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Harmonics
As defined by ANSI / IEEE Std. 519-1992,
harmonic components are represented
by a periodic wave or quantity having a
frequency that is an integral multiple of
the fundamental frequency. Harmonics
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are voltages or currents at frequencies
that are integer multiples of the
TECHNICAL
fundamental (60 Hz) frequency: 120 Hz,
180 Hz, 240 Hz, 300 Hz, etc. Harmonics
are designated by their harmonic number, Figure 30 — Effect of Harmonics on Current Waveform
or multiple of the fundamental frequency.
Thus, a harmonic with a frequency of 180 generated by the non-linear load. Total Therefore, it is the percentage amount of
Hz (three times the 60 Hz fundamental Harmonic Distortion (THD) is calculated odd harmonics (3rd, 5th, 7th ,..., 25th,...)
frequency) is called the 3rd harmonic. as the square root of the sum of the present in the load which can affect the
Harmonics superimpose themselves on squares of all harmonics divided by the transformer, and this condition is called a
the fundamental waveform, distorting it normal 60 Hz value. “Non-Linear Load” or “Non-Sinusoidal
Load”. To determine what amount of
冑
and changing its magnitude. For instance,
when a sine wave voltage source is harmonic content is present, a K-Factor
( (( ( ( (
2 2 2
IRMS IRMS IRMS calculation is made instead of using the
applied to a non-linear load connected 60 HZ 180 HZ N
from a phase-leg to neutral on a 3-phase, THD= THD formula. The total amount of
( (
2
4-wire branch circuit, the load itself will IRMS harmonics will determine the percentage
60 HZ of non-linear load, which can be specified
draw a current wave made up of the
60 Hz fundamental frequency of the with the appropriate K-Factor rating.
voltage source, plus 3rd and higher order This yields an RMS value of distortion as
odd harmonic (multiples of the 60 Hz a percentage of the fundamental 60 Hz
fundamental frequency), which are all waveform.
Siemens Power Distribution & Control, SPEEDFAX™ 2007-2008 Product Catalog 18-17
Technical
Harmonics / K-factor Ratings Selection
Typical Symptoms of Harmonic Sizing Transformers for Non-Linear Table 17.6 Index of Load K-Ratings
Problems Loads K-Factor ILK
▪ Distribution / lighting transformers ANSI / IEEE C57.110-1986 has a K1 0.0
overheating even when measured load procedure for de-rating standard K4 25.82
current is within transformer rating distribution transformers for non-linear
K9 44.72
loading. However this is not the only
▪ Neutral cable / bus overheating even K13 57.74
with balanced load approach. A transformer with the
appropriate K-Factor specifically designed K20 80.94
▪ Fuses blowing and circuit breakers for non-linear loads can be specified. K30 123.54
tripping at currents within rating
K40 208.17
K-Factors
Effect Of Harmonics On Transformers
K-Factor is a ratio between the additional 3. Tabulate the total connected load kVA
Non-sinusoidal current generates extra losses due to harmonics and the eddy
losses and heating of transformer coils for all load categories to be supplied.
losses at 60 Hz. It is used to specify
thus reducing efficiency and shortening 4. Next, add-up the kVA-ILK values for all
transformers for non-linear loads. Note
the life expectancy of the transformer. loads or load categories to be supplied
that K-Factor transformers do not
Coil losses increase with the higher by the transformer.
eliminate harmonic distortion; they
harmonic frequencies due to higher eddy withstand the non-linear load condition 5. Divide the grand total kVA-ILK value by
current loss in the conductors. without overheating. the total kVA load to be supplied. This
Furthermore, on a balanced linear power will give an average ILK for that combi-
system, the phase currents are 120 Calculating K-Factor Loads nation of loads. Total kVA-ILK/ Total
degrees out of phase and offset one 1. List the kVA value for each load kVA = average ILK.
another in the neutral conductor. But with category to be supplied. Next, assign a 6. From Table 21.6 find the K-factor rating
the “Triplen” harmonics (multiple of 3) K-factor designation that corresponds whose ILK is equal to or greater than
the phase currents are in phase and they to the relative level of harmonics the calculated ILK.
are additive in this neutral conductor. This drawn by each type of load. Refer to
may cause installations with non-linear Table 21.5.
loads to double either the size or number 2. Multiply the kVA of each load or load
of neutral conductors. category times the Index of Load
K-rating (ILK) that corresponds to the
assigned K-factor rating. This result is
Table 17.5 K-Factor Ratings
an indexed kVA-ILK value.
Non- Total K-
Type Linear Linear Factor KVA x ILK = kVA-ILK.
Load Load Load Valve
K4 100% 50% 4.0 Table 17.7 Estimating K-Factor Loads햲
K13 100% 100% 13.0 Description K-Factor ILK
K20 100% 125% 20.0 Incandescent Lighting
Electric Resistance Heating
K30 100% 150% 30.0 Motors (without solid state drives)
Control Transformers / Electromagnetic Control Devices K1 0.00
Motor-Generators (without solid state drives)
Measurement of Harmonics Standard Distribution Transformers
For existing installations, the extent of
Electric Discharge Lighting (HID)
the harmonics can be measured with UPS with Optional Input Filter
appropriate instruments commonly Welders K4 25.82
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18-18 Siemens Power Distribution & Control, SPEEDFAX™ 2007-2008 Product Catalog