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Group Project on
The impact of electronic monitoring
on contemporary management of
employee output for
Research Methodology
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Executive Summary:
There are several methods to control employees’ activities to ensure increased
productivity and performance. Each method used to monitor employees certainly
affects how the employees are engaged in the workplace. Employee engagement in
the workplace gives an assurance that employees are committed to their organization’s
goals, motivated to add to organizational achievements, and at the same time able to
improve their individual sense of well-being. Among various surveillance methods used
is Electronic surveillance. The relationship between Electronic surveillance and
employees’ engagement has been scarcely researched. The study aimed to determine
the relationship between Electronic surveillance and employees’ output in The Tinplate
Company of India limited (TCIL).
In conducting the study, a correlational research design was adopted. Out of the
population of TCIL employees, a sample of 70 employees, randomly selected was used
as a representation of the population. Structured questionnaires were used for data
collection purposes. Reliability of the questionnaire was tested by a pilot questionnaire
and also by use of Cronbach’s alpha. The collected data was coded and analysed by
use SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science). Means, correlations and
regression analysis were used to establish the relationship between electronics
monitoring and employee engagement. The study established that there is a positive
correlation between Electronic Surveillance and employee output. The null hypotheses
was not supported which is a further confirmation that there is a statistically significant
relationship between Electronic monitoring and employee Output. Consultation and
involvement of employees is therefore necessary for any organization intending to
introduce Electronic surveillance. Management should also create an environment of
trust and the outcome of any surveillance should be used for constructive purpose as
these will create a good ground for positive output. In addition, there could be studies
on how acceptable legal structures could be developed to suit the use of electronic
surveillance systems.
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Background of the Study
Employees feel that while a certain level of monitoring and surveillance in the
workplace is acceptable for purposes of security and prevention of computer misuse,
the use of electronic surveillance encroach on their privacy and some see it as spying
and undermining the trust relationship between employer and employee.
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Research Objective and Hypothesis
The study mainly focused on employees of The Tinplate Company of India Limited.
The study utilized a random sample of 67 employees selected from various
departments of the company. The study clarified the effect of use of electronic
monitoring and surveillance on engagement of employees in a manufacturing
industry. This served as a foundation for future studies on this research area. The
study built up on available knowledge on use of electronic monitoring in organizations
hence providing knowledge to management researchers and academicians. The
findings of this study were be of practical importance to top management in the
company and organizations in other industries by providing practical insights
regarding use of electronic monitoring to achieve positive organizational outcomes.
Research Gaps
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focused on the relationship between electronic surveillance and employee output in
Steel manufacturing industry like TCIL.
Research methodology
Electronic monitoring that has a positive perception could lead to better outcomes
with regards to the input that is put by employees. At the same time, employees
desire greater meaning and personal development from their work, a situation that
suggests that employee engagement is a key factor in retaining employees and
enhancing their productivity. Employees’ output in the workplace may be dependent
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on how they perceive the level of control that employers have over them. More
control may mean employees have lesser space to express themselves hence
negative perception.
Demographic details:
Gender:
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Age Group:
Organization type:
Number of Employees:
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Steps for Analysis
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Reliability analysis of above two groups of decision variables
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Alpha Standardized Items N of Items
.782 .780 3
Item-Total Statistics
Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's
Scale Mean if Scale Variance Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted
BC1 - Protects general 3.18 2.077 .607 .463 .721
assets (e.g., from sabotage)
BC2 - Protects intellectual 3.07 1.575 .750 .575 .549
property (e.g., trade secrets,
new product development,
confidential information)
BC3 - Prevents theft and 3.11 2.148 .523 .322 .805
loss; prevents theft of
property and equipment by
customers
The Corrected item Total Correlation values of all construct elements are >0.35 and
Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.782. So all construct elements are reliable.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Standardized
Alpha Items N of Items
.819 .824 3
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Item-Total Statistics
Squared Cronbach's
Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Item- Multiple Alpha if Item
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Total Correlation Correlation Deleted
BC5 - Provides virus 3.90 3.966 .600 .381 .827
protection
BC6 - Enhances financial 3.66 3.191 .771 .618 .646
health, well-being, and
growth, reduces costs
BC8 - Surveillance benefits 3.83 4.390 .678 .530 .761
customers, provides quality
customer service, ensures
confidentiality of customer
information, increases
customer safety and security
The Corrected item Total Correlation values of all construct elements are >0.35 and
the Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.819. So all elements are reliable.
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EE6 - Employee's physical .198 .739 .116 -.155 .171
position is monitored
EE7 - Employee is annoyed by -.134 .340 .613 -.119 .146 -.226
technology or company policy
CC2 - Keeps employees honest; .597 -.210 .152 .106 .362 -.147 .301
prevents theft of property and
equipment by employees; ensures
employees follow company
guidelines and use company
assets only for business
SC1 - Helps employees grow, .722 .153 .259 .127 .158 .163 .170
reach career goals, develop, and
learn
SC2 - Helps them do tasks (e.g., .672 .231 .115 .329 .261
balance cash deposits)
SC3 - Protects employee (from .662 .116 .148 .181 .156 -.248
theft of their things, if falsely
accused, from harassment, from
customer threats)
SC4 - Ensures fairness from .784 .121 .192 .202 .235 -.130
slackers
SC5 - Helps shape a positive and .810 .264 .213 -.104
nonabusive organizational culture
or professional environment (e.g.,
prevent sexual harassment)
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AN3 - It is not done in secret; .190 -.111 .329 .784 .148 .105
company policy and reasons are
clear
AN4 - It is not excessive; not .326 .109 .122 .763
invasive; it is not abused
AN5 - Violators deserve to be .202 .196 .817
caught; if you are not doing
something wrong, you should not
mind.
AN6 - It is used passively; the .361 .130 .615 .208 .288
data gathered are not used
PT1 - Surveillance is linked to .411 .240 .158 .297 .481
fewer rewards or to punishment
PT3 - It results in behavior .249 .411 -.319 .163 .358 .141 .304
modification
PT4 - Employees should be .778 .142
trusted; surveillance results in lack
of freedom
PT5 - Surveillance results in a loss .723 .305 .360
of employee power; monitors have
too much power
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IN4 - If monitoring of Websites is .219 .157 .778 .210
practiced, how would you
categorize the monitoring?
Ongoing, Routine, Occasional ,
Specified
IN5 - Does your organization use .321 .717 .186 -.104
blocking software to prevent
Internet connections to
unauthorized / inappropriate
Websites?
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
a. Rotation converged in 12 iterations.
Output variables:
EET = EE2+EE3+EE5+EE6
CCT = CC1+CC2
SCT = SC1+SC2+SC3+SC4+SC5+SC6
ANT = AN1+AN2+AN3+AN4+AN5
PTT = PT2+PT3
INT = IN1+IN2+IN4+IN5
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha Based
Cronbach's Alpha on Standardized Items N of Items
.637 .642 4
Item-Total Statistics
Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's
Scale Mean if Scale Variance Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted
EE2 - Monitoring is done in 8.80 11.566 .448 .288 .549
person by a supervisor
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EE3 - There is no monitoring 8.55 13.140 .177 .077 .734
technology in place
EE5 - Telephone use is 8.72 10.599 .489 .321 .515
monitored
EE6 - Employee's physical 9.01 9.518 .603 .377 .422
position is monitored
Here CITC value of EE3 is <0.35 and also Cronbach’s alpha of 0.637 does not satisfy
the internal consistency reliability. So if we remove EE3 then
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Alpha Standardized Items N of Items
.734 .734 3
The Cronbach’s alpha now changes to 0.734 which is acceptable. So we recalculate
after removing EE3. The new Cronbach’s alpha is 0.705 with a CITC value are > 0.35
so elements are reliable.
Item-Total Statistics
Corrected Item- Squared Cronbach's
Scale Mean if Scale Variance Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted
EE2 - Monitoring is done in 5.66 7.191 .534 .285 .676
person by a supervisor
EE5 - Telephone use is 5.57 6.445 .566 .321 .637
monitored
EE6 - Employee's physical 5.87 6.216 .575 .331 .626
position is monitored
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Standardized
Alpha Items N of Items
.808 .817 2
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Item-Total Statistics
Scale Mean Scale Corrected Squared Cronbach's
if Item Variance if Item-Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Deleted Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted
CC1 - Necessary to enhance productivity, 1.70 1.128 .691 .477 .
efficiency, improve performance, control
quality
CC2 - Keeps employees honest; prevents 1.99 1.667 .691 .477 .
theft of property and equipment by
employees; ensures employees follow
company guidelines and use company
assets only for business
CITC value of each construct element is >0.35 and Cronbach’s alpha is 0.808 so
both elements are reliable.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Alpha Standardized Items N of Items
.883 .889 6
Item-Total Statistics
Scale Mean Scale Corrected Squared Cronbach's
if Item Variance if Item-Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Deleted Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted
SC1 - Helps employees grow, reach 9.35 16.701 .735 .595 .859
career goals, develop, and learn
SC2 - Helps them do tasks (e.g., balance 9.37 18.185 .668 .550 .868
cash deposits)
SC3 - Protects employee (from theft of 9.80 19.937 .602 .464 .877
their things, if falsely accused, from
harassment, from customer threats)
SC4 - Ensures fairness from slackers 9.71 18.728 .796 .662 .848
SC5 - Helps shape a positive and non- 9.77 18.304 .717 .588 .859
abusive organizational culture or
professional environment (e.g., prevent
sexual harassment)
SC6 - Increases employee safety and 9.93 20.167 .705 .553 .865
security
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CITC value of each construct element is >0.35 and Cronbach’s alpha is 0.883 so all
elements are reliable
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Alpha Standardized Items N of Items
.809 .811 5
Item-Total Statistics
Scale Mean Scale Corrected Squared Cronbach's
if Item Variance if Item-Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Deleted Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted
AN1 - It is necessary 7.54 9.709 .592 .454 .773
AN2 - It is just part of life; it is part of company 7.49 9.191 .685 .609 .743
AN3 - It is not done in secret; company policy 7.43 9.137 .621 .562 .764
and reasons are clear
AN4 - It is not excessive; not invasive; it is not 7.30 10.017 .522 .521 .794
abused
AN5 - Violators deserve to be caught; if you 7.76 10.681 .572 .510 .781
are not doing something wrong, you should
not mind.
CITC value of each construct element is >0.35 and Cronbach’s alpha is 0.809 so all
elements are reliable
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Standardized
Alpha Items N of Items
.457 .473 2
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Item-Total Statistics
Squared Cronbach's
Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Item- Multiple Alpha if Item
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Total Correlation Correlation Deleted
PT2 - It is an invasion of 1.94 .848 .310 .096 .
privacy; it is a violation of
civil liberties
PT3 - It results in behavior 2.41 1.579 .310 .096 .
modification
Here CITC value is <0.35 and also Cronbach’s alpha of 0.457 does not satisfy the
internal consistency reliability. Hence we should not consider this.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Alpha Standardized Items N of Items
.742 .741 4
Item-Total Statistics
Scale Mean Scale Corrected Squared Cronbach's
if Item Variance if Item-Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Deleted Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted
IN1 - Are employees informed of the 5.78 6.272 .587 .581 .653
organization’s policy of monitoring time spent,
matter/content, or keystrokes?
IN2- Are employees informed about 5.80 6.011 .633 .633 .623
monitoring
IN4 - If monitoring of Websites is practiced, 5.90 7.052 .564 .431 .671
how would you categorize the monitoring?
Ongoing, Routine, Occasional , Specified
IN5 - Does your organization use blocking 6.22 7.729 .374 .313 .767
software to prevent Internet connections to
unauthorized / inappropriate Websites?
CITC value of each construct element is >0.35 and Cronbach’s alpha is 0.742 so all
elements are reliable
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LHS: BCT = (BCT1+BCT2)
RHS:
EET = EE2+EE5+EE6
CCT = CC1+CC2
SCT = SC1+SC2+SC3+SC4+SC5+SC6
ANT = AN1+AN2+AN3+AN4+AN5
INT = IN1+IN2+IN4+IN5
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