19].
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pressure is then gradually decreased, often in steps, such as 5 to 8 mmHg. The
oscillometric signal is detected and processed at each step of pressure. The cuff
pressure can also be deflated linearly in a similar fashion as the conventional
auscultator method.
The first recorded instance of the measurement of blood pressure was in 1733
by the Reverend Stephen Hales [24]. A British veterinarian, Hales spent many years
recording the blood pressures of animals. In 1847 human blood pressure was
recorded. The method used Carl Ludwig's kymograph with catheters inserted
directly into the artery.
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Etienne Jules Mary, a French physician/cinematographer, developed this idea
further in 1860. His sphygmograph could accurately measure the pulse rate, but was
very unreliable in determining the blood pressure. Yet this design was the first that
could be used clinically was a small degree of success.
Nikolai Korotkoff was the first to observe the sounds made by the
constriction of the artery in 1905. Korotkoff found that there were characteristic
sounds at certain points in the inflation and deflation of the cuff. These Korotkoff
sounds [25] were caused by the abnormal passage of blood through the artery,
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corresponding to the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. A crucial difference in
Korotkoff's technique was the use of a stethoscope to listen for the sounds of blood
flowing through the artery. This auscultatory method proved to be more reliable than
the previous palpitation techniques and thus became the standard practice.
Most noninvasive blood pressure monitors are based either on the auscultation
(AUS) [26] or the oscillometric (OSC) method [27]. The former relies on detecting
so-called Korotkoff sounds (automated recording or manual auscultation with a
stethoscope) using decreasing cuff pressure and is mainly used in the clinical
environment.
A similar method is used in the present study to measure blood pressure [28],
which is called the oscillometric method [29]. There is an electronic pressure sensor
connected to the cuff instead of a sphygmomanometer. The cuff is inflated to a
pressure high enough to stop circulation to the wrist and then slowly decreased. At
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systolic pressure, oscillations will begin in the pressure sensor output. Continuing to
decrease the pressure, the diastolic pressure is read when the oscillation stops.
6.6 Hardware
The present design is a non-invasive Blood Pressure meter. The
implementation of Blood Pressure meter device is by cascading several stages as
shown in fig 6.6 which depicts the system block diagram and fig 6.7 describes the
circuit diagram of GSM based Blood pressure measurement system. The device
hardware consists of different units and explanation for each unit is given
individually. They are
Block diagram
Fig 6.6: Block diagram of the GSM based Blood Pressure System
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Circuit diagram
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piezoresistive pressure sensor, which generates a changing output voltage proportional
to the applied pressure, with a measurement range from 0 to 50 kPa (0–7.3 PSI) with
high accuracy. This sensor has temperature compensation and offset calibration. It is a
monolithic silicon pressure sensor in which the “strain gauge”, the diaphragm and the
resistive network are integral parts of the same chip. Applying pressure to the
diaphragm results in a resistance change in the “strain gauge”, which in turn causes a
change in the output voltage in direct proportion to the applied pressure [30]. The
diagram of fully integrated pressure sensor MPXV5050GP of pressure sensor is
shown in fig 6.8. The output of the pressure sensor connecting with amplifier LM224,
ADC is shown in fig 6.9 and fig 6.10 respectively.
.
Fig 6.8: The Schematic Diagram of Fully Integrated Pressure
Sensor
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diameter. With this design, the Cuff will not stay on the arm during inflation unless it
fits accordingly.
The proper cuff and bladder size used in the assessment of blood pressure is
important for accurate measurement. We sought to determine the most commonly
used cuff size [33] needed for accurate blood pressure measurement for patients. The
cuff size chosen for measure of blood pressure with a mercury sphygmomanometer
was determined based on the following cuff size parameters:<9.5 inches (Child's
cuff); 9.5-12inches (Regular adult cuff); 13-16.5 inches (Large adult cuff); >16.5
inches(Thigh cuff)
Based on mean arm circumferences, the most frequently used cuff size
required for accurate blood pressure measurement in this hypertensive, overweight
population is the large adult cuff. Recommended cuff sizes are listed in Table 2.
Table :2 Recommended Cuff Sizes for Accurate Measurement of Blood Pressure
PATIENT RECOMMENDED CUFF SIZE
Adults (by arm circumference)
22 to 26 cm 12 × 22 cm (small adult)
27 to 34 cm 16 × 30 cm (adult)
35 to 44 cm 16 × 36 cm (large adult)
45 to 52 cm 16 × 42 cm (adult thigh)
Children (by age)*
Newborns and premature infants 4 × 8 cm
Infants 6 × 12 cm
Older children 9 × 18 cm
*—A standard adult cuff, large adult cuff, and thigh cuff should be available for use
in measuring a child’s leg blood pressure and for children with larger arms
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6.6.2 Signal conditioning unit
Any Instrumentation measurement systems consist of various units staring from
sensors to data representation units. Among that signal conditioning is a vital process.
This system consists of Amplifiers, Filters, ADC etc. the Bio-Medical instrumentation
consists of signal conditioning and processing for very low frequencies. During study
of these signals, noise interference is a major problem and complex.
The signals from pressure sensors are processed by using RASPBERRY Pi
ARM11J6JZF micro controller. The processing unit consists of Amplifier with
LM224, ADC and a comparator circuit for processing the signals from the sensor.
The signal-conditioning unit consists of the following parts explained below.
6.6.2.1. Filter
The amplifier receives the signal obtained from the previous stage and it is used to
provide high gain, in order to adapt the signal to the later stage (A/D converter) to full
scale. It also includes a zero adjustment. The signal is handled as a D.C. signal [34]. In
the present design we are using LM224 used as an amplifier for amplifying the
pressure sensor signal and the output of the amplifier is given to the Analog to Digital
converter. The LM224 is a Single Supply, low–cost, quad operational amplifiers with
true differential inputs. They have several distinct advantages over standard
operational amplifier types in single supply applications. The quad amplifier can
operate at supply voltages as low as 3.0 V or as high as 32 V. A simple interface
diagram of LM224 is as shown in fig6.9.
3.3V 150k
5v
R23
1M
11
2 -
LM224
C27 1 Vo
3 +
R22
1k
C28
33uf
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The LM224 is made using four internally compensated, two–stage operational
amplifiers. The first stage of each consists of differential input transistors with input
buffer transistors and the differential to single ended converter. The first stage
performs not only the first stage gain function but also performs the level shifting and
transconductance reduction functions. By reducing the transconductance, a smaller
compensation capacitor (only 5.0 pF) can be employed. The Tranconductance
reduction is accomplished by splitting the collectors of transistors.
Another feature of this input stage is that the input common mode range can
include the negative supply or ground, in single supply operation, without saturating
either the input devices or the differential to single–ended converter. The second stage
consists of a standard current source load amplifier stage. The pressure sensor unit
interface with operational amplifier LM224 is as show in fig 6.10. The output of the
opamp is applied to the analog to digital converter for further processing.
ADC1
ADC2
3.3V C24
3.3V
U8
33.3.V_PRESS U7 14
4 1 OUT4
2 Vout R7 OUT1
Vs 2 13
R10 IN1- IN4-
MPXV5050GP 8 3 12
N/C8 IN1+ IN4+
1 7 LM224
N/C1 N/C7 R8 4 11
5 6 R9 VCC GND
GND
N/C5 N/C6
5 10
6 IN2+ IN3+
IN2- 9
3
C22 7 IN3-
OUT2 8
R11 C20 OUT3
C19
C23
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input through a two-pole high-pass filter to block the cuff pressure signal and amplify
the oscillation signal. It is assumed that the oscillation signal is around 1Hz
(corresponding to 60 heartbeats per minute) and the cuff pressure signal is less than.
04Hz. These frequencies are important when designing the high-pass filter.
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is started after sending read mode address to a PCF8591 device. The A/D conversion
cycle is triggered at the trailing edge of the acknowledge clock pulse. Once a
conversion cycle is triggered, an input voltage sample of the selected channel is stored
on the chip and is converted to the corresponding 8-bit binary code. The conversion
result is stored in the ADC data register and awaits transmission. The first byte
transmitted in a read cycle contains the conversion result code of the previous read
cycle. An on-chip oscillator generates the clock signal required for the A/D
conversion cycle.
The sensor used can measure up to 377 mmHg; the gain of the amplifier was
adjusted so that 1 mmHg coincides with each one of the possible values of the
converter. The value obtained from A/D converter in binary code is applied to the
micro controller.
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MAC pipeline (MAC executes multiply and multiply-accumulate operations)
Load or store pipeline
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6.6.4. Motor control unit
The motor control design is very crucial in this design, where we needed to on
and off the motor at a correct time using micro controller ARM11J6JZF. The motor
unit work with a Complementary power Darlington transistor MJD122T4, it is
integrated anti parallel Collector-emitter diode and it is a form of complementary
NPN - PNP pair. In this design MJD122T4 used as a switch to control a motor.
The system first turns on the motor and pump the air in to wrist cuff to
maximum range. This can be determined by the pressure sensor, and the motor is
turned off at some point. Once the cuff is inflated, the motor is stopped and the
pressure is slowly decreased by switching on the motor 2 to open the valve.. At this
time, the micro controller processes the oscillation signal and records the pressure
from the cuff pressure signal. The cuff is inflated and deflated using motors. The
motor control unit with micro controller is as shown in fig 6.13.
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display (TFT LCD) is a variant of a liquid-crystal display (LCD) that uses thin-film
transistor (TFT) technology to improve image qualities such as addressability and
contrast. A TFT LCD is an active-matrix LCD, in contrast to passive-matrix LCDs or
simple, direct-driven LCDs with a few segments. It has superior display quality, super
wide view angle and easily controlled by MCU ARM. It can be used in any embedded
systems, car, mp4, gps, industrial device, security and hand-held equipment which
require display in high quality and colorful image. It supports RGB interface. FPC
with zif connector is easily to assemble or remove. The detailed explanation for the
touch screen given in the earlier chapters. The photograph of Graphical LCD display
is as shown ing fig 6.17.
Figure 6.17: AT070TN92 - 7" color TFT LCD display with OTA7001A
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and Serial to Parallel conversion of the USB data. In accordance to the USB 2.0
specification, it performs bit stuffing / un-stuffing and CRC5 / CRC16 generation /
checking on the USB data stream. The USB Protocol Engine manages the data stream
from the device USB control endpoint. It handles the low level USB protocol requests
generated by the USB host controller and the commands for controlling the functional
parameters of the UART. Data from the USB data out endpoint is stored in the FIFO
TX buffer and removed from the buffer to the UART transmit register under control
of the UART FIFO controller. Data from the UART receive register is stored in the
FIFO RX buffer prior to being removed by the SIE on a USB request for data from
the device data in endpoint. The UART FIFO controller handles the transfer of data
between the FIFO RX and TX buffers and the UART transmit and receive registers.
Together with the UART FIFO Controller the UART Controller handles the
transfer of data between the FIFO RX and FIFO TX buffers and the UART transmit
and receive registers. It performs a synchronous 7 / 8 bit Parallel to Serial and Serial
to Parallel conversion of the data on the RS232 (RS422 and RS485) interface. Control
signals supported by UART mode include RTS, CTS, DSR, DTR, DCD and RI. The
UART Controller also provides a transmitter enable control signal pin option
(TXDEN) to assist with interfacing to RS485 transceivers. RTS / CTS, DSR / DTR
and X-On / X-Off handshaking options are also supported. Handshaking, where
required, is handled in hardware to ensure fast response times. The UART also
supports the RS232 BREAK setting and detection conditions. A new feature,
programmable in the internal EEPROM allows the UART signals to each are
individually inverted. Another new EEPROM programmable feature allows high
signal drive strength to be enabled on the UART interface and CBUS pins.
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modem is used as a generic term to refer to any modem that supports one or more of
the protocols in the GSM evolutionary family, including the 2.5G technologies GPRS
and EDGE, as well as the 3G technologies WCDMA, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA.
GSM module is the kernel part to realize wireless data transmission. Wireless
communication module SIM500 based on standard of GSM produced by SIMCOM
company is used in the developed application. SIM500 module consists of main
frame, antenna, serial communication line, power line. It provides services of wireless
modem, wireless fax, short message and speech communication. The short message
service is suitable to apply in the situation of frequent transmittance of small data
flow.
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Figure 6.18 SIM500 Circuit
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Port/RXD @ Client receives data from the DGBTXD signal line of module
The SIM interface supports the functionality of the GSM Phase 1 specification
and also supports the functionality of the new GSM Phase 2+ specification for FAST
64 kbps SIM. Both 1.8V and 3.0V SIM Cards are supported. The SIM interface is
powered from an internal regulator in the module having nominal voltage 2.8V. All
pins reset as outputs driving low.
The Figure 6.20 is the reference circuit about SIM interface. The 22Ω resistors
showed in the figure should be added in series on the IO line between the module and
the SIM card for matching the impedance. The pull up resistor (about 10KΩ) must be
added on the SIM_I/O line. The SIM_PRESENCE pin is used for detecting the SIM
card removal. We can use the AT command “AT+CSDT” to set the SIMCARD
configure. We can select the 8 pins SIM card.
264
Figure 6.20:SIM interface reference circuit with 8 pins SIM card
The GSM 07.05 AT commands are for performing SMS and CBS related operations.
The Overview of AT Commands According to GSM07 [39] is listed in Table 3.
Table: 3 . Overview of AT Commands According to GSM07
7805
5v
9v
1 3
Gnd
Vin Vout
2
C26 C18
10uf C27 10uf
47uf
MBR120LSFT1
9v LM2621MM +12v
L1 7
8 BOOT
6.o uH SW R6
C10 6 510 ohms
22uf 2 VDD
EN C14
ENABLE 1 68uf
PGND
SGND
FREQ
200k
FB
R3
C15
5
0.1uf
R4
150k
R5 C13
18k 33pf
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Fig 6.23: 3.3-v Power supply circuit
6.7.1. Algorithm
1. Initialize central processing unit
2. Initialize Ports, LCD, Operational Amplifiers
3. Initialize LCD, memory
4. Initialize ADC sampling rate using timer
5. Enable interrupts
6. Start the motor
7. Read the signals from the sensor and transmit signals to the amplifier
8. Convert analog signal to digital signal using inbuilt ADC
9.Calculate systolic and diastolic pressure
10. Display the signals on GLCD
11. Store systolic and Diastolic pressure values in memory
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6.7.2. Flowchart
Main
Start
Initialization
Start measurement
of Blood Pressure
Memory ( ) Motor ( )
Set ADC sampling
rate with Timer
Write/ read data in Control motor
memory speeds
Release Air
GLCD
Display Blood pressure
Set_LCD ( )
Store BP values in
Memory Set common and
segment lines
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In present study the c language used for the development of Blood pressure meter.
The ‘C’ programming language is growing in importance and has become the standard
high-level language for real-time embedded applications. The PC is the standard
computing device for the ‘C’ compiler. [40]. To development of C programs for an
ARM11J6JZF executing on a PC is embedded linux and its GUI design developed is QT.
This largely due to the inherent language flexibility, the extent of support and its potential
for portability across a wide range of hardware [37]. The developed software program for
the BP meter is given in Annexure I.
The Qt framework first became publicly available in May 1995. It was initially
developed by Harvard Nord (Troll tech's CEO) and Eirik Chambe-Eng (Trolltech's Chief
Troll). Qt has long been available to non-C++ programmers through the availability of
unofficial language bindings, in particular Py.Qt for Python programmers. In 2007, the
Qyoto unofficial bindings were released for C# programmers. In 2007, Troll tech
launched Qt Jambi, an officially supported Java version of the Qt API. Since Troll tech's
birth, Qt's popularity has grown unabated and continues to grow to this day. This success
is a reflection both of the quality of Qt and of how enjoyable it is to use. In the past
decade, Qt has gone from being a product used by a select few "inthe know" to one that is
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used daily by thousands of customers and tens of thousands of open source developers all
around the World.
Slots are almost identical to ordinary C++ member functions. They can be virtual;
they can be overloaded; they can be public, protected, or private; they can be directly
invoked like any other C++ member functions; and their parameters can be of any types.
The difference is that a slot can also be connected to a signal, in which case it is
automatically called each time the signal is emitted.
Qt provides a complete set of built-in widgets and common dialogs that cater to
most situations. we present screenshots of almost all of them. A few specialized widgets
are deferred. Main window widgets such as Q MenuBar, Q ToolBar and Q StatusBar and
layout-related widgets such asQ Splitter and Q ScrollArea. In thescreenshots shown in
figure, all the widgets are shown using the Plastique style.
269
Rich set of widgets (controls)
– Have native look and feel
– Drag and drop
Customizable appearance
Utility classes
OpenGL support
Network support
Database support
Plugin support
Unicode/Internationalization support
GUI builder
Based on the above advantages, we used the Qt software for the present work.
The algorithm and flow chart of the touch screen based electronic voting machine as
shown below.
After creation of project and the program, we executed the program. Then
executed program is downloaded in to the micro controller. The download program is
executed in micro controller with external hardware interface then we can get the results.
If we get wrong results then modify the program and do the same process as above till to
270
get the correct results. Software program for Blood pressure measurement is present in
Annexure –I
271
work on blood pressure meter is based on noninvasive instrumentation principle. The
measurement of systolic and diastolic pressure is obtained by oscillometric method.
The blood pressure measurement by noninvasive methods encounters problems from
cuff leakage, movement of measurement, cuff size etc. hence the calibration processor
is more complex involving number of volunteers for the measurements of blood
pressure. As large number of data being collected before arriving conclusion on the
response of blood pressure measurement. The steps for the measurement of the
system are as follows in the following photos. The neonatal monitoring system for
NIBP is as shown in potograph1.
272
Photograph 2: Main Window of Neonatal Monitoring system for NIBP
When NIBP button touched on the main window display screen , the Blood
pressure measurement of neonates process will start and display the window related to
the BP parameter . The GSM based blood pressure measurement system photograph
is as shown in photograph 3 with the values of systolic, Diastolic in mm/Hg and pulse
rate in number of beats per minute of the heart. The close button will close the process
of BP measurement.
273
The NIBP measurement window shows the current record of the neonate stored
in the memory of the Sony SD memory card. The record consists of the systolic,
Diastolic and pulse rate of the patient as a real time measurement with date and time
for further analysis. The measurement records are shown in photograph 4.
The measurements were carried out on the system is good agreement with
values measured with standard meter. The empirical calibration process, the
measurements exhibited slight deviation, but all these measurements are within the
tolerance range. The response time of the instrument was also equal with standard
meter. As the system is compact it can be used at ambulance services also. The
measured values are present in table 4.
274
Table 4: Measurement of BP values
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