EFFECIENCY OF SLURRY TO PRODUCE BIOGAS

Submitted by:

Panosa, Jino Dave

Gabor, Cristina

Pangandaman, Rohayma

Sabello, Shanna Rica

Sorongon, Angel Mikee

1
 CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Humans are still dependent on fossil fuels as a source of energy since most of human
activity involves the use of this energy. According to Zhou, Zang, Schideman, & Yu (2013),
current fossil fuel usage is widely recognized as unsustainable because of diminishing
supplies and a significant contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Sustainability is
the best response to these issues. There are so many waste wasted. Treating these wastes as a
liability would not do any improvement to people’s lives and to the world. An innovative
and sustainable product without compromising our health and bring improvement to our
environment would be possible with the help of these wastes. Organic wastes under
consideration are of natural origin that possesses biochemical characteristics ensuring rapid
microbial decomposition at relatively normal operating conditions (Zupančič & Grilc, 2012).
The idea is to convert human and other organic wastes into resources that provide economic
benefits, as well as protecting the environment and human health (Schuster-Wallac, Wild, &
Metcalfe, 2015). The potential of organic waste, specifically, animal dung as microbial
energy production system and as alternative to coal and charcoal is an initiative to be
undertaken by the researchers. The abundance, availability and the sustainability of energy
would benefit the people especially those who are living in rural areas. Biogas is a source of
renewable energy, it is produced when biomass (biological organic materials that are
renewable and can be recycled to produce biogas) is subjected to biological gasification and
a methane-rich gas is produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic materials (Ukpai &
Nnabuchi, 2012). Basically, biogas is generated through anaerobic (oxygen free) digestion
resulting from bacteria breakdown of faecal matter and any other organic material (Schuster-
Wallac et al., 2015). Anaerobic digestion is the best answer to these waste issues and it is
also the useful process to solve these issues.

2
 According to Demirbas (2008), the term biofuel is referred to liquid, gas and solid fuels
predominantly produced from biomass. Biofuels include bioethanol, biomethanol, vegetable
oils, biodiesel, biogas, bio-synthetic gas (bio-syngas), bio-oil, bio-char, Fischer-Tropsch
liquids, and biohydrogen. The conversion and development of biogas, a renewable energy
source, as a source of energy from animal dung into methane is indeed a promising
technology for the people. Biogas – a mixture primarily consisting of CH4 and CO2 – can be
used as a clean renewable energy source for cooking, generating heat and electricity, and can
be upgraded into biomethane for use as a transportation fuel as well (Surendra, Takara,
Hashimoto, & Khanal, 2014). It is also an environment friendly, clean, cheap and versatile
fuel (Demirbas, 2008).

The availability and currency of the microbial biomass literature is, at present,
particularly scarce. The researchers aim to know the effectiveness of the process, anaerobic
digestion, of the conversion of biogas into methane. The researchers also want to know the
efficiency and sustainability of the process of converting organic waste, animal dung, into a
renewable source of energy, biogas. This paper will discussed and review, through trials, the
potential of microbial of animal dung as a substrate for anaerobic digestion.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This research aims to know whether there is SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN

BIOGAS PRODUCED BETWEEN DIFFERENT MIXTURES OF ANIMAL WASTE AND
WATER . Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. Is the process of anaerobic digestion efficient enough to produce biogas in terms of:

a. per kilo of decomposed waste

b. kilo of biogas collected

c. flaming test

3
2. How much kilogram of fecal waste and water needed for every kilogram of biogas
collected?

1.3 Theoretical Framework

The theory that the researchers will use is Anaerobic Digestion Theory. It was first
studied and built at a leaper colony in Bombay, India in 1859. Anaerobic Digestion reached
England in 1895 when biogas was recovered from a "carefully designed" sewage treatment
facility and used to fuel street lamps in Exeter. The development of microbiology as a
science led to research by Buswel in 1986, and others in the 1930s to identify anaerobic
bacteria and the conditions that promote methane production.

The theory indicates that by the process of anaerobic digestion methane will be
produce. This theory holds that the researcher would expect that through the help of
anaerobic digestion, methane gas would be produced from the animal waste, which is an
organic matter that can be used as a biogas and as an alternative source for petroleum gas.

In view of this, the theoretical propositions of the study states that, “the more animal
waste in the slurry mixture being processed the more biogas would be produced”. It can
therefore be anchored on the above mentioned theory namely: Anaerobic Digestion Theory
which states that it is possible to evaluate the theoretical methane through anaerobic
digestion.

The diagram shown below states that the independent variable which is the slurry.
The mixture of animal waste and water is efficient on producing the dependent variable
which is biogas.

4
Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE

SLURRY BIOGAS

Mixture of animal waste (Methane)

and water

‘1.4 Hypothesis

The researcher wants to test the following hypothesis:

Ho: The slurry of animal waste and water is not efficient in producing biogas through the
process of anaerobic digestion.

There is no significance difference in biogas produced between 60% animal waste and 40%
water with that of 50% animal waste and 50% water.

Ho: The slurry of animal waste and water with 50:50 ratio is more efficient than the 60:40
ratio.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The significance of this study is to help lessen the usage of fossil fuel and other non-
renewable sources as source of fuel by using the mixture of animal waste and water to
produce biogas which can be then converted to biofuel. The people will become less
independent on imported fuels. The study will also help the livestock owners to solve their
problem in animal waste management. Aside from being environment friendly because it

5
reduces green house gases, it can also be used as a business which can lead more
opportunities to other people. It is also cheap, increases waste recycling and improves
hygienic standards.

The study will be using an anaerobic digester that can convert human waste into
something useful to our society. In farms and places where people take care of animals, we
can see their waste just around the place. But through this study, we can make use of these
wastes and help our community. By the use of animal waste, the researchers with the help of
anaerobic digester, converts the animal waste into biogas that can be used as an alternative of
the commercial petroleum gas. By this process, the waste would be releasing methane and
carbon dioxide and be used as biogas. It is an alternative source of petroleum gas that we use
for cooking.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

The study focused on the conversion of animal manure to produce biogas that can be
an alternative source of petroleum gas. The study was conducted at #41 Lirio, Street
Cagayan De Oro City. The animal manure is collected from Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental.
This study is only limited in using animal manure of cow or cow dung. The researchers
through the study will be able to produce biogas.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Anaerobic – an environment that does not have oxygen.

Anaerobic digester – the facility and reactor where anaerobic digestion occurs.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) – the microbial metabolic process that occurs in environments
void of oxygen.

6
Anaerobic microorganism – microorganism in the bacteria or archaea domain that lives in
oxygen free environments.

Biodegradable – a characteristic that describes organic molecules that

decompose/biodegrade.

Biodigester- the sealed tank or container in which the biological requirements of anaerobic
digestion are controlled to hasten digestion and optimize biogas production.

Biogas – gas emitted from AD. It predominately contains methane and carbon dioxide with
trace gases including hydrogen sulfide and water vapor.

Biomass – living or recently living biological material.

Biomethane – methane produced from AD.

Carbon dioxide – a non-combustible gas with the chemical formula CO2. During AD, it is
produced after acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.

Co-digestion – anaerobic digestion processes incorporating off-farm organic feedstocks

(e.g., fats, oils, greases, or food waste) with a main feedstock (e.g., dairy manure). It is a
practice of purposefully feeding the digester with multiple forms of organic material to gain
yield, economic benefits, and process improvements.

Feedstock – the organic waste stream that can be used in anaerobic digesters, also called
substrate.

Methane – a combustible gas with chemical formula CH4. During AD, it is produced from
the methanogenesis step and it is used to produce energy (e.g., electricity, heat, renewable
natural gas).

Methanogenesis – anaerobic microbial metabolic process that produces methane from

reactions using acetic acid, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. The microbes are called
methanogens.

7
Organic waste – waste that is comprised of organic compounds.

Slurry- is a mixture or combination of animal waste, e.g., cow dung, and water.

8
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

In today’s fast-growing world, the rate of energy consumption is rapidly increasing at

unexpected rates with just a day passing. To meet with its growing energy necessities,
different countries have been investing hugely in developing its hydroelectric power
generating capacity from water sources. Besides, these countries also depend significantly on
the fuel it imports to meet its energy demand. The development of renewable and sustainable
energy source is the best solution to the different country’s energy demands. It is much
desirable that the renewable energy to be developed has no adverse effects on the
environment. Surely, with the increase productions of renewable energy from materials that
are readily and locally available are extremely beneficial and lessen the cost of its
production. This is also very good because the environmentally friendly individuals may
choose to compost their food waste or waste from farm and other organic waste in order to
acquire a useful fertilizer or soil amendment; however, this process does not allow a means
to capture the energy that is locked up in waste. Many municipal waste management
programs do attempt to harness organic waste energy through combustion in waste-to-energy
plants and methane collection from microorganism activity in landfills. While such systems
make use of the energy available in food waste, they do not directly benefit the individuals
who produce the waste, and may also involve additional costs to those individuals related to
collection. This is why the biogas-generating technology is a favorable dual-purpose
technology at present: the biogas generated can be used to meet energy requirements while
the organic residue is a useful fertilizer. Biogas is a type of renewable energy that can be
produced from the decomposition of animal and plant wastes and is composed of methane,
carbon dioxide and trace impurities like hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide and some nitrogen.

9
2.2 REVIEW ON INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

Slurry is created from the mixture of an animal waste and water. Apart from the
major part of animal slurry which is feces and urine, animal slurry is composed of many
materials, i.e., sand, water from cleaning, small branches and straw from the bedding
materials. Slurry can also be made from cow manure and water and provides natural
fertilizer that farmers can use to encourage the growth of grass and other crops. Before
granular additives became freely available in post war years, animal slurries was the only
form of fertilizer and was collected and used to reinvigorate pastures and ploughed down to
supplement arable crops. Although this practice is still followed, the manure from stall-kept
animals – such as chickens, pigs and rabbits, which are intensively or battery raised – has
changed and is often virtually infertile. This is caused mainly by the medicines incorporated
into the feed, intended to pre-empt animals from contracting the diseases customary during
development to maturity (as with chickenpox, mumps, etc. in children). The result is that the
manure is rendered almost sterile, biologically 'dead'. The medicines kill off the natural
latent bacteria in the manure so that it does not degrade as previously. It lies on the ground
and rots, emitting strong objectionable odors in the process.

Sommer et.al, (2013) illustrated that huge amounts of animal slurry (liquid manure)
are produced from intensive livestock farming every year. Animal slurry is an
inhomogeneous mixture composed of feces, urine, straw, and similar substances, with large
contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK). In modern farming, it is a highly
important resource of essential plant nutrients in crop production. Generally, animal slurry is
applied as fertilizer to agricultural fields, which implies a possible source of pollution to the
environment if overdosed. In order to optimize plant yields and minimize environmental
effects, it is of immense importance to know the actual composition of the slurry and thus be
able to apply the right amounts of nutrients on the fields. Knowledge of the actual content of
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) in animal slurry is highly important to optimize
crop production and avoid environmental pollution when slurry is spread on agricultural
fields. These farms must manage from 3.62 to 12.81 m3 day−1 of slurry and from 11.40 to

10
40.34 kg day−1 of nitrogen (N) as the sum of excreta from all herd categories. By selecting a
hypo-protein diet, a reduction of 10% and 24% for total effluent amount and for N excreted,
respectively, can be achieved. Nitrogen can be reduced up to 45% if the crude protein
content is limited and a further 0.23% if animals of similar ages, weights and (or) production
or management are grouped and fed according to specific requirements.

Nardin and Mazzetto (2014) supports that bio-slurry can play an important role as a
source of nutrients for crop production and aqua culture. Compared to manure, nutrients in
bio-slurry (especially nitrogen) are more readily available, which means that bio-slurry can
have a larger fertilization effect in short term. However, the higher N availability also leads
to larger risks for N losses during storage, handling and application through volatilization
and leaching. Unfortunately, most studies that compared bio-slurry and manure exhibited
methodological shortcomings that hamper an adequate comparison.

Animal manure is a potential source of zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella,

Campylobacter, and Vero toxin producing E. coli, and protozoan parasites, because many
animals shed these pathogens asymptomatically in their feces. Pathogens persist in manure
for a variable length of time, depending on the storage conditions, e.g., in stacked heaps or
slurry tanks, which affect heat development, a main determinant of pathogen survival. When
fresh or inadequately stored manure is used to fertilize vegetable crops, the pathogens
present contaminate the soil, where their survival can vary from a few days to several
months (29, 30). Consequently, lettuce seedlings planted in animal slurry–amended soil are
exposed to persistent pathogens either through roots embedded in the contaminated soil or
via splash onto the leaf surface during irrigation or rain events. (Jensen et.al, 2013)

On the other side, the study of Smith, Frost & Beswick (2015) entitled “The
influence of Gypsum in Animal Slurry Systems on the Generation of Hydrogen Sulphide”
aims that, aim of this study was to determine the influence of gypsum (calcium sulphate) on
bacterial populations in slurry systems and, as a consequence, its potential to enhance
hydrogen sulphide (H2S) generation. The study argued that the inclusion of gypsum has the

11
ability to greatly enhance H2S generation, further increasing exposure risks. Following
agitation, levels of H2S were measured in excess of 1000 ppm which can cause immediate
collapse with loss of breathing, even after inhalation of a single breath. Again, these values
must be kept within context as mentioned above, but these observations do confirm that the
inclusion of gypsum at concentrations of just 1% has the ability to greatly enhance the H2S
generation beyond WELs and to increase them to dangerously high levels. the presence of
gypsum in slurry will enhance the potential for generation of toxic H2S gas. The levels of
the gas produced, even from the small, contained systems, would be toxic to anyone exposed
to equivalent concentrations on a larger scale. Therefore, if gypsum residues enter slurry this
could increase the risk of hydrogen sulphide accumulation in confined spaces in the close
vicinity of slurry systems. It is important therefore that this is taken into account in
managing risk. (Smith, I., Frost, G., & Beswick, A. (2015).

2.3 REVIEW ON DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Production of Biogas from Fruit and Vegetable Wastes Mixed with Different Wastes

In the study of Deressa et. al (2015) , their work focuses on the production of biogas
from fruit and vegetable wastes that was mixed with cow manure in an anaerobic digester.
Different constant was examined such as the total solid, volatile solids, moisture content and
ash content of the wastes. The researcher used avocado, papaya, mango, tomato, banana peel
and cow manure as the waste that will be putted on the digester. There were different
volumes of digesters that was employed for biogas generation. The combustibility of the gas
so generated was tested. The fruit and vegetable waste mixed with different waste underwent
anaerobic digestion and took 55 days to produce the biogas. The researchers also maintained
the pH level because the anaerobic digestion is very sensitive to pH, it was maintained to
6.7-7.4 for healthy system. One more factor that affects the digester was the temperature and
the environment. With the adjustment of the variables affecting anaerobic digestion, it can be
seen that the co-digestion between the FVW and CM produces biogas without the use of

12
nutrient or chemical added to the system. These example of research focusing on alternative
source of energy should be put into consideration in order for the ecological disasters that
we face like pollution, deforestation, and erosion can be arrested.

Biogas production from Poultry manure

Ahmed A. I. and Rahim O. M. A. (2015) conducted a study to investigate poultry

manure production in Khartoum, to find out the physico-chemical characteristic of the
poultry manure and to construct, design, and test a poultry manure digester. The researchers
two anaerobic digesters while conducting the experiment. It was a flask with 500 ml volume:
flask digester in the laboratory to calculate the daily production of biogas, the flask operated
under mesospheric conditions at room temperature at the laboratory, the other co-digestion
was made of a density polyethylene was placed out-door to determine yield and physico-
chemical characteristic of the poultry manure biogas. The manure to water ratio was 1:1. The
results showed that the TS was 39.92 % before the process and 9 % in the last day of the
experiment. The other parameter used is pH scale, results showed a 7.8 pH in the first day
and 6.32 pH in the last day. The TS% in the sample was high, so its mixed with water to
reach the optimal term of ( TS 8% - 10%). The optimum pH interval for mesophilic
digestion is between 6.5 and 8.0 . The characteristics analysis results showed that poultry
litter is a very good material for biogas. Most (87.1%) of poultry litter produced in Khartoum
state is used as fertilizer and only 0.71% was used in animal feed . there is no known
application for biogas production.

A Review on Biogas Production from Agricultural Waste

Fulekar M.H. (2018) showed in his study that in developing countries like India,
more than 80% of the population lives in the rural areas where more than 90% of the energy
being consumed comes from non-commercial sources while the major one being fuel wood.

13
The growing cost of conventional fuel in urban areas necessitates the exploration of other
energy sources. Biogas technology provides another kind of source of energy in rural India
as a substitute for fossil fuels. The generation of biogas from food waste/refuse or peelings,
agricultural and animal waste produces energy. The production of biogas from agricultural
resources such as energy crops, perennial herbaceous grasses, agricultural residues, and
aquatic weeds as an energy source for electrical energy may significantly contribute to the
moderation of GHG emissions by offsetting emissions from fossil fuel resources and by
decreasing emissions from the storage of animal waste. Therefore by utilizing agricultural
waste for biogas production we can protect our environment and can also solve emerging
energy crises problems.

Biogas Production from Local Agricultural waste by using Laboratory Scale Digester

Bushan et. al, (2015) showed in his study regarding the rural areas, particularly in
Jalgaon district, plenty cellulosic biomass in form of agriculture waste, are available in huge
quantity. It has a bio-energy potential to fulfill the energy demand. With the world today, the
production of biogas using biomass is a brilliant solution in rural development technology to
fulfill energy needs. Diversity of regional lignocellulosic material is available whose biogas
potential to be unexplored. The production of biogas using lingo cellulosic residues may
help increase energy availability, lessen the greenhouse gases and pollution. The adaptation
of these small scale biogas digester could be the answer of solving these problems. The
production of biogas mainly depends on accessible feedstock, carbon to nitrogen ratio and its
other parameters. Bio energy potential of local agriculture waste or residues sample was
studied by physical, chemical and thermal analysis. In the chemical analysis of this
agricultural waste showed lower quantity of moisture, volatile solids and total solids, total
nitrogen content while greater in and calorific values with carbohydrate content. Also the
chemical, physical, thermal treatment does improve neither the quality nor quantity of biogas
by using agriculture residues as renewable source of energy. The present work is an attempt

14
to study on the chemical analysis of agricultural waste with respect to its various parameters
for biogas production to make an active feedstock. The paper also highlights the general
presentation for design a small-scale biogas unit intended to be used for further analysis of
screened materials for biogas production.

2.4 REVIEW ON BOTH INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Energy production, which is the primary contributor of the emission of CO2 to the
atmosphere with fossil fuel combustion as the vital element (Hook & Xu, 2013), has been
increasing rapidly since the reserves of fossil fuels is declining. Energy is crucial in our daily
needs and people often take this for granted as they enjoy the amenities of modern society
(Surendra, Takara, Hashimoto, & Khanal, 2014). Moreover, energy is a crucial factor for
humanity to sustain the socio- economic development. However, the process in which
energy is supplied from fossil fuels is not easily recycled and takes a long time to form,
hence is exhaustible and not renewable (Ukpai & Nnabuchi, 2012). Despite advancements in
technology, however, some three billion people, primarily in the rural areas of developing
countries, continue to meet their energy needs for cooking through traditional means by
burning biomass resources (i.e., firewood, crop residues and animal dung) in crude
traditional stoves (Surendra et al., 2014). Hence, there is an increasing request for renewable
energy production and has encouraged many researchers to look for alternative resources and
investigate the possibility of using these resources as a long term energy sources (Atabani,
Silitongaa, Badruddina, Mahliaa, Masjuki, & Mekhilef, 2012). In this case, the process
requires long term potential actions for sustainable development to achieve solutions to
possible shortage in fossil fuels and environmental problems (Ukpai & Nnabuchi, 2012).

There is a great deal of environmental pressure in many parts of the world to

ascertain how livestock waste can best be handled (Abubakar & Ismail, 2012). The disposal
of animal waste has been a source of problem in society since these have the potential to
pollute land, water and air if containment and treatment do not adequately manage it

15
(Manyi-Loh, Mamphweli, Meyer, Okoh, Makaka, & Simon, 2013). Abubakar & Ismail
(2012) stated that livestock manure, like cow dung in the absence of appropriate disposal
methods can cause adverse environmental and health problems such as: pathogen
contamination, odor, air borne ammonia, greenhouse gases. However, these wastes can be
converted to a renewable energy source. Biomass is the biological organic materials that are
renewable and can be recycled to produce biogas (Ukpai & Nnabuchi, 2012). Within this
context, upgrading existing biomass resources (i.e., animal manure, crop residues, kitchen
waste and green wastes) to cleaner and more efficient energy carriers (such as biogas from
anaerobic digestion) has unique potential to provide clean and reliable energy, while
simultaneously preserving the local and global environment (Surendra et.al 2014). People
living in rural areas of developing country utilize biomass resources, specifically, animal
waste for biogas production. Animal wastes are good sources of biomass because they
contain an abundance of organic matter and nutrients. Moreover, using animal wastes as
biomass offers many advantages for livestock operations by minimizing waste disposal costs
and also reducing odors and contaminants. Cow dung has high nitrogen content and due to
pre-fermentation in the stomach of ruminant, and has been observed to be most suitable
material for high yield of biogas through the study made over the years (Ukpai & Nnabuchi,
2012). The biogas produced contains mainly methane and carbon dioxide, and can be used
as a source of renewable energy (Abubakar & Ismail, 2012).

In evaluating national development and the standard of living of any nation, the
supply and consumption of energy are very important (Ukpai & Nnabuchi, 2012). In this
regard, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective
solutions. Biomass materials have been viewed as a way to expand energy supply, help
mitigate growing dependence on fossil fuels (Manyi-Loh et al., 2013). In this context, the
use of existing biomass such as kitchen waste, cattle dung, crop residues, green wastes, and
the organic fraction of industrial and municipal wastes for producing clean and renewable
energy through anaerobic digestion (AD) in developing countries would improve human
health, the local environment and the socio-economic conditions (Surendra et al., 2014). AD

16
is a biological process that converts organic matter into energy-rich biogas in the absence of
oxygen (Surendra et al., 2014).

Anaerobic digestion of solid organic waste such as biowaste sludge, cattle manure,
energy crops and other biomasses, for bio-energy production is a widely applied technology.
Anaerobic treatment comprises of decomposition of organic material in the absence of free
oxygen and production of methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia and traces of other gases and
organic acids of low molecular weight (Abubakar & Ismail, 2012). Anaerobic digestion is a
biological method that can be used to convert any organic wastes into energy. In addition,
the biogas produced can be used as an alternative renewable energy source. Biogas is a waste
management technique because the anaerobic treatment process eliminates the harmful
micro-organisms (Ukpai & Nnabuchi, 2012). It is a heap source of energy due to the feed
stock is usually waste materials. Plant species can also be suitable for biogas production.
However, plant materials such as crop residues are more difficult to digest than animal
wastes (manures) because of the difficulty in achieving hydrolysis of cellulosic and lignin
constituents with attendant acidity in the biogas systems leading to reduction and sometimes
cessation of gas flammability / gas production (Ukpai & Nnabuchi, 2012). This manuscript
seeks to elucidate the role that AD of cow dung for biogas production can and does play in
meeting the energy needs of these regions (Surendra et al., 2014).

2.5 SUMMARY

It is common that livestock can be a reason for environmental degradation it is

because livestock produce waste materials that can harm our surroundings. As the number of
the population increases it will cause higher demand of meat that will lead to increasing
number of livestock production. Biogas is an energy that consists of methane and carbon
dioxide. Due to the loss of non-renewable resources, biogas can be a good alternative source
of energy that can sustain the world's energy need.

17
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Locale

The study was conducted at Gabor’s Residence, #41 Lirio Street, Carmen, Cagayan
De Oro City, Misamis Oriental, this location was chosen since the place is more convenient
for the researchers because easy access certain materials to be used for the experiment

Sampling Collection

Fresh cow dung was collected from the farms in Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental. A
clean container with cover was used for collection of the waste.

Materials Used in the Study

The materials that are to be used by the researchers in the study are the following:

 20 L water gallon
 Cow dung
 Pipe
 Volve Vale
 Tyre tube
 PVC Pipe
 T-Valve
 Clip Hose
 PVC Pipe Cap

18
Research Design -

The researcher will use experimental research design, particularly the Post-test
comparative design only design wherein there will be two (2) groups the experimental group
and the control group and none of the two groups will be put into the pre-test before the
interference of the treatment. The treatment is applied to the experimental group and the post
test is applied to both groups to assess the treatment.

In the case of this research, the slurry with 50 % animal waste will be the control
group, while the slurry with 60% animal waste will be the experimental group. Through this
research design, the researchers will be able to identify the difference on the animal waste
proportion to water in producing biogas or methane compared to the 1:1 ratio of water and
animal waste.

Flame test - qualitative

Statistical Technique

The researchers will use descriptive statistical research technique to show whether
and how strong the pair of variables, independent and dependent variable are related. It will
specifically use t-test for independent sample to evaluate the probability of the sample
reflects the mean of population from where the sample was drawn. (Cohen’s D- determine
effect size)

INSTRUMENTATION

Ex

Experimental Digester

 Polyethylene digester divided into three main parts; the inlet chamber, the body, and
the outlet chamber. With a capacity is approximately 20 litre. Two holes were made to

19
simulate the proposed design, the container was painted in black to maintain the required
temperature.

.  A drip plastic tube was used to connect between the digester and tyre tube to transfer gas
and Connected with ( T joint ) to deliver gas to the lock valve to make flame test to produced
gas later .

 PVC pipes were installed inside Input and output holes taking into account that’s these
pipe ends should be below the manure’s level in order to prevent gas leakage during manure
renewing process.

Experimental Model Set-up

 The total weight of the cow dung was 10 kilo gram. The first digester has a ratio of 1:1
(waste: water), while the second digester is 60:40 (waste: water). Biogas generation started
after two days from charging.

20
 The substrates was mixed, stirred and cleaned from stones and other unnecessary materials.
After the container was filled with the mixture, the input slot was closed well to prevent gas
leakage and secure the success of the anaerobic fermentation process.

 The Retention time was 7 days for the main experiment digester.

Data Analysis - put to statistical technique and data analysis

This data will be collected to check the efficiency of the cow dung in producing biogas.

Gas Volume Measurement

The volume of the gas will be measured by grams. The initial weight of tyre tube
before the biogas production was measured and the final weight of the tyre tube after
collection of biogas will also be then measured. The total volume after the biogas has been
produced will be the total volume of biogas.

Flaming test

Flame test is a quantitative test shown methane gas produced in biogas, the valve
lock connected with the tube was opened to release the gas, then ignitied ,The presence of
blue flame colour suggest methane gas in the ratio 50% to 70% in the biogas.

21
REFERENCES

Abdeshahian, P., Lim, J.S., Ho, H.S., Hashim, H., & Lee, C.T.(2016). Potential pf Biogas
productions from farm animal waste in Malaysia. Retrieved Devember 28,2017, from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116001477

Abubakar, B., & Ismail, N. (2014). Anaerobic digestion of cow dung for biogas production.
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Baba_Shehu_Umar_Ibn_Abubakar/publication/
234162510_Anaerobic_digestion_of_cow_dung_for_biogas_production/links/09e41
50fa3f59d9e31000000.pdf
Afazeli, H., Jafari, A., Raffiee, S., & Nosrati, M.(2014). An Imvestigation of Biogas
Production Potential from Livestock amd Slaughterhouse wastes. Retrieved
December 28,2017,from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114001737

Ahmed A. I. and Rahim O. M. A. (2015) Biogas Production from Poultry Manure.

Retrieved on January 15,2018 from
http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/19109/Biogas%20produ
ction%20from%20Poultry%20manure.pdf?sequence=1

Angelidaki I, Sanders W. Assessment of the anaerobic biodegradability of macropollutants.

Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 2004;3:117-129.

Atabani, A. E., Silitongaa, A. S., Badruddina, I. A., Mahliaa, T. M., Masjuki, H. H., &

Mekhilef, S. (2012, February 17). A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an

alternative energy resource and its characteristics. Retrieved from

http://repository.um.edu.my/21467/1/A%20comprehensive%20review%20on%20bi

22
 odiesel%20as%20an%20alternative%20energy%20resource%20and%20its%20char

acteristics.pdf
Bhushan, K. , Bhushan, M., Kaustubh, B, Chandrarte J. S. and Vishal, C. ( 2015) Biogas
Production from Local Agricultural waste by using Laboratory Scale Digester.

Biogas | Ashden. (2017, May 3). Retrieved from https://www.ashden.org/sustainable-

energy/ashden-guides/biogas
Bonten L.T.C., Zwart K.B, Rietra R.P.J.J., Postma R. & de Haas M.J.G. (2014) Bio Slurry as
Fertilizer. Retrieved from https://www.nmi-
agro.nl/images/NMI_Alterra_1527_Bioslurry.pdf

Boysan, F., Ozer, C., Bakkaloglo, K., & Borekci, M.(2015). Biogas Production from Animal
Manure. Retrieved December 28,2017, from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878522015004075

Buswell, A.M.; Hatfield, W.D. (1936). Bulletin 32, Anaerobic Fermentations. Urbana, IL:
State of Illinois Department of Registration and Education
Chandra, R., Takeuchi H. & Hasegawa T. (2012). Methane production from lignocellulosic
agricultural crop wastes; A review in context to second generation of biofuel
reaction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Vol- 6 Issue 3, pp. 1462- 1467

Chavan, R. B., Dabassa A., Libsu, S., (2015) Production of Biogas from Fruit and Vegetable
Wastes Mixed with Different Wastes. Environment and Ecology Research 3(3): 65-
71, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2018 from
http://www.hrpub.org/download/20150510/EER3-14003448.pdf.

Demirbas, A. (2008). Biofuels sources, biofuel policy, biofuel economy and global biofuel
projections. Retrieved from
http://www.katedra.technologia.gda.pl/dydaktyka/archiwum/13-
14/2/s/easm_tos/pdf/Seminarium_3_1A_2A.pdf
Fulekar M. H. (2018). A REVIEW ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM
AGRICULTURAL WASTE. .

23
Höök, M., & Xu, T. (2013). Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change – a

review. Retrieved from http://www.diva-

portal.org/smash/get/diva2:561259/FULLTEXT06
Jensen, A.N., Storm, C., Forslund, A., Baggesen, D. L. & Dalsgaard, A. (2013). Escherichia
coli Contamination of Lettuce Grown in Soils Amended with Animal Slurry. Journal
of Food Protection, Vol. 76, No. 7, 2013, Pages 1137–1144.

Korres, N.E., Singh, A., Nizami, A.S. and Murphy, J.D. (2010). Biomethane from
agricultural waste: A clean vehicular biofuel

Manyi-Loh, C. E., Mamphweli, S. N., Meyer, E. L., Okok, A. I., Makaka, G., & Simon, M.

(2013, September 17). Microbial Anaerobic Digestion (Bio-Digesters) as an

Approach to the Decontamination of Animal Wastes in Pollution Control and the

Generation of Renewable Energy. Retrieved from http://www.mdpi.com/1660-

4601/10/9/4390/htm
Mathias, J.M.(2014). Manuse as a resource: livestock waste management from anaerobic
digestion opportunities and challenges from Brazil. Retrieved December 28,2017,
from https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/188711/2/201300804

Nardin F., & Mazzetto F. (2014). Mapping of Biomass Fluxes: A Method for Optimizing
Biogas-Refinery of Livestock Effluents, 6, 5920-5940.

Organic Waste - Dictionary definition of Organic Waste | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online

dictionary. (2017). Retrieved from
http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-
maps/organic-waste
Schuster-Wallace, C. J., Wild, C., & Metcalfe, C. (2015). Valuing Human Waste as an
Energy Resource. Retrieved from http://inweh.unu.edu/wp-
content/uploads/2015/11/Valuing-Human-Waste-an-as-Energy-Resource-Web.pdf

24
Smith, I., Frost, G., & Beswick, A. (2015). The influence of Gypsum in Animal Slurry
Systems on the Generation of Hydrogen Sulphide. Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire:
HSE Books

Sommer, S. G.; Christensen, M. L.; Schmidt, T.; Jensen, L. S. (2013) Animal Manure
Recycling: Treatment and Management; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: Chichester, West
Sussex.

Sulaiman, S., Ramanl, A. A. A. & Aroual, R. K., S., Ramanl, A. A., & R K. (n.d.). Coconut
waste as a source for biodiesel production. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241177096
Surendra, K. C., Takara, D., Hashimoto, A. G., & Khanal, S. (2014). Biogas as a sustainable
energy source for developing countries: Opportunities and challenges. Retrieved
from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Samir_Khanal/publication/274028972_Biogas_
as_a_sustainable_energy_source_for_developing_countries_Opportunities_and_chal
lenges/links/5a04658aa6fdcc1c2f5f62fb/Biogas-as-a-sustainable-energy-source-for-
developing-countries-Opportunities-and-challenges.pdf
Surendra, K. C., Takara, D., Hashimoto, A. G., & Khanal, S. (2014). Biogas as a sustainable
energy source for developing countries: Opportunities and challenges. Retrieved
from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Samir_Khanal/publication/274028972_Biogas_
as_a_sustainable_energy_source_for_developing_countries_Opportunities_and_chal
lenges/links/5a04658aa6fdcc1c2f5f62fb/Biogas-as-a-sustainable-energy-source-for-
developing-countries-Opportunities-and-challenges.pdf
Ukpai, P. A., & Nnabuchi, M. N. (2012). Comparative study of biogas production from cow
dung, cowpea and cassava peeling using 45 liters biogas digester. Retrieved from
http://www.imedpub.com/articles/comparative-study-of-biogas-production-from-
cow-dung-cow-pea-and-cassavapeeling-using-45-litres-biogas-digester.pdf
Ukpai, P. A., & Nnabuchi, M. N. (2012). Comparative study of biogas production from cow
dung, cowpea and cassava peeling using 45 liters biogas digester. Retrieved from

25
 http://www.imedpub.com/articles/comparative-study-of-biogas-production-from-
cow-dung-cow-pea-and-cassavapeeling-using-45-litres-biogas-digester.pdf
Zhou, Y., Schideman, L., Yu, G., & Zhang, Y. (2013, December). A synergistic
combination of algal wastewater treatment and hydrothermal biofuel production
maximized by nutrient and carbon recycling. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yan_Zhou40/publication/272263620_A_syner
gistic_combination_of_algal_wastewater_treatment_and_hydrothermal_biofuel_pro
duction_maximized_by_nutrient_and_carbon_recycling/links/5566870308aefcb861
d19bb5.pdf
Zhu, L., & Hiltunen, E.(2015). Application og livestock waste compost to cultivate
microalgae gor bioproducts production: A feasible framework. Retrieved December
28,2017, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115011727

Zupančič, G. D., & Grilc, V. (2012). Anaerobic Treatment and Biogas Production from
Organic Waste. Retrieved from https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/27154.pdf

26
27